牛磺酸替代部分谷氨酰胺在早期断奶仔猪饲粮中的应用效果及作用机理研究
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摘要
本试验旨在研究牛磺酸(Tau)替代部分谷氨酰胺(Gln)对早期断奶仔猪生长性能、血清指标、肠道黏膜形态和肠道损伤修复相关基因表达的影响。试验选用40头早期断奶仔猪,随机分为4组:对照组(1.0%Gln)、Ⅰ组(0.1%Tau+0.4%Gln)、Ⅱ组(0.1%Tau+0.6%Gln)、Ⅲ组(0.1%Tau+0.8%Gln)。饲养试验为期21 d,其中预试期3 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的平均日增重分别提高了4.96%(P<0.05)、12.84%(P<0.05)和7.54%(P<0.05),平均日采食量分别提高了1.14%(P>0.05)、4.33%(P<0.05)和1.28%(P>0.05),料重比分别降低了4.64%(P<0.05)、8.25%(P<0.05)和6.19%(P <0.05)。早期断奶仔猪饲粮中添加0. 1%Tau替代0.6%、0.4%和0.2%Gln后日均纯利润分别提高了30%(P<0.05)、42%(P<0.05)和26%(P<0.05)。Ⅱ组肝脏指数、胸腺指数、空肠重量指数和回肠重量指数显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组血清白蛋白浓度显著高于对照组和Ⅰ组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组血清谷草转氨酶活性显著降低(P<0.05);Ⅱ组血清碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于其他组(P<0.05);Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组血清甘油三酯浓度显著低于对照组和Ⅰ组(P<0.05);Ⅱ组血清过氧化氢酶活性显著高于其他组(P<0.05),血清超氧阴离子自由基清除能力和总抗氧化能力显著高于对照组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组血清超氧化物歧化酶活性显著升高(P <0.05)。与对照组相比,血清必需氨基酸(EAA)中赖氨酸(Lys)、蛋氨酸(Met)、精氨酸(Arg)、半胱氨酸(Cys)、组氨酸(His)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)、缬氨酸(Val)和苏氨酸(Thr)浓度均有不同程度的升高,血清非必需氨基酸(NEAA)中丙氨酸(Ala)、天冬氨酸(Asp)、谷氨酸(Glu)和甘氨酸(Gly)浓度也均有不同程度的升高。Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组回肠绒毛高度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。Ⅱ组空肠β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)基因的相对表达量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。由此得出,早期断奶仔猪饲粮中复合添加Tau和Gln的效果优于单独添加Gln,其中以0.1%Tau替代0.4%Gln(Ⅱ组)时效果最佳,可获得最大的经济效益。
The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of taurine( Tau) instead of partial glutamine( Gln) on growth performance,serum parameters,intestinal mucosal morphology and expression of intestinal damage repair related genes of early-weaned piglets. Forty early-weaned piglets were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group( 1.0% Gln),group Ⅰ( 0.1% Tau+0.4% Gln),group Ⅱ( 0.1% Tau+0.6% Gln) and group Ⅲ( 0.1%Tau+0.8%Gln). The feeding trial lasted for 21 days including a pre-test period of 3 days. The results showed that compared with the control group,the average daily gain in groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ increased by4.96%( P<0.05),12.84%( P<0.05) and 7.54%( P<0.05),the daily feed intake increased by 1.14%( P>0.05),4.33%( P<0.05) and 1.28%( P>0.05),and the feed/gain decreased by 4.64%( P<0.05),8.25%( P<0.05) and 6.19%( P<0.05),respectively. The daily average net profit of early-weaned pigs supplemented with 0.1% Tau instead of 0.6%,0.4% and 0.2% Gln increased by 30%( P<0.05),42%( P<0.05) and 26%( P<0.05),respectively. Liver index,thymus index,jejunal weight index and ileal weight index in group Ⅱwere significantly higher than those in other groups( P<0.05). Serum albumin concentration in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲwas significantly higher than that in control group and group Ⅰ( P<0.05). Compared with the control group,serum aspartate aminotransferase activity in groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly decreased( P<0.05). Serum alkaline phosphatase activity in group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that in other groups( P < 0. 05). Serum triglyceride concentration in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly lower than that in control group and group Ⅰ( P<0.05). Serum catalase activity in group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that in other groups( P<0.05). Serum superoxide anion free radical scavenging ability and total antioxidant capacity in group Ⅱ were significantly higher than those in control group( P<0.05). Compared with the control group,serum superoxide dismutase activity in groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly increased( P<0.05). Compared with the control group,the concentrations of serum essential amino acids( EAA) such as lysine( Lys),methionine( Met),arginine( Arg),cysteine( Cys),histidine( His),isoleucine( Ile),phenylalanine( Phe),valine( Val) and threonine( Thr) increased to different extents,and the concentrations of serum non-essential amino acids( NEAA) such as alanine( Ala),aspartic acid( Asp),glutamic acid( Glu) and glycine( Gly) also increased to varying degrees. The ileum villus height in groupsⅠ,Ⅱand Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in control group( P<0.05). The relative expression level of β-catenin gene in group Ⅱwas significantly lower than that in control group( P<0.05). It is concluded that the effect of adding Tau and Gln in the diet of early-weaned piglets is better than that of Gln alone,and the best effect is obtained by replacing 0.4% Gln with 0.1% Tau( group Ⅱ).
The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of taurine( Tau) instead of partial glutamine( Gln) on growth performance,serum parameters,intestinal mucosal morphology and expression of intestinal damage repair related genes of early-weaned piglets. Forty early-weaned piglets were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group( 1.0% Gln),group Ⅰ( 0.1% Tau+0.4% Gln),group Ⅱ( 0.1% Tau+0.6% Gln) and group Ⅲ( 0.1%Tau+0.8%Gln). The feeding trial lasted for 21 days including a pre-test period of 3 days. The results showed that compared with the control group,the average daily gain in groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ increased by4.96%( P<0.05),12.84%( P<0.05) and 7.54%( P<0.05),the daily feed intake increased by 1.14%( P>0.05),4.33%( P<0.05) and 1.28%( P>0.05),and the feed/gain decreased by 4.64%( P<0.05),8.25%( P<0.05) and 6.19%( P<0.05),respectively. The daily average net profit of early-weaned pigs supplemented with 0.1% Tau instead of 0.6%,0.4% and 0.2% Gln increased by 30%( P<0.05),42%( P<0.05) and 26%( P<0.05),respectively. Liver index,thymus index,jejunal weight index and ileal weight index in group Ⅱwere significantly higher than those in other groups( P<0.05). Serum albumin concentration in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲwas significantly higher than that in control group and group Ⅰ( P<0.05). Compared with the control group,serum aspartate aminotransferase activity in groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly decreased( P<0.05). Serum alkaline phosphatase activity in group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that in other groups( P < 0. 05). Serum triglyceride concentration in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly lower than that in control group and group Ⅰ( P<0.05). Serum catalase activity in group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that in other groups( P<0.05). Serum superoxide anion free radical scavenging ability and total antioxidant capacity in group Ⅱ were significantly higher than those in control group( P<0.05). Compared with the control group,serum superoxide dismutase activity in groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly increased( P<0.05). Compared with the control group,the concentrations of serum essential amino acids( EAA) such as lysine( Lys),methionine( Met),arginine( Arg),cysteine( Cys),histidine( His),isoleucine( Ile),phenylalanine( Phe),valine( Val) and threonine( Thr) increased to different extents,and the concentrations of serum non-essential amino acids( NEAA) such as alanine( Ala),aspartic acid( Asp),glutamic acid( Glu) and glycine( Gly) also increased to varying degrees. The ileum villus height in groupsⅠ,Ⅱand Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in control group( P<0.05). The relative expression level of β-catenin gene in group Ⅱwas significantly lower than that in control group( P<0.05). It is concluded that the effect of adding Tau and Gln in the diet of early-weaned piglets is better than that of Gln alone,and the best effect is obtained by replacing 0.4% Gln with 0.1% Tau( group Ⅱ).
引文
[1]MONTAGNE L,BOUDRY G,FAVIER C,et al.Main intestinal markers associated with the changes in gut architecture and function in piglets after weaning[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2007,97(1):45-57.
[2]CABRERA R A,LIN X,CAMPBELL J M,et al.Influence of birth order,birth weight,colostrum and serum immunoglobulin G on neonatal piglet survival[J].Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology,2012,3(1):42.
[3]CAMPBELL J M,CRENSHAW J D,POLO J.The biological stress of early weaned piglets[J].Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology,2013,4(1):19.
[4]田莉莉,李丽.牛磺酸对肉仔鸡生产性能和消化功能的影响[J].饲料研究,2012(3):21-22.
[5]蒋宗勇,郑卫川,林映才,等.谷氨酰胺对人工饲养新生仔猪生长性能及血液激素水平的研究[C]//中国畜牧兽医学会养猪学分会2009年学术年会“回盛生物”杯全国养猪技术论文大赛论文集.北京:中国畜牧兽医学会养猪学分会,2009.
[6]CASTILLO M,MARTIN-ORUE S M,GASA T J,et al.Use of mannan-oligosaccharides and zinc chelate as growth promoters and diarrhea preventative in weaning pigs:effects on microbiota and gut function[J].Journal of Animal Science,2008,86(1):94-101.
[7]WANG W C,GU W T,TANG X F,et al.Molecular cloning,tissue distribution and ontogenetic expression of the amino acid transporter b0,+cDNA in the small intestine of Tibetan suckling piglets[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,2009,154(1):157-164.
[8]邹晓庭.谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪生长、免疫的影响及其机理研究[D].博士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学,2007:53.
[9]张金秋,马子力,韩立秋,等.牛磺酸对绿壳蛋鸡生长性能和健康状况相关指标的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2014,37(3):145-151.
[10]张建斌,车向荣,陈娟娟.谷氨酰胺和牛磺酸对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响[J].饲料研究,2010(7):9-11.
[11]WU G,MEIER S A,KNABE D A.Dietary glutamine supplementation prevents jejunal atrophy in weaned pigs[J].The Journal of Nutrition,1996,126(10):2578-2584.
[12]刘涛.谷氨酰胺对早期断奶仔猪肠道营养与免疫功能影响机理的研究[D].博士学位论文.武汉:华中农业大学,2002:68-70.
[13]王建军.牛磺酸对不完全性肠梗阻大鼠肠屏障保护作用的研究[D].硕士学位论文.天津:天津医科大学,2008:47-48.
[14]WINIARSKA K,SZYMANSKI K,GORNIAK P,et al.Hypoglycaemic,antioxidative and nephroprotective effects of taurine in alloxan diabetic rabbits[J].Biochimie,2009,91(2):261-270.
[15]王芙蓉,佟建明,张晓鸣,等.牛磺酸对鹌鹑生产性能、免疫功能及抗氧化能力的影响[J].食品与生物技术学报,2011,30(2):190-193.
[16]王洁.牛磺酸预处理对大鼠心肌梗死的保护作用[J].中国药理学通报2012(5):647-650.
[17]KATSUBE Y,SPERELAKIS N.Na+/Ca2+exchange current:lack of effect of taurine[J].European Journal of Pharmacology,1996,316(1):97-103.
[18]LAKSHMI DEVI S,ANURADHA C V.Mitochondrial damage,cytotoxicity and apoptosis in iron-potentiated alcoholic liver fibrosis:amelioration by taurine[J].Amino Acids,2010,38(3):869-879.
[19]OLIVEIRA M W S,MINOTTO J B,DE OLIVEIRA MR,et al.Scavenging and antioxidant potential of physiological taurine concentrations against different reactive oxygen/nitrogen species[J].Pharmacological Reports,2010,62(1):185-193.
[20]JANKOVIC A,KORAC Z,BOZIC N B,et al.Influence of knee flexion and atraumatic mobilisation of infrapatellar fat pad on incidence and severity of anterior knee pain after tibial nailing[J].Injury,2013,44(Suppl.3):S33-S39.
[21]DAI Z L,ZHANG J,WU G Y,et al.Utilization of amino acids by bacteria from the pig small intestine[J].Amino Acids,2010,39(5):1201-1215.
[22]郑萍,余冰,田刚,等.精氨酸对氧化应激仔猪生长性能和血浆游离氨基酸浓度的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2012,48(21):38-42.
[23]LI X L,REZAEI R,LI P,et al.Composition of amino acids in feed ingredients for animal diets[J].Amino Acids,2011,40(4):1159-1168.
[24]MURPHY J M,MURCH S J,BALL R O.Proline is synthesized from glutamate during intragastric infusion but not during intravenous infusion in neonatal piglets[J].The Journal of Nutrition,1996,126(4):878-886.
[25]IRELAND H,KEMP R,HOUGHTON C,et al.Inducible Cre-mediated control of gene expression in the murine gastrointestinal tract:effect of loss ofβ-catenin[J].Gastroenterology,2004,126(5):1236-1246.
[26]PINTO D,GREGORIEFF A,BEGTHEL H,et al.Canonical Wnt signals are essential for homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium[J].Genes Development,2003,17(14):1709-1713.
[27]田黎明.β-catenin抗氧化应激所致人皮肤成纤维细胞衰老的机制研究[D].博士学位论文.长沙:中南大学,2011:2.
[28]KUHNERT F,DAVIS C R,WANG H T,et al.Essential requirement for Wnt signaling in proliferation of adult small intestine and colon revealed by adenoviral expression of Dickkopf-1[J].Proceedings of the National A-cademy of Sciences of the United States of America,2004,101(1):266-271.
[29]范正伟.探讨TNF-α与Wnt/β-catenin信号通路在小鼠原代前脂肪分化过程中相互作用机制[D].硕士学位论文.济南:山东师范大学,2013:6-8.
[2]CABRERA R A,LIN X,CAMPBELL J M,et al.Influence of birth order,birth weight,colostrum and serum immunoglobulin G on neonatal piglet survival[J].Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology,2012,3(1):42.
[3]CAMPBELL J M,CRENSHAW J D,POLO J.The biological stress of early weaned piglets[J].Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology,2013,4(1):19.
[4]田莉莉,李丽.牛磺酸对肉仔鸡生产性能和消化功能的影响[J].饲料研究,2012(3):21-22.
[5]蒋宗勇,郑卫川,林映才,等.谷氨酰胺对人工饲养新生仔猪生长性能及血液激素水平的研究[C]//中国畜牧兽医学会养猪学分会2009年学术年会“回盛生物”杯全国养猪技术论文大赛论文集.北京:中国畜牧兽医学会养猪学分会,2009.
[6]CASTILLO M,MARTIN-ORUE S M,GASA T J,et al.Use of mannan-oligosaccharides and zinc chelate as growth promoters and diarrhea preventative in weaning pigs:effects on microbiota and gut function[J].Journal of Animal Science,2008,86(1):94-101.
[7]WANG W C,GU W T,TANG X F,et al.Molecular cloning,tissue distribution and ontogenetic expression of the amino acid transporter b0,+cDNA in the small intestine of Tibetan suckling piglets[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,2009,154(1):157-164.
[8]邹晓庭.谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪生长、免疫的影响及其机理研究[D].博士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学,2007:53.
[9]张金秋,马子力,韩立秋,等.牛磺酸对绿壳蛋鸡生长性能和健康状况相关指标的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2014,37(3):145-151.
[10]张建斌,车向荣,陈娟娟.谷氨酰胺和牛磺酸对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响[J].饲料研究,2010(7):9-11.
[11]WU G,MEIER S A,KNABE D A.Dietary glutamine supplementation prevents jejunal atrophy in weaned pigs[J].The Journal of Nutrition,1996,126(10):2578-2584.
[12]刘涛.谷氨酰胺对早期断奶仔猪肠道营养与免疫功能影响机理的研究[D].博士学位论文.武汉:华中农业大学,2002:68-70.
[13]王建军.牛磺酸对不完全性肠梗阻大鼠肠屏障保护作用的研究[D].硕士学位论文.天津:天津医科大学,2008:47-48.
[14]WINIARSKA K,SZYMANSKI K,GORNIAK P,et al.Hypoglycaemic,antioxidative and nephroprotective effects of taurine in alloxan diabetic rabbits[J].Biochimie,2009,91(2):261-270.
[15]王芙蓉,佟建明,张晓鸣,等.牛磺酸对鹌鹑生产性能、免疫功能及抗氧化能力的影响[J].食品与生物技术学报,2011,30(2):190-193.
[16]王洁.牛磺酸预处理对大鼠心肌梗死的保护作用[J].中国药理学通报2012(5):647-650.
[17]KATSUBE Y,SPERELAKIS N.Na+/Ca2+exchange current:lack of effect of taurine[J].European Journal of Pharmacology,1996,316(1):97-103.
[18]LAKSHMI DEVI S,ANURADHA C V.Mitochondrial damage,cytotoxicity and apoptosis in iron-potentiated alcoholic liver fibrosis:amelioration by taurine[J].Amino Acids,2010,38(3):869-879.
[19]OLIVEIRA M W S,MINOTTO J B,DE OLIVEIRA MR,et al.Scavenging and antioxidant potential of physiological taurine concentrations against different reactive oxygen/nitrogen species[J].Pharmacological Reports,2010,62(1):185-193.
[20]JANKOVIC A,KORAC Z,BOZIC N B,et al.Influence of knee flexion and atraumatic mobilisation of infrapatellar fat pad on incidence and severity of anterior knee pain after tibial nailing[J].Injury,2013,44(Suppl.3):S33-S39.
[21]DAI Z L,ZHANG J,WU G Y,et al.Utilization of amino acids by bacteria from the pig small intestine[J].Amino Acids,2010,39(5):1201-1215.
[22]郑萍,余冰,田刚,等.精氨酸对氧化应激仔猪生长性能和血浆游离氨基酸浓度的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2012,48(21):38-42.
[23]LI X L,REZAEI R,LI P,et al.Composition of amino acids in feed ingredients for animal diets[J].Amino Acids,2011,40(4):1159-1168.
[24]MURPHY J M,MURCH S J,BALL R O.Proline is synthesized from glutamate during intragastric infusion but not during intravenous infusion in neonatal piglets[J].The Journal of Nutrition,1996,126(4):878-886.
[25]IRELAND H,KEMP R,HOUGHTON C,et al.Inducible Cre-mediated control of gene expression in the murine gastrointestinal tract:effect of loss ofβ-catenin[J].Gastroenterology,2004,126(5):1236-1246.
[26]PINTO D,GREGORIEFF A,BEGTHEL H,et al.Canonical Wnt signals are essential for homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium[J].Genes Development,2003,17(14):1709-1713.
[27]田黎明.β-catenin抗氧化应激所致人皮肤成纤维细胞衰老的机制研究[D].博士学位论文.长沙:中南大学,2011:2.
[28]KUHNERT F,DAVIS C R,WANG H T,et al.Essential requirement for Wnt signaling in proliferation of adult small intestine and colon revealed by adenoviral expression of Dickkopf-1[J].Proceedings of the National A-cademy of Sciences of the United States of America,2004,101(1):266-271.
[29]范正伟.探讨TNF-α与Wnt/β-catenin信号通路在小鼠原代前脂肪分化过程中相互作用机制[D].硕士学位论文.济南:山东师范大学,2013:6-8.