露天开采对环境的扰动行为及其控制技术
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摘要
阐述了露天开采产生环境扰动的概念,基于扰动对象和矿田开发阶段确定了扰动行为的分类方法,提出了扰动行为具有自恢复性、过程性和可控性等特征。创建了扰动行为的管理控制理论,其基本原理是将露天矿区的环境背景值作为基准值,以露天矿开采后恢复原始环境为最低控制目标,对扰动行为实施全生命周期的动态管理与控制,确保露天矿开采后的周边环境恢复到原始状态,力争实现对周边环境的重构和改善。提出了"扰动系数"的概念和计算方法,用于量化露天开采对环境的综合扰动程度,建立了露天开采对水、大气、土地和生态环境扰动的分类控制指标,共4大类7个指标。研究了中国典型露天煤矿的扰动系数,构建了扰动控制关键技术体系。提出的综合扰动程度评价指标主要适用于露天开采,对于矿井开采也可提供一定借鉴。
The concept of environmental disturbance caused by surface mining is expounded in this paper.The classification method of disturbance behavior is determined based on the disturbance object and the development stage of the surface mine.The characteristics of self-recovery,process and controllability are proposed,and the theory of management and control of disturbance behavior is also presented.The basic principle of the theory is to take the baseline values of the surface mine as a reference,the original environment will then be restored after mining as the lowest goal.The dynamic management and control of the whole life cycle of the disturbance behavior will be carried out to ensure that the surrounding environment will not be damaged after the mining operation of surface mine.To achieve the reconstruction and improvement of the surrounding environment,the management and control indexes of surface mining for water,atmosphere,land and ecological environment disturbance are constructed. There are four major categories and seven indexes.The concept and calculation method of DC are put forward for the first time.It will be used to quantify the environment disturbance degree of surface mine.The DC of typical surface coal mines in China is studied.The key technology system of disturbance control has been set up.
The concept of environmental disturbance caused by surface mining is expounded in this paper.The classification method of disturbance behavior is determined based on the disturbance object and the development stage of the surface mine.The characteristics of self-recovery,process and controllability are proposed,and the theory of management and control of disturbance behavior is also presented.The basic principle of the theory is to take the baseline values of the surface mine as a reference,the original environment will then be restored after mining as the lowest goal.The dynamic management and control of the whole life cycle of the disturbance behavior will be carried out to ensure that the surrounding environment will not be damaged after the mining operation of surface mine.To achieve the reconstruction and improvement of the surrounding environment,the management and control indexes of surface mining for water,atmosphere,land and ecological environment disturbance are constructed. There are four major categories and seven indexes.The concept and calculation method of DC are put forward for the first time.It will be used to quantify the environment disturbance degree of surface mine.The DC of typical surface coal mines in China is studied.The key technology system of disturbance control has been set up.
引文
[1]王家臣,王忠鑫,王卫卫,等.露天矿开采扰动效应:概念、特征与评价指标体系框架[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(S2):295-301.WANG Jiachen,WANG Zhongxin,WANG Jinjin,et al. Disturbance effect of open-pit mine:Concept,characteristics and evaluation index system framework[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(S2):295-301.
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[4]王忠鑫,王金金,王卫卫.露天矿开采扰动效应评价指标体系及评价模型[J].露天采矿技术,2018,33(2):11-15.WANG Zhongxin,WANG Jinjin,WANG Weiwei.Mining disturbance effect evaluation index system and evaluation model of the openpit mine[J].Opencast Mining Technology,2018,33(2):11-15.
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[10]王青,胥孝川,顾晓薇,等.考虑生态成本的露天煤矿生产计划优化[J].金属矿山,2015(3):23-27.WANG Qing,XU Xiaochuan,GU Xiaowei,et al.Production scheduling optimization of open pit coal mines considering the ecological costs[J].Metal Mine,2015(3):23-27.
[11]宋子岭,范军富,祁文辉,等.露天煤矿绿色开采技术与评价指标体系研究[J].煤炭学报,2016,41(S2):350-358.SONG Ziling,FAN Junfu,QI Wenhui,et al. Study on the surface coal mine green mining technology and appraising index system[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2016,41(S2):350-358.
[12]赵浩,白润才,曲业明.露天煤矿绿色开采技术[J].矿业工程研究,2011,26(3):19-22.ZHAO Hao,BAI Runcai,QU Yeming. Green mining technology of open pit coal mine[J]. Mineral Engineering Research,2011,26(3):19-22.
[13] LASHGARI Ali,SAYADI Ahmad Reza.Statistical approach to determination of overhaul and maintenance cost of loading equipment in surface mining[J]. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology,2013,23:441-446.
[14]缪海宾.大型露天煤矿绿色开采理论与评价方法[J].煤矿安全,2017,48(9):230-233.MIAO Haibin. Theory and Evaluation Method of Green Mining in Large Open-pit Coal Mine[J]. Safety in Coal Mines,2017,48(9):230-233.
[15]王建国,王来贵,纪玉石,等.大型露天煤矿绿色开采理论探讨[J].露天采矿技术,2015(1):1-3.WANG Jianguo,WANG Laigui,JI Yushi,et al. Discussion on green mining theory in large open-pit coal mine[J].Opencast Mining Technology,2015(1):1-3.
[16] MENA Rodrigo,ZIO Enrico,KRISTJANPOLLER Fredy.Availability-based simulation and optimization modeling framework for openpit mine truck allocation under dynamic constraints Arcata Adolfo[J].International Journal of Mining Science and Technology,2013,23:113-119.
[17] MOLOTILOV S G,NORRI V K,CHESKIDOV V I,et al.Natureoriented open coal mining technologies using mined-out space in an open pit. Part I:Analysis of the current mineral mining methods[J].Journal of Mining Science,2006,42(6):622-627.
[18]屠世浩,陈宜先.探讨绿色开采技术保护矿区生态环境[J].能源环境保护,2003,17(4):10-13.TU Shihao,CHEN Yixian. Environment protection in mining area resulted from green mining[J]. Energy Environmental Protection,2003,17(4):10-13.
[19]龚诗涵,肖洋,郑华,等.中国生态系统水源涵养空间特征及其影响因素[J].生态学报,2017,37(7):2455-2462.GONG Shihan,XIAO Yang,ZHENG Hua,et al. Spatial patterns of ecosystem water conservation in China and its impact factors analysis[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(7):2455-2462.
[20]韩永伟,拓学森,高吉喜,等.黑河下游重要生态功能区植被防风固沙功能及其价值初步评估[J].自然资源学报,2011,26(1):58-65.HAN Yongwei,TUO Xuesen,GAO Jixi,et al. Assessment on the sand-fixing function and its value of the vegetation in eco-function protection areas of the lower reaches of the heihe river[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2011,26(1):58-65.
[21]方精云,沈泽昊,唐志尧,等.“中国山地植物物种多样性调查计划”及若干技术规范[J].生物多样性,2004,12(1):5-9.FANG Jingyun,SHEN Zehao,TANG Zhiyao,et al. The protocol for the survey plan for plant species diversity of China’s mountains[J].Chinese Biodiversity,2004,12(1):5-9.
[2]王家臣,刘峰,王蕾.煤炭科学开采与开采科学[J].煤炭学报,2016,41(11):2651-2660.WANG Jiachen,LIU Feng,WANG Lei. Sustainable coal mining and mining sciences[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2016,41(11):2651-2660.
[3]田会,才庆祥,甄选.中国露天采煤事业的发展展望[J].煤炭工程,2014,46(10):11-14.TIAN Hui,CAI Qingxiang,ZHEN Xuan. Development prospects of surface coal mining industry in China[J]. Coal Engineering,2014,46(10):11-14.
[4]王忠鑫,王金金,王卫卫.露天矿开采扰动效应评价指标体系及评价模型[J].露天采矿技术,2018,33(2):11-15.WANG Zhongxin,WANG Jinjin,WANG Weiwei.Mining disturbance effect evaluation index system and evaluation model of the openpit mine[J].Opencast Mining Technology,2018,33(2):11-15.
[5]王忠鑫.矿产资源开发的环境压力研究[D].沈阳:东北大学,2009.
[6]王忠鑫,韩忠岐.矿山“生态—经济”发展协调性动态监测预警模型的构建[J].露天采矿技术,2011(2):86-91.WANG Zhongxin,HAN Zhongqi. Dynamic monitoring and early warning model construction of ecological-economy development coordination[J].Opencast Mining Technology,2011(2):86-91.
[7]顾晓薇,胥孝川,王青,等.矿山开采的生态成本[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2013,34(4):594-597.GU Xiaowei,XU Xiaochuan,WANG Qing,et al. Ecological cost of mining[J].Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science),2013,34(4):594-597.
[8]顾晓薇,胥孝川,王青,等.露天矿最终境界的经济-生态一体化优化[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2013,34(9):1347-1351.GU Xiaowei,XU Xiaochuan,WANG Qing,et al. Economic-Ecological integration optimization of the ultimate boundary of metal openpit mine[J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science),2013,34(9):1347-1351.
[9] XU Xiaochuan,GU Xiaowei,WANG Qing,et al.Ultimate pit optimization with ecological cost for open pit metal mines[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2014,24(5):1531-1537.
[10]王青,胥孝川,顾晓薇,等.考虑生态成本的露天煤矿生产计划优化[J].金属矿山,2015(3):23-27.WANG Qing,XU Xiaochuan,GU Xiaowei,et al.Production scheduling optimization of open pit coal mines considering the ecological costs[J].Metal Mine,2015(3):23-27.
[11]宋子岭,范军富,祁文辉,等.露天煤矿绿色开采技术与评价指标体系研究[J].煤炭学报,2016,41(S2):350-358.SONG Ziling,FAN Junfu,QI Wenhui,et al. Study on the surface coal mine green mining technology and appraising index system[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2016,41(S2):350-358.
[12]赵浩,白润才,曲业明.露天煤矿绿色开采技术[J].矿业工程研究,2011,26(3):19-22.ZHAO Hao,BAI Runcai,QU Yeming. Green mining technology of open pit coal mine[J]. Mineral Engineering Research,2011,26(3):19-22.
[13] LASHGARI Ali,SAYADI Ahmad Reza.Statistical approach to determination of overhaul and maintenance cost of loading equipment in surface mining[J]. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology,2013,23:441-446.
[14]缪海宾.大型露天煤矿绿色开采理论与评价方法[J].煤矿安全,2017,48(9):230-233.MIAO Haibin. Theory and Evaluation Method of Green Mining in Large Open-pit Coal Mine[J]. Safety in Coal Mines,2017,48(9):230-233.
[15]王建国,王来贵,纪玉石,等.大型露天煤矿绿色开采理论探讨[J].露天采矿技术,2015(1):1-3.WANG Jianguo,WANG Laigui,JI Yushi,et al. Discussion on green mining theory in large open-pit coal mine[J].Opencast Mining Technology,2015(1):1-3.
[16] MENA Rodrigo,ZIO Enrico,KRISTJANPOLLER Fredy.Availability-based simulation and optimization modeling framework for openpit mine truck allocation under dynamic constraints Arcata Adolfo[J].International Journal of Mining Science and Technology,2013,23:113-119.
[17] MOLOTILOV S G,NORRI V K,CHESKIDOV V I,et al.Natureoriented open coal mining technologies using mined-out space in an open pit. Part I:Analysis of the current mineral mining methods[J].Journal of Mining Science,2006,42(6):622-627.
[18]屠世浩,陈宜先.探讨绿色开采技术保护矿区生态环境[J].能源环境保护,2003,17(4):10-13.TU Shihao,CHEN Yixian. Environment protection in mining area resulted from green mining[J]. Energy Environmental Protection,2003,17(4):10-13.
[19]龚诗涵,肖洋,郑华,等.中国生态系统水源涵养空间特征及其影响因素[J].生态学报,2017,37(7):2455-2462.GONG Shihan,XIAO Yang,ZHENG Hua,et al. Spatial patterns of ecosystem water conservation in China and its impact factors analysis[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(7):2455-2462.
[20]韩永伟,拓学森,高吉喜,等.黑河下游重要生态功能区植被防风固沙功能及其价值初步评估[J].自然资源学报,2011,26(1):58-65.HAN Yongwei,TUO Xuesen,GAO Jixi,et al. Assessment on the sand-fixing function and its value of the vegetation in eco-function protection areas of the lower reaches of the heihe river[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2011,26(1):58-65.
[21]方精云,沈泽昊,唐志尧,等.“中国山地植物物种多样性调查计划”及若干技术规范[J].生物多样性,2004,12(1):5-9.FANG Jingyun,SHEN Zehao,TANG Zhiyao,et al. The protocol for the survey plan for plant species diversity of China’s mountains[J].Chinese Biodiversity,2004,12(1):5-9.