抽象概念语义表征的认知神经基础研究
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摘要
抽象概念是人类概念系统的重要组成部分。随着脑功能影像技术的推广和广泛应用,以具体的客体和动作概念为研究对象的概念神经基础研究取得了一系列重要进展,但人脑表征和加工抽象概念的机制一直是个未解之谜。本文综述了抽象概念的认知理论和脑功能影像研究进展,发现抽象概念可通过语言和潜在具身信息进行表征,抽象概念的脑区基础与此认知框架有一定对应。未来研究需澄清语言和具身认知在抽象概念表征和加工的参与机制及其脑基础,从而推动人脑概念系统和相关类脑研究的进展。
Words denoting abstract concepts constitute nearly half of human lexicon and serve as building blocks of the human culture. Since the advent of non-invasive neuroimaging techniques, great progress has been made in revealing the neurobiological foundation of concrete object and action concepts, yet it remains unclear how abstract concepts are stored and processed in the brain.Here we review recent development in this field, focusing on both theoretical perspectives and neuroimaging findings. We found that abstract concepts can be represented via linguistic and experiential information; the neural correlates of abstract concepts are partly in line with such a theoretical framework. Future studies are warranted to uncover the cognitive and neural mechanisms of language and experience in abstract word representation, which will help to deepen our understanding of general computational principles of the human conceptual system and to promote the development of the brain-like artificial intelligence.
Words denoting abstract concepts constitute nearly half of human lexicon and serve as building blocks of the human culture. Since the advent of non-invasive neuroimaging techniques, great progress has been made in revealing the neurobiological foundation of concrete object and action concepts, yet it remains unclear how abstract concepts are stored and processed in the brain.Here we review recent development in this field, focusing on both theoretical perspectives and neuroimaging findings. We found that abstract concepts can be represented via linguistic and experiential information; the neural correlates of abstract concepts are partly in line with such a theoretical framework. Future studies are warranted to uncover the cognitive and neural mechanisms of language and experience in abstract word representation, which will help to deepen our understanding of general computational principles of the human conceptual system and to promote the development of the brain-like artificial intelligence.
引文
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2 Murphy GL.The Big Book of Concepts.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,2002.
3 Patterson K,Nestor PJ,Rogers TT.Where do you know what you know?The representation of semantic knowledge in the human brain.Nat Rev Neurosci 2007;8(12):976-987.
4 Binder JR,Desai RH.The neurobiology of semantic memory.Trends Cogn Sci 2011;15(11):527-536.
5 Lambon Ralph MA,Jefferies E,Patterson K,Rogers TT.The neural and computational bases of semantic cognition.Nat Rev Neurosci 2017;18(1):42-55.
6 Reilly J,Kean J.Formal distinctiveness of high-and low-imageability nouns:analyses and theoretical implications.Cogn Sci 2007;31(1):157-168.
7 Barsalou LW.Grounded cognition.Annu Rev Psychol 2008;59:617-645.
8 Bi Y,Wang X,Caramazza A.Object domain and modality in the ventral visual pathway.Trends Cogn Sci 2016;20(4):282-290.
9 Peelen MV,He C,Han Z,Caramazza A,Bi Y.Nonvisual and visual object shape representations in occipitotemporal cortex:evidence from congenitally blind and sighted adults.J Neurosci 2014;34(1):163-170.
10 Leshinskaya A,Caramazza A.Nonmotor aspects of action concepts.J Cogn Neurosci 2014;26(12):2863-2879.
11 Leshinskaya A,Caramazza A.Abstract categories of functions in anterior parietal lobe.Neuropsychologia 2015;76:27-40.
12 Jamrozik A,McQuire M,Cardillo ER,Chatterjee A.Metaphor:Bridging embodiment to abstraction.Psychon Bull Rev 2016;23(4):1080-1089.
13 Rosen G.“Abstract Objects”.The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy(Spring 2017 Edition),Zalta EN(ed.),2017,URL=
14 Shallice T,Cooper RP.Is there a semantic system for abstract words?Front Hum Neurosci 2013;7:175.
15 Warrington EK.The selective impairment of semantic memory.Q J Exp Psychol 1975;27(4):635-657.
16 McCarthy RA,Warrington EK.Past,present,and prospects:Reflections 40 years on from the selective impairment of semantic memory(Warrington,1975).Q J Exp Psychol(Hove)2016;69(10):1941-1968.
17 Yi HA,Moore P,Grossman M.Reversal of the concreteness effect for verbs in patients with semantic dementia.Neuropsychology 2007;21(1):9-19.
18 Warrington EK,Shallice T.Category specific semantic impairments.Brain 1984;107(Pt 3):829-854.
19 Papagno C,Capasso R,Miceli G.Reversed concreteness effect for nouns in a subject with semantic dementia.Neuropsychologia 2009;47(4):1138-1148.
20 Macoir J.Is a plum a memory problem?Longitudinal study of the reversal of concreteness effect in a patient with semantic dementia.Neuropsychologia 2009;47(2):518-535.
21 Bachoud-Levi AC,Dupoux E.An influence of syntactic and semantic variables on word form retrieval.Cogn Neuropsychol 2003;20(2):163-188.
22 Connell L,Lynott D.Strength of perceptual experience predicts word processing performance better than concreteness or imageability.Cognition 2012;125(3):452-465.
23 Hoffman P.The meaning of‘life’and other abstract words:Insights from neuropsychology.J Neuropsychol 2016;10(2):317-343.
24 Paivio A.Mental Representations:A Dual Coding Approach.London:Oxford University Press,1986.
25 Paivio A.Mind and its Evolution:A Dual Coding Theoretical Approach.Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Inc.,2007.
26 Gleitman LR,Cassidy K,Nappa R,Papagragou A,Trueswell JC.Hard words.Lang Learn Dev 2005;1(1):23-64.
27 Borghi AM,Flumini A,Cimatti F,Marocco D,Scorolli C.Manipulating objects and telling words:a study on concrete and abstract words acquisition.Front Psychol 2011;2:15.
28 Barsalou LW.On staying grounded and avoiding quixotic dead ends.Psychon Bull Rev 2016;23(4):1122-1142.
29 Recchia G,Jones MN.The semantic richness of abstract concepts.Front Hum Neurosci 2012;6:315.
30 Schwanenflugel PJ,Shoben EJ.Differential context effects in the comprehension of abstract and concrete verbal materials.J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 1983;9(1):82-102.
31 Schwanenflugel PJ,Harnishfeger KK,Stowe RW.Context availability and lexical decisions for abstract and concrete words.J Mem Lang 1988;27:499-520.
32 Hoffman P,Lambon Ralph MA,Rogers TT.Semantic diversity:a measure of semantic ambiguity based on variability in the contextual usage of words.Behav Res Methods 2013;45(3):718-730.
33 Schwanenflugel PJ,Akin C,Luh WM.Context availability and the recall of abstract and concrete words.Mem Cognit1992;20(1):96-104.
34 Xu Y,He Y,Bi Y.A tri-network model of human semantic processing.Front Psychol 2017;8:1538.
35 Crutch SJ,Warrington EK.Abstract and concrete concepts have structurally different representational frameworks.Brain 2005;128(Pt 3):615-627.
36 Crutch SJ,Ridha BH,Warrington EK.The different frameworks underlying abstract and concrete knowledge:evidence from a bilingual patient with a semantic refractory access dysphasia.Neurocase 2006;12(3):151-163.
37 Crutch SJ,Warrington EK.Semantic priming in deep-phonological dyslexia:contrasting effects of association and similarity upon abstract and concrete word reading.Cogn Neuropsychol 2007;24(6):583-602.
38 Crutch SJ.Qualitatively different semantic representations for abstract and concrete words:further evidence from the semantic reading errors of deep dyslexic patients.Neurocase 2006;12(2):91-97.
39 Crutch SJ,Jackson EC.Contrasting graded effects of semantic similarity and association across the concreteness spectrum.Q J Exp Psychol(Hove)2011;64(7):1388-1408.
40 Crutch SJ,Connell S,Warrington EK.The different representational frameworks underpinning abstract and concrete knowledge:evidence from odd-one-out judgements.Q JExp Psychol(Hove)2009;62(7):1377-1388,1388-1390.
41 Geng J,Schnur TT.The representation of concrete and abstract concepts:categorical versus associative relationships.J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2015;41(1):22-41.
42 Zhang X,Han Z,Bi Y.Are abstract and concrete concepts organized differently?Evidence from the blocked translation paradigm.Applied Psycholinguistics 2012;34:1-34.
43 Xu Y,Wang X,Wang X,Men W,Gao JH,Bi Y.Doctor,teacher,and stethoscope:neural representation of different types of semantic relations.J Neurosci 2018;38(13):3303-3317.
44 Zhang ET(张恩涛),Fang J,Lin WY,Luo JL.Embodied views of abstract concepts representation.Adv Psychol Sci(心理科学进展)2013;21(3):429-436(in Chinese with English abstract).
45 Troche J,Crutch S,Reilly J.Clustering,hierarchical organization,and the topography of abstract and concrete nouns.Front Psychol 2014;5:360.
46 Crutch SJ,Williams P,Ridgway GR,Borgenicht L.The role of polarity in antonym and synonym conceptual knowledge:evidence from stroke aphasia and multidimensional ratings of abstract words.Neuropsychologia 2012;50(11):2636-2644.
47 Crutch SJ,Troche J,Reilly J,Ridgway GR.Abstract conceptual feature ratings:the role of emotion,magnitude,and other cognitive domains in the organization of abstract conceptual knowledge.Front Hum Neurosci 2013;7:186.
48 Binder JR,Conant LL,Humphries CJ,Fernandino L,Simons SB,Aguilar M,Desai RH.Toward a brain-based componential semantic representation.Cogn Neuropsychol2016:1-45.
49 Barsalou LW,Wiemer-Hastings K.Situating abstract concepts.In Pecher D,Zwaan RA(eds).Grounding Cognition:The Role of Perception and Action in Memory,Language,and Thinking.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2005,129-163.
50 Vigliocco G,Kousta ST,Della Rosa PA,Vinson DP,Tettamanti M,Devlin JT,Cappa SF.The neural representation of abstract words:the role of emotion.Cereb Cortex 2014;24(7):1767-1777.
51 Kousta ST,Vigliocco G,Vinson DP,Andrews M,Del Campo E.The representation of abstract words:why emotion matters.J Exp Psychol Gen 2011;140(1):14-34.
52 Newcombe PI,Campbell C,Siakaluk PD,Pexman PM.Effects of emotional and sensorimotor knowledge in semantic processing of concrete and abstract nouns.Front Hum Neurosci 2012;6:275.
53 Ferre P,Ventura D,Comesana M,Fraga I.The role of emotionality in the acquisition of new concrete and abstract words.Front Psychol 2015;6:976.
54 Wang X,Wu W,Ling Z,Xu Y,Fang Y,Wang X,Binder JR,Men W,Gao JH,Bi Y.Organizational principles of abstract words in the human brain.Cereb Cortex 2018;28(12):4305-4318.
55 Barrett LF,Bliss-Moreau E.Affect as a psychological primitive.Adv Exp Soc Psychol 2009;41:167-218.
56 Barsalou LW.Abstraction in perceptual symbol systems.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2003;358(1435):1177-1187.
57 Caramelli N,Borghi AM,Setti A.The identification of definition strategies in children of different ages.Linguistica Computazionale 2006;26:155-177.
58 Setti A,Caramelli N.Different domains in abstract concepts.Proceedings of the XXVII Annual Conference of Cognitive Science Society.Stresa,Italy:Cognitive Science Society,2005,1997-2002.
59 Barsalou LW,Santos A,Simmons WK,Wilson CD.Language and simulation in conceptual processing.In:deVega M,Glenberg AM,Graesser AC(Eds.).Symbols,Embodiment,and Meaning.Oxford University Press,2008,245-283.
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