电喷雾离子源原理与研究进展
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摘要
电喷雾离子源(ESI)是蛋白质组学研究采用的LC-MS/MS中最常用的接口之一,其作为一种软电离技术,具有可直接测定热不稳定化合物、形成多电荷离子等特征,在蛋白质组学研究中具有独特优势.本文介绍了电喷雾离子源(ESI)的工作原理与研究进展,并对各种新型离子化方法与应用进行了系统评述.
Electrospray ionization source(ESI) is one of the most common LC-MS/MS interface for proteomics analysis. As a soft ionization method, ESI offers unique advantages for proteomics by allowing the direct analysis of thermolabile compounds and forming multiply charged ions. This review introduced the principle and the progress of ESI, and system evaluated a variety of new methods and their applications.
Electrospray ionization source(ESI) is one of the most common LC-MS/MS interface for proteomics analysis. As a soft ionization method, ESI offers unique advantages for proteomics by allowing the direct analysis of thermolabile compounds and forming multiply charged ions. This review introduced the principle and the progress of ESI, and system evaluated a variety of new methods and their applications.
引文
1 Dole M,Mack LL,Hines RL,Mobley RC,Alice MB.Molecular beams of macroions.J Chem Phys,1968,49:2240–2249
2 Yamashita M,Fenn JB.Electrospray ion source.Another variation on the free-jet theme.J Phys Chem,1984,88:4451–4459
3 Whitehouse CM,Dreyer RN,Yamashita M,Fenn JB.Electrospray interface for liquid chromatographs and mass spectrometers.Anal Chem,1985,57:675–679
4 Bruins AP,Covey TR,Henion JD.Ion spray interface for combined liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry.Anal Chem,1987,59:2642–2646
5 Cech NB,Enke CG.Practical implications of some recent studies in electrospray ionization fundamentals.Mass Spectrom Rev,2001,20:362 –387
6 Juraschek R,Rllgen FW.Pulsation phenomena during electrospray ionization.Int J Mass Spectrom,1998,177:1–15
7 Taflin DC,Ward TL,Davis EJ.Electrified droplet fission and the rayleigh limit.Langmuir,1989,5:376–384
8 Cole RB.Some tenets pertaining to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.J Mass Spectrom,2000,35:763–772
9 Konermann L,Ahadi E,Rodriguez AD,Vahidi S.Unraveling the mechanism of eletrospray ionization.Anal Chem,2013,85:2–9
10 Iribarne JV,Thomson BA.On the evaporation of small ions from charged droplets.J Chem Phys,1976,64:2287–2295
11 Mack LL,Kralik P,Rheude A,Dole M.Molecular beams of macroions.II.J Chem Phys,1970,52:4977–4986
12 Ahadi E,Konermann L.Modeling the behavior of coarse-grained polymer chains in charged water droplets:implications for the mechanism of electrospray ionization.J Phys Chem B,2011,116:104–112
13 Konermann L,Rodriguez AD,Liu J.On the formation of highly charged gaseous ions from unfolded proteins by electrospray ionization.Anal Chem,2012,84:6798–6804
14 Chung JK,Consta S.Release mechanisms of poly(ethylene glycol)macroions from aqueous charged nanodroplets.J Phys Chem B,2012,116 :5777–5785
15 Cole RB,Zhu J.Chloride anion attachment in negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom,1999,13 :607–611
16 Saf R,Mirtl C,Hummel K.Electrospray mass spectrometry using potassium iodide in aprotic organic solvents for the ion formation by cation attachment.Tetrahedron Lett,1994,35:6653–6656
17 Ackloo SZ,Smith RW,Terlouw JK,McCarry BE.Characterization of ginseng saponins using electrospray mass spectrometry and collision-induced dissociation experiments of metal-attachment ions.Analyst,2000,125:591–597
18 Ogorzalek Loo RR,Smith RD.Investigation of the gas-phase structure of electrosprayed proteins using ion-molecule reactions.J Am Soc Mass Spectrom,1994,5:207–220
19 Amad MH,Cech NB,Jackson GS,Enke CG.Importance of gas-phase proton affinities in determining the electrospray ionization response for analytes and solvents.J Mass Spectrom,2000,35:784–789
20 Zhou SL,Hamburger M.Application of liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry in natural product analysis evaluation and optimization of electrospray and heated nebulizer interfaces.J Chromatogr A,1996,755:189–204
21 Van Berkel GJ,Quirke JME,Tigani RA,Dilley AS,Covey TR.Derivatization for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.3.Electrochemically ionizable derivatives.Anal Chem,1998,70:1544–1554
22 Kertesz V,Van Berkel GJ.Electropolymerization of methylene blue investigated using on-line electrochemistry/electrospray mass spectrometry.Electroanalysis,2001,13:1425–1430
23 Iribarne JV,Dziedzic PJ,Thomson BA.Atmospheric pressure ion evaporation-mass spectrometry.Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Physics,1983,50 :331–347
24 Tang L,Kebarle P.Effect of the conductivity of the electrosprayed solution on the electrospray current.Factors determining analyte sensitivity in electrospray mass spectrometry.Anal Chem,1991,63:2709–2715
25 Kebarle P,Tang L.From ions in solution to ions in the gas phase-the mechanism of electrospray mass spectrometry.Anal Chem,1993,65:972 A–986A
26 Apffel A,Fisher S,Goldberg G,Goodley PC,Kuhlmann FE.Enhanced sensitivity for peptide-mapping with electrospray liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry in the presence of signal suppression due to trifluoroacetic acid-containing mobile phases.J Chrom A,1995,712:177–190
27 Enke CG.A predictive model for matrix and analyte effects in electrospray ionization of singly-charged ionic analytes.Anal Chem,1997,69 :4885–4893
28 Tang K,Smith RD.Physical/chemical separations in the break-up of highly charged droplets from electrosprays.J Am Soc Mass Spectrom,2001,12:343–347
29 Okamoto M,Takahashi KI,Doi T.Sensitive detection and structural characterization of trimethyl(p-aminopheny1)-ammonium-derivatized oligosaccharides by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry.Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom,1995,9:641 –643
30 Cech NB,Enke CG.Relating electrospray ionization response to nonpolar character of small peptides.Anal Chem,2000,72:2717–2723
31 Zhou SL,Cook KD.A mechanistic study of electrospray mass spectrometry:charge gradients within electrospray droplets and their influence on ion response.J Am Soc Mass Spectrom,2001,12:206–214
32 Cech NB,Krone JR,Enke CG.Predicting electrospray response from chromatographic retention time.Anal Chem,2001,73:208–213
33 Santa T.Derivatization reagents in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.Biomed Chromatogr,2011,25 :1–10
34 Yamashita K,Masuda A,Hoshino Y,Komatsu S,Numazawa M.Assay of labile estrogen o-quinones,potent carcinogenic molecular species,by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with phenazine derivatization.J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol,2010,119:141–148
35 Rao YL,Xiang BR,Bramanti E,D’Ulivo A,Mester Z.Determination of thiols in yeast by HPLC coupled with LTQ-orbitrap mass spectrometry after derivatization with p-(hydroxymercuri)benzoate.J Agric Food Chem,2010,58:1462–1468
36 Petucci C,Lloyd T,Harris HA,Zhang XC,Chennathukuzhi VM,Mekonnen B,Cai YX.Trace LC/MS/MS quantitation of 17β-estradiol as a biomarker for selective estrogen receptor modulator activity in the rat brain.J Mass Spectrom,2010,45:65–71
37 Zu C,Praay HN,Bell BM,Redwine OD.Derivatization of fatty alcohol ethoxylate non-ionic surfactants using 2-sulfobenzoic anhydride for characterization by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom,2010,24:120–128
38 Rebane R,Herodes K.A sensitive method for free amino acids analysis by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and mass spectrometric detection using precolumn derivatization with diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate:application to the honey analysis.Anal Chim Acta,2010,672 :79–84
39 Marshall AG,Juyal P,Rodgers RP.ElectroSpray ionization mass spectrometry methodology.US Patent,US20120132796A1,2012-05-31
40 Che FY,Song JF,Zeng R,Wang KY,Xia QC.Analysis of 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonate-derivatized oligosaccharides by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry.J Chromatogr A,1999,858:229–238
41 Waterval JCM,Lingeman H,Bult A,Underberg WJM.Derivatization trends incapillary electrophoresis.Electrophoresis,2000,21:4029–4045
42 Ramsey RS,Goeringer DE,McLuckey SA.Active chemical background and noise reduction in capillary electrophoresis/ion-trap mass spectrometry.Anal Chem,1993,65:3521–3524
43 Zook DR,Bruins AP.On cluster ions,ion transmission,and linear dynamic range limitations in electrospray(ionspray)mass spectrometry.Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Processe,1997,162:129–147
44 Liu JJ,Wang H,Manicke NE,Lin JM,Cooks RG,Ouyang Z.Development,characterization,and application of paper spray ionization.Anal Chem,2010,82:2463–2471
45 Wang H,Liu JJ,Cooks RG,Ouyang Z.Paper spray for direct analysis of complex mixtures using mass spectrometry.Angewandte Chemie,2010,122:889–892
46 Hu B,So PK,Chen HW,Yao ZP.Electrospray ionization using wooden tips.Anal Chem,2011,83:8201–8207
47 Liu JJ,Wang H,Cooks RG,Ouyang Z.Leaf spray:direct chemical analysis of plant material and living plants by mass spectrometry.Anal Chem,2011,83:7608–7613
48 Liu J,Ro KW,Busman M,Knapp DR.Electrospray ionization with a pointed carbon fiber emitter.Anal Chem,2004,76:3599–3606
49 Hu B,So PK,Chen HW,Yao ZP.Electrospray ionization using wooden tips.Anal Chem,2011,83:8201–8207
50 Wong MYM,Tang HW,Man SH,Lam CW,Che CM,Ng KM.Electrospray ionization on porous spraying tips for direct sample analysis by mass spectrometry:enhanced detection sensitivity and selectivity using hydrophobic/hydrophilic materials as spraying tips.Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom,2013,27:713–721
51 Luo C,Ma Y,Li HF,Chen F,Uchiyama K,Lin JM.Generation of picoliter droplets of liquid for electrospray ionization with piezoelectric inkjet.J Mass Spectrom,2013,48:321–328
52 Patrik Ek,Roeraade J.New method for fabrication of fused silica emitters with submicrometer orifices for nanoelectrospray.Mass Spectrom.Anal Chem,2011,83:7771–7777
53 Balogh MP.Source design and the utility of multimode ionization.Spectroscopy,2004,19:52–56
54 De Biasi V,Haskins N,Organ A,Bateman R,Giles K,Jarvis S.High throughput liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric analyses using a novel multiplexed electrospray interface.Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom,1999,13:1165–1168
55 张成森,罗海.多通道旋转电喷雾离子化质谱分析离子源.中国专利,CN 102437006,2012-05-02
56 Sakamoto S,Fujita M,Kim K,Yamaguchi K.Characterization of self-assembling nano-sized structures by means of coldspray ionization mass spectrometry.Tetrahedron,2000,56:955–964
57 Yamaguchi K.Cold-spray ionization mass spectrometry:principle and applications.J Mass Spectrom,2003,38:473-490
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61 Eberlin LS,Ferreira CR,Dill AL,Ifa DR,Cooks RG.Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for lipid characterization and biological tissue imaging.BBA-Mol Cell Biol L,2011,1811:946–960
62 Cooks RG,Manicke NE,Dill AL,Ifa DR,Eberlin LS,Costa AB,Wang H,Huang GM,Ouyang Z.New ionization methods and miniature mass spectrometers for biomedicine:DESI imaging for cancer diagnostics and paper spray ionization for therapeutic drug monitoring.Faraday Discuss,2011,149:247–267
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2 Yamashita M,Fenn JB.Electrospray ion source.Another variation on the free-jet theme.J Phys Chem,1984,88:4451–4459
3 Whitehouse CM,Dreyer RN,Yamashita M,Fenn JB.Electrospray interface for liquid chromatographs and mass spectrometers.Anal Chem,1985,57:675–679
4 Bruins AP,Covey TR,Henion JD.Ion spray interface for combined liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry.Anal Chem,1987,59:2642–2646
5 Cech NB,Enke CG.Practical implications of some recent studies in electrospray ionization fundamentals.Mass Spectrom Rev,2001,20:362 –387
6 Juraschek R,Rllgen FW.Pulsation phenomena during electrospray ionization.Int J Mass Spectrom,1998,177:1–15
7 Taflin DC,Ward TL,Davis EJ.Electrified droplet fission and the rayleigh limit.Langmuir,1989,5:376–384
8 Cole RB.Some tenets pertaining to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.J Mass Spectrom,2000,35:763–772
9 Konermann L,Ahadi E,Rodriguez AD,Vahidi S.Unraveling the mechanism of eletrospray ionization.Anal Chem,2013,85:2–9
10 Iribarne JV,Thomson BA.On the evaporation of small ions from charged droplets.J Chem Phys,1976,64:2287–2295
11 Mack LL,Kralik P,Rheude A,Dole M.Molecular beams of macroions.II.J Chem Phys,1970,52:4977–4986
12 Ahadi E,Konermann L.Modeling the behavior of coarse-grained polymer chains in charged water droplets:implications for the mechanism of electrospray ionization.J Phys Chem B,2011,116:104–112
13 Konermann L,Rodriguez AD,Liu J.On the formation of highly charged gaseous ions from unfolded proteins by electrospray ionization.Anal Chem,2012,84:6798–6804
14 Chung JK,Consta S.Release mechanisms of poly(ethylene glycol)macroions from aqueous charged nanodroplets.J Phys Chem B,2012,116 :5777–5785
15 Cole RB,Zhu J.Chloride anion attachment in negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom,1999,13 :607–611
16 Saf R,Mirtl C,Hummel K.Electrospray mass spectrometry using potassium iodide in aprotic organic solvents for the ion formation by cation attachment.Tetrahedron Lett,1994,35:6653–6656
17 Ackloo SZ,Smith RW,Terlouw JK,McCarry BE.Characterization of ginseng saponins using electrospray mass spectrometry and collision-induced dissociation experiments of metal-attachment ions.Analyst,2000,125:591–597
18 Ogorzalek Loo RR,Smith RD.Investigation of the gas-phase structure of electrosprayed proteins using ion-molecule reactions.J Am Soc Mass Spectrom,1994,5:207–220
19 Amad MH,Cech NB,Jackson GS,Enke CG.Importance of gas-phase proton affinities in determining the electrospray ionization response for analytes and solvents.J Mass Spectrom,2000,35:784–789
20 Zhou SL,Hamburger M.Application of liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry in natural product analysis evaluation and optimization of electrospray and heated nebulizer interfaces.J Chromatogr A,1996,755:189–204
21 Van Berkel GJ,Quirke JME,Tigani RA,Dilley AS,Covey TR.Derivatization for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.3.Electrochemically ionizable derivatives.Anal Chem,1998,70:1544–1554
22 Kertesz V,Van Berkel GJ.Electropolymerization of methylene blue investigated using on-line electrochemistry/electrospray mass spectrometry.Electroanalysis,2001,13:1425–1430
23 Iribarne JV,Dziedzic PJ,Thomson BA.Atmospheric pressure ion evaporation-mass spectrometry.Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Physics,1983,50 :331–347
24 Tang L,Kebarle P.Effect of the conductivity of the electrosprayed solution on the electrospray current.Factors determining analyte sensitivity in electrospray mass spectrometry.Anal Chem,1991,63:2709–2715
25 Kebarle P,Tang L.From ions in solution to ions in the gas phase-the mechanism of electrospray mass spectrometry.Anal Chem,1993,65:972 A–986A
26 Apffel A,Fisher S,Goldberg G,Goodley PC,Kuhlmann FE.Enhanced sensitivity for peptide-mapping with electrospray liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry in the presence of signal suppression due to trifluoroacetic acid-containing mobile phases.J Chrom A,1995,712:177–190
27 Enke CG.A predictive model for matrix and analyte effects in electrospray ionization of singly-charged ionic analytes.Anal Chem,1997,69 :4885–4893
28 Tang K,Smith RD.Physical/chemical separations in the break-up of highly charged droplets from electrosprays.J Am Soc Mass Spectrom,2001,12:343–347
29 Okamoto M,Takahashi KI,Doi T.Sensitive detection and structural characterization of trimethyl(p-aminopheny1)-ammonium-derivatized oligosaccharides by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry.Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom,1995,9:641 –643
30 Cech NB,Enke CG.Relating electrospray ionization response to nonpolar character of small peptides.Anal Chem,2000,72:2717–2723
31 Zhou SL,Cook KD.A mechanistic study of electrospray mass spectrometry:charge gradients within electrospray droplets and their influence on ion response.J Am Soc Mass Spectrom,2001,12:206–214
32 Cech NB,Krone JR,Enke CG.Predicting electrospray response from chromatographic retention time.Anal Chem,2001,73:208–213
33 Santa T.Derivatization reagents in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.Biomed Chromatogr,2011,25 :1–10
34 Yamashita K,Masuda A,Hoshino Y,Komatsu S,Numazawa M.Assay of labile estrogen o-quinones,potent carcinogenic molecular species,by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with phenazine derivatization.J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol,2010,119:141–148
35 Rao YL,Xiang BR,Bramanti E,D’Ulivo A,Mester Z.Determination of thiols in yeast by HPLC coupled with LTQ-orbitrap mass spectrometry after derivatization with p-(hydroxymercuri)benzoate.J Agric Food Chem,2010,58:1462–1468
36 Petucci C,Lloyd T,Harris HA,Zhang XC,Chennathukuzhi VM,Mekonnen B,Cai YX.Trace LC/MS/MS quantitation of 17β-estradiol as a biomarker for selective estrogen receptor modulator activity in the rat brain.J Mass Spectrom,2010,45:65–71
37 Zu C,Praay HN,Bell BM,Redwine OD.Derivatization of fatty alcohol ethoxylate non-ionic surfactants using 2-sulfobenzoic anhydride for characterization by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom,2010,24:120–128
38 Rebane R,Herodes K.A sensitive method for free amino acids analysis by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and mass spectrometric detection using precolumn derivatization with diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate:application to the honey analysis.Anal Chim Acta,2010,672 :79–84
39 Marshall AG,Juyal P,Rodgers RP.ElectroSpray ionization mass spectrometry methodology.US Patent,US20120132796A1,2012-05-31
40 Che FY,Song JF,Zeng R,Wang KY,Xia QC.Analysis of 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonate-derivatized oligosaccharides by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry.J Chromatogr A,1999,858:229–238
41 Waterval JCM,Lingeman H,Bult A,Underberg WJM.Derivatization trends incapillary electrophoresis.Electrophoresis,2000,21:4029–4045
42 Ramsey RS,Goeringer DE,McLuckey SA.Active chemical background and noise reduction in capillary electrophoresis/ion-trap mass spectrometry.Anal Chem,1993,65:3521–3524
43 Zook DR,Bruins AP.On cluster ions,ion transmission,and linear dynamic range limitations in electrospray(ionspray)mass spectrometry.Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Processe,1997,162:129–147
44 Liu JJ,Wang H,Manicke NE,Lin JM,Cooks RG,Ouyang Z.Development,characterization,and application of paper spray ionization.Anal Chem,2010,82:2463–2471
45 Wang H,Liu JJ,Cooks RG,Ouyang Z.Paper spray for direct analysis of complex mixtures using mass spectrometry.Angewandte Chemie,2010,122:889–892
46 Hu B,So PK,Chen HW,Yao ZP.Electrospray ionization using wooden tips.Anal Chem,2011,83:8201–8207
47 Liu JJ,Wang H,Cooks RG,Ouyang Z.Leaf spray:direct chemical analysis of plant material and living plants by mass spectrometry.Anal Chem,2011,83:7608–7613
48 Liu J,Ro KW,Busman M,Knapp DR.Electrospray ionization with a pointed carbon fiber emitter.Anal Chem,2004,76:3599–3606
49 Hu B,So PK,Chen HW,Yao ZP.Electrospray ionization using wooden tips.Anal Chem,2011,83:8201–8207
50 Wong MYM,Tang HW,Man SH,Lam CW,Che CM,Ng KM.Electrospray ionization on porous spraying tips for direct sample analysis by mass spectrometry:enhanced detection sensitivity and selectivity using hydrophobic/hydrophilic materials as spraying tips.Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom,2013,27:713–721
51 Luo C,Ma Y,Li HF,Chen F,Uchiyama K,Lin JM.Generation of picoliter droplets of liquid for electrospray ionization with piezoelectric inkjet.J Mass Spectrom,2013,48:321–328
52 Patrik Ek,Roeraade J.New method for fabrication of fused silica emitters with submicrometer orifices for nanoelectrospray.Mass Spectrom.Anal Chem,2011,83:7771–7777
53 Balogh MP.Source design and the utility of multimode ionization.Spectroscopy,2004,19:52–56
54 De Biasi V,Haskins N,Organ A,Bateman R,Giles K,Jarvis S.High throughput liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric analyses using a novel multiplexed electrospray interface.Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom,1999,13:1165–1168
55 张成森,罗海.多通道旋转电喷雾离子化质谱分析离子源.中国专利,CN 102437006,2012-05-02
56 Sakamoto S,Fujita M,Kim K,Yamaguchi K.Characterization of self-assembling nano-sized structures by means of coldspray ionization mass spectrometry.Tetrahedron,2000,56:955–964
57 Yamaguchi K.Cold-spray ionization mass spectrometry:principle and applications.J Mass Spectrom,2003,38:473-490
58 Takats Z,Wiseman JM,Gologan B,Cooks RG.Mass spectrometry sampling under ambient conditions with desorption electrospray ionization.Science,2004,306:471–473
59 Nizzia JL,O’Leary AE,Ton AT,Mulligan CC.Screening of cosmetic ingredients from authentic formulations and environmental samples with desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.Anal Method,2013,5:394–401
60 Bennett RV,Cleaves HJ,Davis JM,Sokolov DA,Orlando TM,Bada JL,Fernández FM.Desorption electrospray ionization imaging mass spectrometry as a tool for investigating model prebiotic reactions on mineral surfaces.Anal Chem,2013,85:1276–1279
61 Eberlin LS,Ferreira CR,Dill AL,Ifa DR,Cooks RG.Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for lipid characterization and biological tissue imaging.BBA-Mol Cell Biol L,2011,1811:946–960
62 Cooks RG,Manicke NE,Dill AL,Ifa DR,Eberlin LS,Costa AB,Wang H,Huang GM,Ouyang Z.New ionization methods and miniature mass spectrometers for biomedicine:DESI imaging for cancer diagnostics and paper spray ionization for therapeutic drug monitoring.Faraday Discuss,2011,149:247–267
63 Girod M,Shi Y,Cheng JX,Cooks RG.Mapping lipid alterations in traumatically injured rat spinal cord by desorption electrospray ionization imaging mass spectrometry.Anal Chem,2011,83:207–215
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