阿拉善沙漠高原降水化学特征与离子来源判别
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摘要
为查明我国北方沙漠地区降水化学组成及来源,在阿拉善沙漠高原阿右旗气象站采集了2013—2015年的降水样品,测定了降水p H、EC(电导率)及主要离子当量浓度.结果表明:阿拉善沙漠阿右旗气象站降水p H和EC的范围分别为6.66~8.05和35~1 237μS/cm;Ca~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)、Na~+和Cl~-为降水中的主要离子,其总和占总离子的85%以上.降水p H、EC和主要离子当量浓度是反映空气质量的基本参数,较高的降水p H反映出当地降水具有明显的碱性特征.与其他地区相比,该地区降水的EC和可溶性离子日均湿沉降通量也较高,且随月份有较大的变化,表明干旱沙漠粉尘对当地降水水化学的贡献较大.根据离子来源相对贡献的计算结果发现,降水中92.8%的SO_4~(2-)和98%的NO_3~-来自人为源,98.8%的Ca~(2+)和88.7%的K~+为陆地来源,55%的Mg~(2+)为海洋源,24.8%的Na~+来自矿物风化,极少部分Cl~-为人为源.研究显示:除降水中的NH_4~+外,其他主要离子之间的相关性表明各种成因物质在风力作用下同时进入了大气;基于[NH_4~+](NH_4~+的当量浓度)与[K~+](K~+的当量浓度)相关性分析,降水中的NH_4~+来自生物质燃烧、肥料使用、动物粪便等.
In order to determine the chemical composition and source of precipitation in the desert areas of northern China,precipitation samples collected at the Ayouqi weather station in the Alxa Desert Plateau during 2013-2015 were analyzed for p H,EC(electrical conductivity),and the major ion concentrations.The results show that the p H and EC values of precipitation vary from 6.66 to 8.05 and from 35 to 1237μS/cm,respectively.Ca~(2+),SO_4~(2-),Na~+and Cl~-are the dominant in precipitation,accounting for more than 85%of the total ion concentration.The p H,EC values and the major ions are the basic parameters of air quality.The high p H values reflect the alkaline characteristics of local precipitation.The EC values and wet deposition fluxes in the Alxa Desert Plateau are higher than that in other places and vary with months.These results show that mineral dust from arid deserts contributes greatly to the chemistry of local precipitation.According to the calculations of the ion source contributions,92.8%SO_4~(2-)and 98%NO_3~-in precipitation were from the anthropogenic pollution,98.8%Ca~(2+)and 88.7%K~+originated from the terrestrial sources,55%Mg~(2+)was of marine origin,24.8%Na~+came from mineral weathering and a tiny part of Cl~-was related to the anthropogenic input.The overall results suggest that the good correlations among the major ions,except NH_4~+,in the precipitation,indicating that various types of materials were synchronously carried into the atmosphere by wind.The good correlation of NH_4~+with K~+in the precipitation indicated that NH_4~+probably resulted from biomass burning,fertilizer usage,animal manure and so on.
In order to determine the chemical composition and source of precipitation in the desert areas of northern China,precipitation samples collected at the Ayouqi weather station in the Alxa Desert Plateau during 2013-2015 were analyzed for p H,EC(electrical conductivity),and the major ion concentrations.The results show that the p H and EC values of precipitation vary from 6.66 to 8.05 and from 35 to 1237μS/cm,respectively.Ca~(2+),SO_4~(2-),Na~+and Cl~-are the dominant in precipitation,accounting for more than 85%of the total ion concentration.The p H,EC values and the major ions are the basic parameters of air quality.The high p H values reflect the alkaline characteristics of local precipitation.The EC values and wet deposition fluxes in the Alxa Desert Plateau are higher than that in other places and vary with months.These results show that mineral dust from arid deserts contributes greatly to the chemistry of local precipitation.According to the calculations of the ion source contributions,92.8%SO_4~(2-)and 98%NO_3~-in precipitation were from the anthropogenic pollution,98.8%Ca~(2+)and 88.7%K~+originated from the terrestrial sources,55%Mg~(2+)was of marine origin,24.8%Na~+came from mineral weathering and a tiny part of Cl~-was related to the anthropogenic input.The overall results suggest that the good correlations among the major ions,except NH_4~+,in the precipitation,indicating that various types of materials were synchronously carried into the atmosphere by wind.The good correlation of NH_4~+with K~+in the precipitation indicated that NH_4~+probably resulted from biomass burning,fertilizer usage,animal manure and so on.
引文
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[32] XU Zhifang,WU Yao,LIU Wenjin,et al. Chemical composition of rainwater and the acid neutralizing effect at Beijing and Chizhou City,China[J].Atmospheric Research,2015,164(1):278-285.
[33] ZHANG Xiuying,JIANG Hong,ZHANG Qingxin,et al. Chemical characteristics of rainwater in northeast China,a case study of Dalian[J].Atmospheric Research,2012,116(15):151-160.
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[35]陈舜,逯非,王效科.中国氮磷钾肥制造温室气体排放系数的估算[J].生态学报,2015,35(19):6371-6383.CHEN Shun,LU Fei,WANG Xiaoke. Estimation of greenhouse gases emission factors for China's nitrogen,phosphate,and potash fertilizers[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(19):6371-6383.
[36] TAYLOR S R.Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust:a new table[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1964,28(8):1273-1285.
[37] RAO Wenbo,HAN Guilin,TAN Hongbing,et al. Chemical and Sr isotopic compositions of rainwater on the Ordos Desert Plateau,northwest China[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(7):5759-5771.
[38] BERNER E K,BERNER R A.The Global Water Cycle[M].New York:Prentice-Hall,1987:451-473.
[39] GONI I B,FELLMAN E,EDMUNDS W M.Rainfall geochemistry in the Sahel region of northern Nigeria,Atmospheric Environment[J].2001,35(25):4331-4339.
[2] CHATE D M,DEVARA P C S. Acidity of raindrop by uptake of gases and aerosol pollutants[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(8):1571-1577.
[3]韩燕,徐虹,毕晓辉,等.降水对颗粒物的冲刷作用及其对雨水化学的影响[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(2):193-200.HAN Yan,XU Hong,BI Xiaohui,et al. Changes of particulate matters during rain process and influence of that on chemical composition of precipitation in Hangzhou,China[J]. China Environmental Science,2013,33(2):193-200.
[4]王文兴,丁国安.中国降水酸度和离子浓度的时空分布[J].环境科学研究,1997,10(2):1-7.WANG Wenxing,DING Guoan.The geographical distribution of ion concentration in precipitation over China[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,1997,10(2):1-7.
[5]肖致美,李鹏,陈魁,等.天津市大气降水化学组成特征及来源分析[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(7):1025-1030.XIAO Zhimei,LI Peng,CHEN Kui,et al. Characteristics and sources of chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in Tianjin[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(7):1025-1030.
[6]李宗杰,李宗省,田青,等.祁连山中段降水化学的环境意义研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(12):4465-4474.LI Zongjie,LI Zongxing,TIAN Qing,et al. Environmental significance of wet deposition composition in the central Qilian Mountains,China[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(12):4465-4474.
[7]王文兴,许鹏举.中国大气降水化学研究进展[J].化学进展,2009,21(2):266-281.WANG Wenxing,XU Pengju. Research progress in precipitation chemistry in China[J]. Progress in Chemistry,2009,21(2):266-281.
[8] HAN Guilin,WU Qiqin,YANG Tang.Acid rain and alkalization in southwest China:chemical and strontium isotope evidence in rainwater from Guiyang[J]. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry,2011,68(2):139-155.
[9] NIU Hewen,HE Yuangqin,LU Xixi,et al.Chemical composition of rainwater in the Yulong Snow Mountain Region,southwestern China[J].Atmospheric Research,2014,144(1):195-206.
[10] WU Qixin,HAN Guilin,TAO Faxiang,et al.Chemical composition of rainwater in a karstic agricultural area,southwest China:the impact of urbanization[J]. Atmospheric Research,2012,111(1):71-78.
[11] WANG Hua,HAN Guilin. Chemical composition of rainwater and anthropogenic influences in Chengdu,southwest China[J].Atmospheric Research,2011,99(2):190-196.
[12] LEI Hengchi,TANNER P A,HUANG Meiyuan,et al. The acidification process under the cloud in southwest China:observation results and simulation[J]. Atmospheric Environment,1997,31(6):851-861.
[13] TU Jun,WANG Hesheng,ZHANG Zifan,et al.Trends in chemical composition of precipitation in Nanjing,China,during 1992-2003[J].Atmospheric Research,2005,73(3):283-298.
[14] HUANG Kan,ZHUANG Guoshun,XU Chang,et al.The chemistry of the severe acidic precipitation in Shanghai,China[J].Atmospheric Research,2008,89(2):149-160.
[15] ZHANG Miaoyun,WANG Shijie,WU Fengchang,et al. Chemical composition of wet precipitation and anthropogenic influence at a developing urban site in southeastern China[J]. Atmospheric Research,2007,84(4):311-322.
[16] ZHANG Guosen,ZHANG Jin,LIU Sumei.Chemical composition of atmospheric wet depositions from the Yellow Sea and East China Sea[J].Atmospheric Research,2007,85(1):84-97.
[17]赵卫红.福建省酸雨变化趋势及成因[J].福建地理,2004,19(4):1-5.ZHAO Weihong.An analysis on the changing trend of acid rain and its causes in Fujian Province[J].Fujian Geography,2004,19(4):1-5.
[18] CAO Yuzhen,WANG Shaoyi,ZHANG Gan,et al. Chemical characteristics of wet precipitation at an urban site of Guangzhou,South China[J].Atmospheric Research,2009,94(3):462-469.
[19]张小曳.亚洲粉尘的源区分布、释放、输送、沉降与黄土堆积[J].第四纪研究,2001,21(1):29-40.ZHANG Xiaoye.Source distributions,emission,transport,deposition of Asian dust and loess accumulation[J]. Quaternary Sciences,2001,21(1):29-40.
[20] CHAN Changchuan,CHUANG Kaijen,CHEN Wenjone,et al.Increasing cardiopulmonary emergency visits by long-range transported Asian dust storms in Taiwan[J]. Environmental Research,2008,106(1):393-400.
[21] YANG Xiaoping,ROST K T,LEHMKUHL F,et al.The evolution of dry lands in northern China and in the Republic of Mongolia since the Last Glacial Maximum[J]. Quaternary International,2004,118(3):69-85.
[22] QIAN Weihong, TANG Xu, QUAN Linsheng. Regional characteristics of dust storms in China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(29):4895-4907.
[23] RASTOGI N,SARIN M M. Chemical characteristics of individual rain events from a semi-arid region in India[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(18):3313-3323.
[24] MA Jinzhu,ZHANG Peng,ZHU Gaofeng,et al.The composition and distribution of chemicals and isotopes in precipitation in the Shiyang River system,northwestern China[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2012,436(1):92-101.
[25] XU Zhifang,LI Yushan,TANG Yang,et al.Chemical and strontium isotope characterization of rainwater at an urban site in Loess Plateau,northwest China[J].Atmospheric Research,2009,94(3):481-490.
[26] LU X W,LORETTA Y L,LI N,et al.Chemical characteristics of spring rainwater of Xi'an City,NW China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(28):5058-5063.
[27] XU Ming,LU Aihua,XU Feng,et al. Seasonal chemical composition variations of wet deposition in Urumchi,northwestern China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(5):1042-1048.
[28] ZHANG D D,PEART M R,JIM C Y,et al.Alkaline rains on the Tibetan Plateau and their implication for the original pH of natural rainfall[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2002,107(14):4198-4207.
[29] ZHANG D D,PEART M R,JIM C Y,et al.Precipitation chemistry of Lhasa and other remote towns,Tibet[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(2):231-240.
[30] LI Chaoliu,KANG Shichang,ZHANG Qianggong,et al.Major ionic composition in the Nam Co Region,Central Tibetan Plateau[J].Atmospheric Research,2007,85(3):351-360.
[31] ZHANG D D,JIM C Y,PEART M R,et al. Rapid changes of precipitation pH in Qinghai Province,the northeastern Tibetan Plateau[J].Science of the Total Environment,2003,305(1):241-248.
[32] XU Zhifang,WU Yao,LIU Wenjin,et al. Chemical composition of rainwater and the acid neutralizing effect at Beijing and Chizhou City,China[J].Atmospheric Research,2015,164(1):278-285.
[33] ZHANG Xiuying,JIANG Hong,ZHANG Qingxin,et al. Chemical characteristics of rainwater in northeast China,a case study of Dalian[J].Atmospheric Research,2012,116(15):151-160.
[34] WANG Wenxing,WANG Tao.On acid rain formation in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,1996,30(23):4091-4093.
[35]陈舜,逯非,王效科.中国氮磷钾肥制造温室气体排放系数的估算[J].生态学报,2015,35(19):6371-6383.CHEN Shun,LU Fei,WANG Xiaoke. Estimation of greenhouse gases emission factors for China's nitrogen,phosphate,and potash fertilizers[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(19):6371-6383.
[36] TAYLOR S R.Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust:a new table[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1964,28(8):1273-1285.
[37] RAO Wenbo,HAN Guilin,TAN Hongbing,et al. Chemical and Sr isotopic compositions of rainwater on the Ordos Desert Plateau,northwest China[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(7):5759-5771.
[38] BERNER E K,BERNER R A.The Global Water Cycle[M].New York:Prentice-Hall,1987:451-473.
[39] GONI I B,FELLMAN E,EDMUNDS W M.Rainfall geochemistry in the Sahel region of northern Nigeria,Atmospheric Environment[J].2001,35(25):4331-4339.