有机无机肥配施对夏玉米氮素气态损失及籽粒产量的影响
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摘要
【目的】本研究在定位试验平台上监测了不同施肥处理夏玉米田NH3和N2O的排放规律及其损失量,以探讨减少黄淮海区域夏玉米田氮素气态损失的有效途径,为提高夏玉米籽粒产量及肥料利用效率提供理论依据。【方法】2016—2017年利用水肥渗漏研究池进行试验,以郑单958(ZD958)为材料,以不施氮肥(CK)为对照处理,在同等施氮量下设置单施尿素(U1)、单施牛粪(M1)和尿素牛粪1﹕1配施(U2M2)3种氮肥处理。采用通气法和静态箱-气相色谱法研究了不同施肥处理对玉米田NH3和N2O排放规律和损失量、籽粒产量及氮肥利用效率的影响。【结果】玉米田氮素气态损失以NH3挥发为主,占氮素气态损失量的88.55%—96.42%,N2O排放量较少。不同施肥处理显著影响NH3和N2O排放量及氮素利用效率。U1处理NH3挥发量最高,两年平均为38.19 kg·hm-2;以M1处理最低,为19.10 kg·hm-2,U2M2处理介于两者之间,施用有机肥的M1或U2M2处理可以显著降低NH3挥发损失量。N2O排放氮素损失以M1处理最高,平均达到1.65 kg·hm-2,较U1和U2M2处理分别提高了77.42%和34.15%。2016—2017年不同施肥处理间籽粒产量差异显著,表现为U2M2>U1>M1>CK,2016年U2M2处理籽粒产量较U1和M1处理分别提高了3.45%和5.25%,U1和M1处理之间籽粒产量无明显差异;2017年U2M2处理籽粒产量较U1和M1处理分别提高了5.83%和12.53%,U1显著高于M1处理,提高了6.33%。氮素利用效率以U2M2处理最高,平均为58.20%,较M1和U1处理分别提高了32.15%和15.13%。【结论】有机无机肥配施增加了夏玉米干物质和氮素积累量,提高了籽粒产量和氮素利用效率,较单施尿素氨挥发减少,较单施有机肥N2O排放降低,是实现增产增效的合理施肥方式。
【Objective】 This study monitored emission regularity and loss of NH_3 and N_2O under different treatments in the summer maize fields on the long-term experiment platform, to explore effective ways to reduce gaseous nitrogen losses in summer maize field in the Huanghuaihai region, in order to provide a theoretical basis for improving the yield of summer maize and fertilizer use efficiency. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted with lysimeters in 2016-2017. The maize cultivar of Zhengdan 958(ZD958) was used as experimented material. The venting method was used to monitor NH3 volatilization, and the static box-gas chromatography method was used to monitor losses of N2 O under four fertilization modes, including organic manure(M_1), organic manure plus chemical N fertilizer(1/2 N from organic manure, 1/2 from urea; U_2M_2), Urea(U1) and no N fertilizer(CK). The content of nitrogen in M_1, U1 and U_2M_2 treatment were equal. 【Result】 Loss of gaseous nitrogen in maize field was dominatedby NH_3 volatilization, accounting for 88.55%-96.42% of the total nitrogen gaseous loss and N_2O emissions was less. NH_3 volatilization was the highest under U1 treatment, with an average of 38.19 kg·hm~(-2) of 2016 and 2017; the lowest treatment with M-21 was 19.10 kg·hm, indicating that single application of organic fertilizer or organic-inorganic combination application could significantly reduce NH_3 volatilization. N_2O emission was highest under M_1 treatment, which reached an average of 1.65 kg·hm~(-2), and then 77.42% and 34.15% higher than those of U1 and U_2M_2 treatment, respectively. Nitrogen use efficiency of U_2M_2 treatment was the highest, with an average of 58.20%; compared with M_1 and U1 treatment, which increased 32.15% and 15.13%, respectively. The results showed that there was significant difference in yield among different fertilization treatments from 2016 to 2017, which showed U_2M_2>U1>M_1>CK. Compared with the U1 and M_1 treatment in 2016, the yield of U_2M_2 treatment was increased by 3.45% and 5.25%, respectively, and there was no significant difference in yield between U1 and M_1 treatment. Compared with the U1 and M_1 treatment in 2017, the yield of U_2M_2 treatment was increased by 5.83% and 12.53%, respectively, and the yield under U1 treatment was significantly higher than that of M_1 treatment, increased of 6.33%.【 Conclusion】 Compared with single application of urea, organic-inorganic combination application could effectively reduce gaseous loss of nitrogen. Organic-inorganic combination application increased nitrogen use efficiency, dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, and maize grain yield, therefore, it was a reasonable way to increase yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency.
【Objective】 This study monitored emission regularity and loss of NH_3 and N_2O under different treatments in the summer maize fields on the long-term experiment platform, to explore effective ways to reduce gaseous nitrogen losses in summer maize field in the Huanghuaihai region, in order to provide a theoretical basis for improving the yield of summer maize and fertilizer use efficiency. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted with lysimeters in 2016-2017. The maize cultivar of Zhengdan 958(ZD958) was used as experimented material. The venting method was used to monitor NH3 volatilization, and the static box-gas chromatography method was used to monitor losses of N2 O under four fertilization modes, including organic manure(M_1), organic manure plus chemical N fertilizer(1/2 N from organic manure, 1/2 from urea; U_2M_2), Urea(U1) and no N fertilizer(CK). The content of nitrogen in M_1, U1 and U_2M_2 treatment were equal. 【Result】 Loss of gaseous nitrogen in maize field was dominatedby NH_3 volatilization, accounting for 88.55%-96.42% of the total nitrogen gaseous loss and N_2O emissions was less. NH_3 volatilization was the highest under U1 treatment, with an average of 38.19 kg·hm~(-2) of 2016 and 2017; the lowest treatment with M-21 was 19.10 kg·hm, indicating that single application of organic fertilizer or organic-inorganic combination application could significantly reduce NH_3 volatilization. N_2O emission was highest under M_1 treatment, which reached an average of 1.65 kg·hm~(-2), and then 77.42% and 34.15% higher than those of U1 and U_2M_2 treatment, respectively. Nitrogen use efficiency of U_2M_2 treatment was the highest, with an average of 58.20%; compared with M_1 and U1 treatment, which increased 32.15% and 15.13%, respectively. The results showed that there was significant difference in yield among different fertilization treatments from 2016 to 2017, which showed U_2M_2>U1>M_1>CK. Compared with the U1 and M_1 treatment in 2016, the yield of U_2M_2 treatment was increased by 3.45% and 5.25%, respectively, and there was no significant difference in yield between U1 and M_1 treatment. Compared with the U1 and M_1 treatment in 2017, the yield of U_2M_2 treatment was increased by 5.83% and 12.53%, respectively, and the yield under U1 treatment was significantly higher than that of M_1 treatment, increased of 6.33%.【 Conclusion】 Compared with single application of urea, organic-inorganic combination application could effectively reduce gaseous loss of nitrogen. Organic-inorganic combination application increased nitrogen use efficiency, dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, and maize grain yield, therefore, it was a reasonable way to increase yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency.
引文
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