不同材料覆盖对土壤水热及小麦产量的影响
|
摘要
针对传统聚乙烯白色地膜覆盖带来的作物早衰问题,试验以小麦为研究对象,设置不覆盖、有机肥、有机肥+白色地膜、白色地膜和黑色地膜覆盖5个处理,研究不同材料覆盖对土壤水分、土壤温度及小麦产量的影响。结果表明:小麦全生育期内,白色地膜、有机肥+白色地膜和黑色地膜处理间各土层含水率差异性不显著,但0-60cm土壤含水率均显著高于不覆盖和单施有机肥处理,起到了良好的土壤保墒效果。小麦苗期,各覆盖处理显著提高了耕层土壤温度,促进了小麦的壮苗和生长。拔节期施用有机肥和黑色地膜处理显著降低了耕层土壤温度,不同程度抑制了小麦前期过旺生长。小麦扬花期后,各覆盖处理土壤温度均显著低于不覆盖处理,一定的降温效应避免小麦遭受高温的危害,但受有机肥分解加速影响,灌浆期施用有机肥处理有一定的增温效应。各覆盖处理较不覆盖处理产量显著提高,且以黑色地膜和有机肥+白色地膜处理增幅最大,平均较不覆盖处理高26. 92%和23. 14%。黑色地膜和有机肥+白色地膜覆盖措施适宜在河套灌区小麦种植过程中推广应用。
Aiming at the problem of premature aging of crops caused by traditional white plastic film mulching.This research took wheat as the research object,five treatments including non film,organic fertilizer,organic fertilizer + white plastic film,white plastic film,and black plastic film were set to study the effects of different material mulching on soil moisture,soil temperature and wheat yield. The results showed that there were no significant differences in soil moisture content among white plastic film,organic fertilizer + white plastic film,and black plastic film during the whole growth period of wheat. However,soil moisture content of 0-60 cm for above three treatments was significantly higher than that of non film and single application of organic fertilizer,so mulching played a good role in soil moisture conservation. Every mulching treatment significantly increased soil temperature at the wheat seedling stage,promoted the growth and growth of wheat. Application of organic fertilizer and black plastic film significantly reduced soil temperature in the plough layer at wheat jointing stage,and inhibited the early overgrowth of wheat in different degrees. After the flowering period,the soil temperature of each mulching treatment was significantly lower than that non film,and a certain cooling effect prevented wheat from being harbored by high temperature. However,under the accelerated decomposition of organic fertilizer,the organic fertilizer treatment had a certain warming effect during wheat grain filling stage. The wheat yield of each mulching treatment was higher than that non film,and that of black plastic film and organic fertilizer + white plastic film were 26. 92% and 23. 14% higher than that of non film. Black plastic film and organic fertilizer +white plastic film mulching measures are suitable for popularization and application in the wheat growing process in Hetao Irrigation District.
Aiming at the problem of premature aging of crops caused by traditional white plastic film mulching.This research took wheat as the research object,five treatments including non film,organic fertilizer,organic fertilizer + white plastic film,white plastic film,and black plastic film were set to study the effects of different material mulching on soil moisture,soil temperature and wheat yield. The results showed that there were no significant differences in soil moisture content among white plastic film,organic fertilizer + white plastic film,and black plastic film during the whole growth period of wheat. However,soil moisture content of 0-60 cm for above three treatments was significantly higher than that of non film and single application of organic fertilizer,so mulching played a good role in soil moisture conservation. Every mulching treatment significantly increased soil temperature at the wheat seedling stage,promoted the growth and growth of wheat. Application of organic fertilizer and black plastic film significantly reduced soil temperature in the plough layer at wheat jointing stage,and inhibited the early overgrowth of wheat in different degrees. After the flowering period,the soil temperature of each mulching treatment was significantly lower than that non film,and a certain cooling effect prevented wheat from being harbored by high temperature. However,under the accelerated decomposition of organic fertilizer,the organic fertilizer treatment had a certain warming effect during wheat grain filling stage. The wheat yield of each mulching treatment was higher than that non film,and that of black plastic film and organic fertilizer + white plastic film were 26. 92% and 23. 14% higher than that of non film. Black plastic film and organic fertilizer +white plastic film mulching measures are suitable for popularization and application in the wheat growing process in Hetao Irrigation District.
引文
[1]Li F M,Wang P,Wang J,et al,Effects of irrigation before sowing and plastic film mulching on yield and water uptake of spring wheat in semiarid Loess Plateau of China[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2004,67(2):77-88.
[2]赵靖丹,李瑞平,史海滨,等.滴灌条件下地膜覆盖对玉米田间土壤水热效应的影响[J].节水灌溉,2016(1):6-9,15.
[3]李仙岳,彭遵原,史海滨,等.不同类型地膜覆盖对土壤水热与葵花生长的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(2):97-103.
[4]冯晨,孙占祥,郑家明,等.辽西半干旱区秋覆膜对土壤水分及玉米水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(2):9-14.
[5]李尚忠,王勇,樊廷录,等.旱地玉米不同覆膜方式的水温及增产效应[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(5):922-931.
[6]张冬梅,池宝亮,黄学芳,等.地膜覆盖导致旱地玉米减产的负面影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(4):99-102.
[7]Zaongo C G L,Wendt C W,Lascaono R J,et al. Interactions of water,mulch and nitrogen in Niger[J]. Plant and Soil,1997,197(1):119-126.
[8]李世清,李东方,等.半干旱农田生态系统地膜覆盖的土壤生态效应[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2003,31(5):21-29.
[9]董朝阳,杨晓光,杨婕,等.中国北方地区春玉米干旱的时间演变特征和空间分布规律[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(20):4234-4245.
[10]高金芳,李毅,陈世平,等.覆膜开孔蒸发条件下土体高度对水盐运移的影响[J].农业机械学报,2010,41(9):50-55.
[11]Yamanaka T,Takeda A,Sugita F. A modified surface-resistance approach for representing bare-soil evaporation:Wind tunnel experiments under various atmospheric conditions[J]. Water Resource Research,1997,33(9):2117-2128.
[12]陈玉华,张岁岐,田海燕,等.地膜覆盖及施用有机肥对地温及冬小麦水分利用的影响[J].水土保持通报,2010,30(3):59-63.
[13]李絮花,李守祥,于振文,等.有机肥对小麦根系生长及根系衰老进程的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(4):467-472.
[14]张琴.不同颜色地膜覆盖对玉米土壤水热状况及产量的影响[J].节水灌溉,2017(4):57-61.
[15]张永清,苗果园.水分胁迫条件下有机肥对小麦根苗生长的影响[J].作物学报,2006,32(6):811-816.
[16]路海东,薛吉全,郝引川,等.黑色地膜覆盖对旱地玉米土壤环境和植株生长的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(7):1997-2003.
[2]赵靖丹,李瑞平,史海滨,等.滴灌条件下地膜覆盖对玉米田间土壤水热效应的影响[J].节水灌溉,2016(1):6-9,15.
[3]李仙岳,彭遵原,史海滨,等.不同类型地膜覆盖对土壤水热与葵花生长的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(2):97-103.
[4]冯晨,孙占祥,郑家明,等.辽西半干旱区秋覆膜对土壤水分及玉米水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(2):9-14.
[5]李尚忠,王勇,樊廷录,等.旱地玉米不同覆膜方式的水温及增产效应[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(5):922-931.
[6]张冬梅,池宝亮,黄学芳,等.地膜覆盖导致旱地玉米减产的负面影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(4):99-102.
[7]Zaongo C G L,Wendt C W,Lascaono R J,et al. Interactions of water,mulch and nitrogen in Niger[J]. Plant and Soil,1997,197(1):119-126.
[8]李世清,李东方,等.半干旱农田生态系统地膜覆盖的土壤生态效应[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2003,31(5):21-29.
[9]董朝阳,杨晓光,杨婕,等.中国北方地区春玉米干旱的时间演变特征和空间分布规律[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(20):4234-4245.
[10]高金芳,李毅,陈世平,等.覆膜开孔蒸发条件下土体高度对水盐运移的影响[J].农业机械学报,2010,41(9):50-55.
[11]Yamanaka T,Takeda A,Sugita F. A modified surface-resistance approach for representing bare-soil evaporation:Wind tunnel experiments under various atmospheric conditions[J]. Water Resource Research,1997,33(9):2117-2128.
[12]陈玉华,张岁岐,田海燕,等.地膜覆盖及施用有机肥对地温及冬小麦水分利用的影响[J].水土保持通报,2010,30(3):59-63.
[13]李絮花,李守祥,于振文,等.有机肥对小麦根系生长及根系衰老进程的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(4):467-472.
[14]张琴.不同颜色地膜覆盖对玉米土壤水热状况及产量的影响[J].节水灌溉,2017(4):57-61.
[15]张永清,苗果园.水分胁迫条件下有机肥对小麦根苗生长的影响[J].作物学报,2006,32(6):811-816.
[16]路海东,薛吉全,郝引川,等.黑色地膜覆盖对旱地玉米土壤环境和植株生长的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(7):1997-2003.