辽西半干旱区秋覆膜对土壤水分及玉米水分利用效率的影响
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摘要
秋覆膜技术是传统地膜覆盖栽培技术的创新和延伸。为了探明秋季覆膜对土壤水分及玉米水分利用效率的影响,2014年在农业部阜新农业环境与耕地保育科学观测实验站,设置常规裸地种植(T1)、传统春覆膜(T2)、秋覆膜(T3)以及秋覆膜配施秸秆(T4)四种处理,研究了不同覆膜处理对土壤蓄水量、水分剖面分布、春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,两种秋覆膜处理可实现对土壤水分的跨季节调控,播前土壤蓄水量比裸地增加35.44%和23.09%,比春覆膜增加40.79%和27.95%,整个生育期土壤蓄水量较裸地增加30.70%和20.10%,较春覆膜增加37.77%和26.59%。两种秋覆膜处理的剖面土壤水分在各生育时期均较为充足;春覆膜处理土壤含水率随土层深度变化剧烈,下层土壤水分严重缺失。秋覆膜处理可显著增加玉米产量,较裸地和春覆膜处理平均增产13.26%和13.52%,单株粒重增加是秋覆膜提高玉米产量的主要原因。秋覆膜T3处理可充分利用作物生育期降水,与T1、T2、T4处理相比,水分利用效率显著提高8.24%、9.74%和8.83%。
Plastic film mulching in autumn is an innovation and extension technology of traditional plastic film mulching technology. In order to explore the effects of mulching during autumn on soil water and water use efficiency of spring maize,four mulching treatments,including traditional planting( T1),spring mulching( T2),autumn mulching( T3) and autumn mulching with straw return( T4),were carried out in Fuxin Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-environment and Arable Land Conservation,to clarify the effects of different mulching treatments on soil water storage,distribution,crop yields and water use efficiency of spring maize. Our result showed that compared with T1,T3 and T4 could increase the water storage before sowing by 35. 44% and 23. 09%,respectively,while by 40.79% and 27. 95%,compared with T2. T3 and T4 could also increase water storage during the whole growth period by30. 70% and 20. 10%,37. 77% and 26. 59%,respectively,compared with T1 and T2. The soil profile water was relatively abundant during the whole growth period,while T2 had a very big variation in profile water,which had a serious lack of water in subsoil. The maize yield by T3 was the highest,which was 13. 26% and 13. 52% higher than that of T1 and T2,respectively. It was mostly contributed by the increase in single grain yield. Compared with T1,T2 and T4,T3 could increase water use efficiency by 8. 24%,9. 74% and 8. 83%,respectively.
Plastic film mulching in autumn is an innovation and extension technology of traditional plastic film mulching technology. In order to explore the effects of mulching during autumn on soil water and water use efficiency of spring maize,four mulching treatments,including traditional planting( T1),spring mulching( T2),autumn mulching( T3) and autumn mulching with straw return( T4),were carried out in Fuxin Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-environment and Arable Land Conservation,to clarify the effects of different mulching treatments on soil water storage,distribution,crop yields and water use efficiency of spring maize. Our result showed that compared with T1,T3 and T4 could increase the water storage before sowing by 35. 44% and 23. 09%,respectively,while by 40.79% and 27. 95%,compared with T2. T3 and T4 could also increase water storage during the whole growth period by30. 70% and 20. 10%,37. 77% and 26. 59%,respectively,compared with T1 and T2. The soil profile water was relatively abundant during the whole growth period,while T2 had a very big variation in profile water,which had a serious lack of water in subsoil. The maize yield by T3 was the highest,which was 13. 26% and 13. 52% higher than that of T1 and T2,respectively. It was mostly contributed by the increase in single grain yield. Compared with T1,T2 and T4,T3 could increase water use efficiency by 8. 24%,9. 74% and 8. 83%,respectively.
引文
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[12]牛芬菊,张雷,李小燕,等.旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米秸秆还田对玉米生长及产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(3):161-165.
[13]王勇,宋尚有,樊廷录,等.黄土高原旱地秋覆膜及氮肥秋基春追比例对春玉米产量和品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(3):460-470.
[14]黄毅,张玉龙,邹洪涛,等.辽西北旱农区气候特点与土壤墒情调控[J].水土保持通报,2007,27(6):203-206.
[15]邹洪涛,张玉龙,黄毅,等.东北风沙半干旱区区雨水资源跨时调控对玉米生长发育及产量的影响[J].土壤通报,2008,39(4):852-854.
[16]信东旭,张玉龙,黄毅,等.不同时期覆膜对辽西旱地农田土壤墒情及春玉米产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(6):114-118.
[17]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[18]Hemmat A,Eskandari I.Tillage system effects upon productivity of a dryland winter wheat-chickpea rotation in the northwest region of Iran[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2004,78(1):69-81.
[19]Huang Y L,Chen L D,Fu B J,et al.The wheat yields and water use efficiency in the Loess Plateau:straw mulch and irrigation effects[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,72(3):209-222.
[20]Xie Z K,Wang Y J,Li F M.Effect of plastic mulching on soil water use and spring wheat yield in arid region of northwest China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,75:71-83.
[21]Liu C A,Jin S L,Zhou L M,et al.Effects of plastic film mulch and tillage on maize productivity and soil parameters[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2009,31:241-249.
[22]胡实,彭娜,谢小立,等.农田秸秆覆盖保墒研究[J].中国农业气象,2007,28(1):49-53.
[23]劳秀荣,吴子一,高燕春.长期秸秆还田改土培肥效应的研究[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(2):49-52.
[24]刘世平,聂新涛,张洪程,等.稻麦两熟条件下不同土壤耕作方式与秸秆还田效用分析[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(7):48-51.
[25]王宏燕,彭驰.降水和地积温对有机肥腐解的动态分析[J].东北农业大学学报,1996,27(1):20-25.
[26]江晓东,迟淑筠,王芸,等.少免耕对小麦/玉米农田玉米还田秸秆腐解的影响[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(10):247-251.
[2]冯良山,孙占祥,郑家明,等.辽西风沙半干旱区旱作农田水资源研究[J].土壤通报,2008,39(1):25-28.
[3]马耀光,张保军,罗志成.旱地农业节水技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004:2-10.
[4]姚建民,殷海善.降水资源有效化与旱地农业[J].资源科学,1999,21(4):50-53.
[5]李小雁,龚家栋.人工集水面降雨径流观测实验研究[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(1):1-4.
[6]高翔,龚道枝,顾峰雪,等.覆膜抑制土壤呼吸提高旱作春玉米产量[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(6):62-70.
[7]邢胜利,魏延安,李思训.陕西省农作物地膜栽培发展现状与展望[J].干旱地区农业研究,2002,20(1):10-13.
[8]申丽霞,王璞,张丽丽.可降解地膜对土壤温度、水分及玉米生长发育的影响[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(6):25-30.
[9]张德奇,廖允成,贾志宽.旱区地膜覆盖技术的研究进展及发展前景[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(1):208-213.
[10]邹洪涛,张玉龙,黄毅,虞娜,张辉.辽西半干旱区秋后覆膜保墒对翌年春玉米生长发育的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(3):25-28.
[11]王勇,高育锋.旱地秋覆膜玉米干物质积累分配与转移的特性研究[J].玉米科学,2004,12(1):76-78,81.
[12]牛芬菊,张雷,李小燕,等.旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米秸秆还田对玉米生长及产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(3):161-165.
[13]王勇,宋尚有,樊廷录,等.黄土高原旱地秋覆膜及氮肥秋基春追比例对春玉米产量和品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(3):460-470.
[14]黄毅,张玉龙,邹洪涛,等.辽西北旱农区气候特点与土壤墒情调控[J].水土保持通报,2007,27(6):203-206.
[15]邹洪涛,张玉龙,黄毅,等.东北风沙半干旱区区雨水资源跨时调控对玉米生长发育及产量的影响[J].土壤通报,2008,39(4):852-854.
[16]信东旭,张玉龙,黄毅,等.不同时期覆膜对辽西旱地农田土壤墒情及春玉米产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(6):114-118.
[17]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[18]Hemmat A,Eskandari I.Tillage system effects upon productivity of a dryland winter wheat-chickpea rotation in the northwest region of Iran[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2004,78(1):69-81.
[19]Huang Y L,Chen L D,Fu B J,et al.The wheat yields and water use efficiency in the Loess Plateau:straw mulch and irrigation effects[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,72(3):209-222.
[20]Xie Z K,Wang Y J,Li F M.Effect of plastic mulching on soil water use and spring wheat yield in arid region of northwest China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,75:71-83.
[21]Liu C A,Jin S L,Zhou L M,et al.Effects of plastic film mulch and tillage on maize productivity and soil parameters[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2009,31:241-249.
[22]胡实,彭娜,谢小立,等.农田秸秆覆盖保墒研究[J].中国农业气象,2007,28(1):49-53.
[23]劳秀荣,吴子一,高燕春.长期秸秆还田改土培肥效应的研究[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(2):49-52.
[24]刘世平,聂新涛,张洪程,等.稻麦两熟条件下不同土壤耕作方式与秸秆还田效用分析[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(7):48-51.
[25]王宏燕,彭驰.降水和地积温对有机肥腐解的动态分析[J].东北农业大学学报,1996,27(1):20-25.
[26]江晓东,迟淑筠,王芸,等.少免耕对小麦/玉米农田玉米还田秸秆腐解的影响[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(10):247-251.