河北邢台市连续重污染天气维持与消散成因分析
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摘要
利用环境监测数据、气象常规观测数据及NCEP的GDAS气象数据与HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式结合,通过对天气形势、垂直与水平输送、降水因子及污染物来源等因素进行分析,探讨了2016年12月16日—2017年1月9日河北省邢台市连续重污染天气维持及消散阶段的成因。结果表明:此次连续重污染过程在静稳的大气层结与地面均压场下,污染物容易积累,大气混合层高度与AQI值呈负相关,AQI<200时,大气混合层平均高度为1305 m,AQI>200时,大气混合层平均高度为763 m,最低降到437 m;地面风场的辐合、强的逆温层结、高湿和静小风是重污染天气过程维持的关键,连续重污染过程中,小风(风速<3 m/s)日数达22 d(占比85%),平均逆温层厚度443 m、强度1.83℃/100 m,平均相对湿度82.6%,导致污染物极易生成又不容易向高空扩散;降水与冷空气活动对污染物的消散起到一定作用,降水量>3 mm时,清除率可达40%以上,降水量<1 mm时,污染物浓度反而会增加;结合污染物来源分析,在空气重污染维持阶段50%以上的气团来自距邢台市200 km以内的局地输送,高空远距离干洁空气的输送对污染物的消散起到有效的作用。
Based on the combination of environmental monitoring data,conventional meteorological observation data and NCEP's GDAS meteorological data with HYSPLIT backward trajectory model,the causes of the maintenance and dissipation stages of continuous heavy polluted weather in Xingtai City of Hebei Province from 16 December 2016 to 9 January 2017 were discussed through the analysis of weather situation,vertical and horizontal transport,precipitation factors and pollutant sources. The results are as follows:pollutants accumulated easily on large-scale stagnant meteorological condition and the convergence zone of surface wind. The correlation of mixing layer height with AQI was negative. When AQI was less than 200,the average height of the atmosphere mixed layer is 1305 m,while AQI was more than or equal 200,the average height of the atmosphere mixed layer is 763 m,the lowest dropped to 437 m.With weak surface wind,strong temperature inversion layer, high humidity of boundary layer,leading to the formation of this heavy pollution process. During the process of continuous heavy pollution,the number of small winds(<3 m/s) reached 22 days,the average inversion layer thickness was 443 m,the intensity was 1.83 ℃/100 m,the average relative humidity was 82.6%,which caused the pollutants to be easily formed and not easily spread to the high altitude. Rainfall and cold air activities can effect the the pollutant diffusion. When the precipitation was more than 3 mm,the removal rate was up to 40%,while the precipitation was less than 1 mm,the pollutant concentration would increase. Based on the analysis of pollutants sources,more than50% of air masses in the air heavy pollution maintenance phase come from local transportation within200 km from Xingtai City,and the transportation of dry air at high altitude and long distance plays an effective role in the dissipation of pollutants.
Based on the combination of environmental monitoring data,conventional meteorological observation data and NCEP's GDAS meteorological data with HYSPLIT backward trajectory model,the causes of the maintenance and dissipation stages of continuous heavy polluted weather in Xingtai City of Hebei Province from 16 December 2016 to 9 January 2017 were discussed through the analysis of weather situation,vertical and horizontal transport,precipitation factors and pollutant sources. The results are as follows:pollutants accumulated easily on large-scale stagnant meteorological condition and the convergence zone of surface wind. The correlation of mixing layer height with AQI was negative. When AQI was less than 200,the average height of the atmosphere mixed layer is 1305 m,while AQI was more than or equal 200,the average height of the atmosphere mixed layer is 763 m,the lowest dropped to 437 m.With weak surface wind,strong temperature inversion layer, high humidity of boundary layer,leading to the formation of this heavy pollution process. During the process of continuous heavy pollution,the number of small winds(<3 m/s) reached 22 days,the average inversion layer thickness was 443 m,the intensity was 1.83 ℃/100 m,the average relative humidity was 82.6%,which caused the pollutants to be easily formed and not easily spread to the high altitude. Rainfall and cold air activities can effect the the pollutant diffusion. When the precipitation was more than 3 mm,the removal rate was up to 40%,while the precipitation was less than 1 mm,the pollutant concentration would increase. Based on the analysis of pollutants sources,more than50% of air masses in the air heavy pollution maintenance phase come from local transportation within200 km from Xingtai City,and the transportation of dry air at high altitude and long distance plays an effective role in the dissipation of pollutants.
引文
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[22]刁平,杨秀兰.乌鲁木齐市大气污染的气象因素分析[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,2000(2):2-4.
[23]何清,杨兴华,刘强,等.乌鲁木齐冬季大气边界层温度和风廓线观测研究[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,2010,4(1):6-11.
[24]马翠平,吴彬贵,李云川,等.冀中南连续12天大雾天气的形成及维持机制[J].高原气象,2012,31(6):1663-1674.
[25]陈朝晖,程水源,苏福庆,等.北京地区一次重污染过程的大尺度天气型分析[J].环境科学研究,2007,20(2):99-105.
[26]赵晓莉,闫军,陈中钰,等.2006—2013年四川酸雨变化特征分析[J].气象与环境科学,2015,38(2):54-59.
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[28]杨允凌,郝巨飞,贺立华,等.迁站前后邢台市气象资料对比分析[C]//第33届中国气象学年会论文集,2016.
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[32]孙玫玲,穆怀斌,吴丹朱,等.天津城区秋季PM2.5质量浓度垂直分布特征研究[J].气象,2008,34(10):60-66.
[33]杨兴华,何清,刘涛,等.乌鲁木齐市冬季混合层厚度及对大气污染影响的个例分析[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,2010,04(4):18-21.
[34]尤焕苓,刘伟东,谭江瑞.北京地区平均最大混合层厚度的时间变化特征[J].气象,2010,36(5):51-55.
[35]王喜全,杨婷,王自发.灰霾污染的跨控制区影响———次京津冀与东北地区灰霾污染个案分析[J].气候与环境研究,2011,16(6):690-696.
[36]刘宇,王式功,尚可政,等.兰州市低空风时空变化特征及其与空气污染的关系[J].高原气象,2002,21(3):322-326.
[37]李瑞,王旭.乌鲁木齐市降水对大气污染的影响[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,2007,1(2):13-15.
[38]薛文博,付飞,王金南,等.中国PM2.5跨区域传输特征数值模拟研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(6):1361-1368.
[39]王芳,陈东升,程水源,等.基于气流轨迹聚类的大气污染输送影响[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(6):637-642.
[40]王郭臣,王珏,信玉洁,等.天津PM10和NO2输送路径及潜在源区研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(12):3009-3016.
[2]魏哲,杨晶,王丽涛,等.2013年1月邯郸市严重霾天气的污染特征分析[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(5):1118-1124.
[3]王跃思,姚利,王莉莉,等.2013年元月我国中东部地区强霾污染成因分析[J].中国科学:地球科学,2014,44(1):15-26.
[4] Jun Tao,Kin Fai,Laiguo Chen,et al.Effect of chemical composition of PM2.5on visibility in Guangzhou,China,2007 spring[J].PARTICUOLOGY,2009,07(1):68-75.
[5] Sun Y L, Zhuang G S, Tang A H, et al.Chemical characteristics of PM2.5and PM10in haze-fog episodes in Beijing[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(10):3148.
[6] Sisler J F,Malm W C.Interpretation of trends of PM2.5and reconstructed visibility from the IMPROVE network[J].Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2000,50(5):775-89.
[7] Pitchford M,Malm W,Schichtel B,et al. Revised algorithm for estimating light extinction from IMPROVE particle speciation Data[J].Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association(1995),2007,57(11):1326-36.
[8] Lina Gao,Gensuo Jia,Renjian Zhang,et al.Visual range trends in the Yangtze River delta region of China,1981—2005[J].Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2011,61(8):843.
[9]王颖,梁依玲,王丽霞.气象条件对污染物浓度分布影响的研究[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,2015,9(2):69-74.
[10]屠月青,慕彩芸.哈密市空气污染物浓度分布特征及其与气象因子的关系[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,2010,4(6):42-46.
[11]李琼,李福娇.珠江三角洲地区天气类型与污染潜势及污染浓度的关系[J].热带气象学报,1999,15(4):363-369.
[12]任阵海,苏福庆,高庆先,等.边界层内大气排放物形成重污染背景解析[J].大气科学,2005,29(1):57-63.
[13]段宇辉,景华.河北省夏季空气污染过程气象条件[J].气象科技,2010,38(6):715-720.
[14]曹伟华,梁旭东,李青春.北京一次持续性雾霾过程的阶段性特征及影响因子分析[J].气象学报,2013,71(5):940-951.
[15]毛宇清,李聪,沈澄,等.两次秸秆焚烧污染过程的气象条件对比分析[J].气象,2013,39(11):1473-1480.
[16]王丛梅,范引琪,张海霞.京津冀采暖期大气污染天气特征[J].气象科技,2010,38(6):689-694.
[17]过宇飞,刘端阳,周彬,等.无锡市霾天气特征及影响因子研究[J].气象,2013,39(10):1314-1324.
[18]韩霄,张美根.2013年1月华北平原重霾成因模拟分析[J].气候与环境研究,2014,19(2):127-139.
[19]吴兑,廖碧婷,吴蒙,等.环首都圈霾和雾的长期变化特征与典型个例的近地层输送条件[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(1):1-11.
[20]李霞,贾健.复杂地形多尺度气流对城市大气污染影响的研究进展[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,2016,10(6):1-10.
[21]郭蕊,段浩,马翠平,等.河北中南部连续12 d重霾污染天气过程特征及影响因素分析[J].气象,2016,42(5):589-597.
[22]刁平,杨秀兰.乌鲁木齐市大气污染的气象因素分析[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,2000(2):2-4.
[23]何清,杨兴华,刘强,等.乌鲁木齐冬季大气边界层温度和风廓线观测研究[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,2010,4(1):6-11.
[24]马翠平,吴彬贵,李云川,等.冀中南连续12天大雾天气的形成及维持机制[J].高原气象,2012,31(6):1663-1674.
[25]陈朝晖,程水源,苏福庆,等.北京地区一次重污染过程的大尺度天气型分析[J].环境科学研究,2007,20(2):99-105.
[26]赵晓莉,闫军,陈中钰,等.2006—2013年四川酸雨变化特征分析[J].气象与环境科学,2015,38(2):54-59.
[27]邓霞君,蔡振群,项晓美,等.丽水空气污染物时序特征及与气象条件的关系研究[J].气象与环境科学,2015,38(2):60-65.
[28]杨允凌,郝巨飞,贺立华,等.迁站前后邢台市气象资料对比分析[C]//第33届中国气象学年会论文集,2016.
[29]李宗恺,潘云仙,孙润桥.空气污染气象学原理及应用[M].北京:气象出版社,1985:19-23
[30]谷清,李云生.大气环境模式计算方法[M].北京:气象出版社,2002:6-10.
[31] Stein A F,Draxler R R,Rolph G D,et al.NOAA’s HYSPLIT atmospheric transport and dispersion modeling system[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2016,96(12):150504130527006
[32]孙玫玲,穆怀斌,吴丹朱,等.天津城区秋季PM2.5质量浓度垂直分布特征研究[J].气象,2008,34(10):60-66.
[33]杨兴华,何清,刘涛,等.乌鲁木齐市冬季混合层厚度及对大气污染影响的个例分析[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,2010,04(4):18-21.
[34]尤焕苓,刘伟东,谭江瑞.北京地区平均最大混合层厚度的时间变化特征[J].气象,2010,36(5):51-55.
[35]王喜全,杨婷,王自发.灰霾污染的跨控制区影响———次京津冀与东北地区灰霾污染个案分析[J].气候与环境研究,2011,16(6):690-696.
[36]刘宇,王式功,尚可政,等.兰州市低空风时空变化特征及其与空气污染的关系[J].高原气象,2002,21(3):322-326.
[37]李瑞,王旭.乌鲁木齐市降水对大气污染的影响[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,2007,1(2):13-15.
[38]薛文博,付飞,王金南,等.中国PM2.5跨区域传输特征数值模拟研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(6):1361-1368.
[39]王芳,陈东升,程水源,等.基于气流轨迹聚类的大气污染输送影响[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(6):637-642.
[40]王郭臣,王珏,信玉洁,等.天津PM10和NO2输送路径及潜在源区研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(12):3009-3016.