试题命制的科学性：结构要素及其技术规范
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摘要
试题命制是考试的基础要素和关键环节,体现着考试作为测量手段的科学理性。试题的结构要素分别是刺激情境(线索材料)、设问(作答指令)、分值赋予、答案及评分标准等。试题命制的科学性指试题整体及其结构要素所涉及的情境素材、概念原理和推理论证等准确可靠,没有错误或者歧义。科学性维度的技术规范要求命题时首先明确测试的"构念",即测试要测的到底是被试哪方面的特质,"构念"相对抽象,需要在内容领域和认知能力等方面对"构念"进行分解使之具体化;基于测试"构念",考核重要的而非无关紧要的学习内容;其次要求试题刺激情境自身的合理性与科学性,要求试题的作答指令清晰明确无歧义,要求分值赋予合理,要求参考答案与评分标准精确并与情境素材保持逻辑一致。试题命制还需要关注试题的局部独立性。科学性是任何考试都必须遵循的基础性原则,试题命制自始至终都必须规避因科学性错误带来的测试偏差和风险。
Item-writing is the key factor and the core link,which embodies the examination as a tool of scientific rationality. Structural elements of the item are stimulating situation(clues material),asked the question(answer command),the score gives the answer and score. The scientificity of item writing refers to the item as a whole and its components such as the materials,questions and reference answers that are involved in the concept,knowledge to accurately,no errors or ambiguity. The scientific technical specification requirements of proposition must clear measurement of cognitive objectives and content area first; based on the purpose of the test,focuse on the important and non-trivial learning content;avoid exceeding the syllabus,avoid too specialized; questions the accuracy of expression and reference adaptation of normative; questions clear and concise;include the irrelevant information no more; test questions the point should be sufficiently clear and easy to understand as much as possible; positive statements to describe the test of the materials; Scores given reasonable,materials rhetorical question and answer and scoring rules inherent logic;item local independence. This paper is supplemented with the critical comments on the examples of its application value. It is the basic requirement that item-writing must avoid the errors and risks caused by the error of the scientificity.
Item-writing is the key factor and the core link,which embodies the examination as a tool of scientific rationality. Structural elements of the item are stimulating situation(clues material),asked the question(answer command),the score gives the answer and score. The scientificity of item writing refers to the item as a whole and its components such as the materials,questions and reference answers that are involved in the concept,knowledge to accurately,no errors or ambiguity. The scientific technical specification requirements of proposition must clear measurement of cognitive objectives and content area first; based on the purpose of the test,focuse on the important and non-trivial learning content;avoid exceeding the syllabus,avoid too specialized; questions the accuracy of expression and reference adaptation of normative; questions clear and concise;include the irrelevant information no more; test questions the point should be sufficiently clear and easy to understand as much as possible; positive statements to describe the test of the materials; Scores given reasonable,materials rhetorical question and answer and scoring rules inherent logic;item local independence. This paper is supplemented with the critical comments on the examples of its application value. It is the basic requirement that item-writing must avoid the errors and risks caused by the error of the scientificity.
引文