炭化温度和时间对盐角草生物炭产率及理化性质的影响
|
摘要
新疆是中国最大盐土分布区,盐生植物资源极为丰富且具有较强的吸盐聚盐能力。以盐角草(Salicornia europaea)为材料,研究炭化温度和时间对盐角草的生物炭产率及理化特性的影响。结果表明:炭化能有效增加盐角草pH、EC(电导率)和灰分含量,其中生物炭pH最高达10. 37,生物炭灰分含量与盐角草灰分含量相比增加了57. 51%～110. 98%。在300～600℃,随着炭化温度的升高,生物炭pH、EC、灰分含量显著增加,而产率降低;生物炭水溶性Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量随温度(≥400℃)降低,Na~+、K~+等低价离子富集;生物炭全钾、全磷含量随温度逐渐增加,全碳、全氮含量则降低。随着炭化时间的增加,pH、EC及灰分含量逐渐升高,碳含量逐渐降低,且水溶性离子含量增加。根据生物炭理化特性,炭化时间2 h为最适宜的炭化时间。该研究可为生物炭改良酸性土壤原料选择以及植物生物炭制备工艺优化提供新途径。
Xinjiang is the largest area where saline soil is distributed in China,and rich in resources of halophytes with high capability of accumulating salt. In this paper,the effects of carbonization temperature and time on biochar yield and physicochemical properties of Salicornia europaea were analyzed. The results showed that the carbonization of S. europaea could effectively increase the values of pH,EC and ash content,in which the pH value could be reached to 10. 37 and the ash content could be increased by 57. 51%-110. 98%. With the increase of carbonization temperature( 300-600 ℃),the pH,EC and ash content of biochar were increased significantly,but the biochar yield was decreased. The contents of water-soluble Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),total C and total N were decreased with the increase of temperature( ≥400 ℃),but the contents of water-soluble Na+,K+,total P and total K were increased. In addition,with the increase of carbonization time,the pH,EC and contents of ash and water-soluble ions were increased gradually,but the content of total C was decreased. According to the physicochemical properties and preparation cost of biochar,it was considered that the best carbonization time was for 2 hours. This study could provide a reference for selecting the raw materials for improving acidic soil under biochar and the optimization of plant biochar preparation process.
Xinjiang is the largest area where saline soil is distributed in China,and rich in resources of halophytes with high capability of accumulating salt. In this paper,the effects of carbonization temperature and time on biochar yield and physicochemical properties of Salicornia europaea were analyzed. The results showed that the carbonization of S. europaea could effectively increase the values of pH,EC and ash content,in which the pH value could be reached to 10. 37 and the ash content could be increased by 57. 51%-110. 98%. With the increase of carbonization temperature( 300-600 ℃),the pH,EC and ash content of biochar were increased significantly,but the biochar yield was decreased. The contents of water-soluble Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),total C and total N were decreased with the increase of temperature( ≥400 ℃),but the contents of water-soluble Na+,K+,total P and total K were increased. In addition,with the increase of carbonization time,the pH,EC and contents of ash and water-soluble ions were increased gradually,but the content of total C was decreased. According to the physicochemical properties and preparation cost of biochar,it was considered that the best carbonization time was for 2 hours. This study could provide a reference for selecting the raw materials for improving acidic soil under biochar and the optimization of plant biochar preparation process.
引文
[1]赵振勇,张科,田长彦,等.盐生植物对重盐渍土脱盐效果[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(5):1 420-1 425.[Zhao Zhenyong,Zhang Ke,Tian Changyan,et al.Desalination effect of halophytes in heavily salinized soil of Karamay,Xinjiang,China[J].Journal of Desert Research,2013,33(5):1 420-1 425.]
[2]赵惠明.盐生植物盐角草的资源特点及开发利用[J].科技通报,2004(2):167-171.[Zhao Huiming.Eco-physiological characteristics of halophyte salt-worts and their potential utilization in environmental mediation and germplasm improvement[J].Bulletin of Science and Technology,2004(2):167-171.]
[3]李宏侠,杨晓东,吕光辉,等.艾比湖自然保护区盐生植物的分布及其水分利用效率[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(2):370-378.[Li Hongxia,Yang Xiaodong,LüGuanghui,et al.Distribution and water use efficiency of halophytes in the ebinur lake nature reserve[J].Arid Zone Research,2018,35(2):370-378.]
[4]马秀枝,李长生,任乐,等.生物质炭对土壤性质及温室气体排放的影响[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(5):1 395-1 403.[Ma Xiuzhi,Li Changsheng,Ren Le,et al.Effects of biochar application on soil properties and greenhouse gas emission[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(5):1 395-1 403.]
[5]Crombie K,Ma2ek O,Sohi S P,et al.The effect of pyrolysis conditions on biochar stability as determined by three methods[J].Gcb Bioenergy,2013,5(2):122-131.
[6]Ma2ek O,Budarin V,Gronnow M,et al.Microwave and slow pyrolysis biochar:Comparison of physical and functional properties[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2013,100:41-48.
[7]Méndez A,Terradillos M,GascóG.Physicochemical and agronomic properties of biochar from sewage sludge pyrolysed at different temperatures[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2013,102:124-130.
[8]Zhao L,Cao X,Ma2ek O,et al.Heterogeneity of biochar properties as a function of feedstock sources and production temperatures[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2013,256:1-9.
[9]李明,李忠佩,刘明,等.不同秸秆生物炭对红壤性水稻土养分及微生物群落结构的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(7):1 361-1 369.[Li Ming,Li Zhongpei,Liu Ming,et al.Effects of different straw biochar on nutrient and microbial ommunity structure of a red paddy soil[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(7):1 361-1 369.]
[10]Mukome F N D,Zhang X,Silva L C R,et al.Use of chemical and physical characteristics to investigate trends in biochar feedstocks[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2013,61(9):2 196-2 204.
[11]Ronsse F,Van Hecke S,Dickinson D,et al.Production and characterization of slow pyrolysis biochar:Influence of feedstock type and pyrolysis conditions[J].GCB Bioenergy,2013,5(2):104-115.
[12]李飞跃,汪建飞,谢越,等.热解温度对生物质炭碳保留量及稳定性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(4):266-271.[Li Feiyue,Wang Jianfei,Xie Yue,et al.Effects of pyrolysis temperature on carbon retention and stability of biochar[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(4):266-271.]
[13]岳燕.耐盐植物生物质炭特性及对盐渍化土壤改良培肥的作用与机理[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017.[Yue Yan.The Characteristics of Biochar from Halophyte Plants and the Amelioration Effect and Its Mechanism on the Salt-Affected Soil[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017.]
[14]Zielińska A,Oleszczuk P,Charmas B,et al.Effect of sewage sludge properties on the biochar characteristic[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2015,112:201-213.
[15]Lua A C,Yang T,Guo J.Effects of pyrolysis conditions on the properties of activated carbons prepared from pistachio-nut shells[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2004,72(2):279-287.
[16]袁金华,徐仁扣.生物质炭对酸性土壤改良作用的研究进展[J].土壤,2012,44(4):541-547.[Yuan Jinhua,Xu Renkou.Research progress of amelioration effects of biochars on acid soils[J].Soils,2012,44(4):541-547.]
[17]Topoliantz S,Ponge J F,Ballof S.Manioc peel and charcoal:A potential organic amendment for sustainable soil fertility in the tropics[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2005,41(1):15-21.
[18]Wu W X,Yang M,Feng Q B,et al.Chemical characterization of rice straw-derived biochar for soil amendment[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2012:268-276.
[19]陈温福,张伟明,孟军,等.生物炭应用技术研究[J].中国工程科学,2011,13(2):83-89.[Chen Wenfu,Zhang Weiming,Meng Jun,et al.Researches on biochar application technology[J].Chinese Engineering Science,2011,13(2):83-89.]
[20]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].第3版.北京:中国农业出版社.2000.[Bao Shidan.Soil Agrochemical Analysis[M].3 Ed.tion.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000.]
[21]王月瑛.生物质炭对三种不同极性有机污染物的吸附机理研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017.[Wang Yueying.Study of Biochars Adsorption Mechanism of three Kinds of Organic Contaminants[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017.]
[22]谢祖彬,刘琦,许燕萍,等.生物炭研究进展及其研究方向[J].土壤,2011,43(6):857-861.[Xie Zubin,Liu Qi,Xu Yanping,et al.Advances and perspectives of biochar research[J].Soils,2011,43(6):857-861.
[23]Abdullah H,Wu H W.Biochar as a Fuel 1.Properties and grindability of biochars produced from the pyrolysis of mallee wood under slow-heating conditions[J].Energy&Fuels,2009,23(8):4 174-4 181.
[24]牛文娟.主要农作物秸秆组成成分和能源利用潜力[D].北京:中国农业大学,2015.[Niu Wenjuan.Composition and Energy Utilization Potential of Main Crop Straw[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2015.]
[25]林益明,林鹏,王通.几种红树植物木材热值和灰分含量的研究[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(2):181-184.[Lin Yiming,Lin Peng,Wang Tong.Caloric values and ash contents of some mangrove woods[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2000,11(2):181-184.]
[26]Yuan J H,Xu R K.The amelioration effects of low temperature biochar generated from nine crop residues on an acidic Ultisol[J].Soil Use and Management,2011,27(1):110-115.
[27]Sohi S,Lopez-Capel E,Krull E,et al.Biochar,climate change and soil:A review to guide future research[J].CSIRO Land and Water Science Report,2009,5(9):17-31.
[28]Zheng H,Wang Z,Deng X,et al.Characteristics and nutrient values of biochars produced from giant reed at different temperatures[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,130:463-471.
[29]Cao X,Harris W.Properties of dairy-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use in remediation[J].Bioresource technology,2010,101(14):5 222-5 228.
[30]Xu X,Cao X,Zhao L,et al.Removal of Cu,Zn,and Cd from aqueous solutions by the dairy manure-derived biochar[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2013,20(1):358-368.
[31]Keiluweit M,Nico P S,Johnson M G,et al.Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon(biochar)[J].Environmental science and technology,2010,44(4):1 247-1 253.
[2]赵惠明.盐生植物盐角草的资源特点及开发利用[J].科技通报,2004(2):167-171.[Zhao Huiming.Eco-physiological characteristics of halophyte salt-worts and their potential utilization in environmental mediation and germplasm improvement[J].Bulletin of Science and Technology,2004(2):167-171.]
[3]李宏侠,杨晓东,吕光辉,等.艾比湖自然保护区盐生植物的分布及其水分利用效率[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(2):370-378.[Li Hongxia,Yang Xiaodong,LüGuanghui,et al.Distribution and water use efficiency of halophytes in the ebinur lake nature reserve[J].Arid Zone Research,2018,35(2):370-378.]
[4]马秀枝,李长生,任乐,等.生物质炭对土壤性质及温室气体排放的影响[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(5):1 395-1 403.[Ma Xiuzhi,Li Changsheng,Ren Le,et al.Effects of biochar application on soil properties and greenhouse gas emission[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(5):1 395-1 403.]
[5]Crombie K,Ma2ek O,Sohi S P,et al.The effect of pyrolysis conditions on biochar stability as determined by three methods[J].Gcb Bioenergy,2013,5(2):122-131.
[6]Ma2ek O,Budarin V,Gronnow M,et al.Microwave and slow pyrolysis biochar:Comparison of physical and functional properties[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2013,100:41-48.
[7]Méndez A,Terradillos M,GascóG.Physicochemical and agronomic properties of biochar from sewage sludge pyrolysed at different temperatures[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2013,102:124-130.
[8]Zhao L,Cao X,Ma2ek O,et al.Heterogeneity of biochar properties as a function of feedstock sources and production temperatures[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2013,256:1-9.
[9]李明,李忠佩,刘明,等.不同秸秆生物炭对红壤性水稻土养分及微生物群落结构的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(7):1 361-1 369.[Li Ming,Li Zhongpei,Liu Ming,et al.Effects of different straw biochar on nutrient and microbial ommunity structure of a red paddy soil[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(7):1 361-1 369.]
[10]Mukome F N D,Zhang X,Silva L C R,et al.Use of chemical and physical characteristics to investigate trends in biochar feedstocks[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2013,61(9):2 196-2 204.
[11]Ronsse F,Van Hecke S,Dickinson D,et al.Production and characterization of slow pyrolysis biochar:Influence of feedstock type and pyrolysis conditions[J].GCB Bioenergy,2013,5(2):104-115.
[12]李飞跃,汪建飞,谢越,等.热解温度对生物质炭碳保留量及稳定性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(4):266-271.[Li Feiyue,Wang Jianfei,Xie Yue,et al.Effects of pyrolysis temperature on carbon retention and stability of biochar[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(4):266-271.]
[13]岳燕.耐盐植物生物质炭特性及对盐渍化土壤改良培肥的作用与机理[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017.[Yue Yan.The Characteristics of Biochar from Halophyte Plants and the Amelioration Effect and Its Mechanism on the Salt-Affected Soil[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017.]
[14]Zielińska A,Oleszczuk P,Charmas B,et al.Effect of sewage sludge properties on the biochar characteristic[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2015,112:201-213.
[15]Lua A C,Yang T,Guo J.Effects of pyrolysis conditions on the properties of activated carbons prepared from pistachio-nut shells[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2004,72(2):279-287.
[16]袁金华,徐仁扣.生物质炭对酸性土壤改良作用的研究进展[J].土壤,2012,44(4):541-547.[Yuan Jinhua,Xu Renkou.Research progress of amelioration effects of biochars on acid soils[J].Soils,2012,44(4):541-547.]
[17]Topoliantz S,Ponge J F,Ballof S.Manioc peel and charcoal:A potential organic amendment for sustainable soil fertility in the tropics[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2005,41(1):15-21.
[18]Wu W X,Yang M,Feng Q B,et al.Chemical characterization of rice straw-derived biochar for soil amendment[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2012:268-276.
[19]陈温福,张伟明,孟军,等.生物炭应用技术研究[J].中国工程科学,2011,13(2):83-89.[Chen Wenfu,Zhang Weiming,Meng Jun,et al.Researches on biochar application technology[J].Chinese Engineering Science,2011,13(2):83-89.]
[20]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].第3版.北京:中国农业出版社.2000.[Bao Shidan.Soil Agrochemical Analysis[M].3 Ed.tion.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000.]
[21]王月瑛.生物质炭对三种不同极性有机污染物的吸附机理研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017.[Wang Yueying.Study of Biochars Adsorption Mechanism of three Kinds of Organic Contaminants[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017.]
[22]谢祖彬,刘琦,许燕萍,等.生物炭研究进展及其研究方向[J].土壤,2011,43(6):857-861.[Xie Zubin,Liu Qi,Xu Yanping,et al.Advances and perspectives of biochar research[J].Soils,2011,43(6):857-861.
[23]Abdullah H,Wu H W.Biochar as a Fuel 1.Properties and grindability of biochars produced from the pyrolysis of mallee wood under slow-heating conditions[J].Energy&Fuels,2009,23(8):4 174-4 181.
[24]牛文娟.主要农作物秸秆组成成分和能源利用潜力[D].北京:中国农业大学,2015.[Niu Wenjuan.Composition and Energy Utilization Potential of Main Crop Straw[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2015.]
[25]林益明,林鹏,王通.几种红树植物木材热值和灰分含量的研究[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(2):181-184.[Lin Yiming,Lin Peng,Wang Tong.Caloric values and ash contents of some mangrove woods[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2000,11(2):181-184.]
[26]Yuan J H,Xu R K.The amelioration effects of low temperature biochar generated from nine crop residues on an acidic Ultisol[J].Soil Use and Management,2011,27(1):110-115.
[27]Sohi S,Lopez-Capel E,Krull E,et al.Biochar,climate change and soil:A review to guide future research[J].CSIRO Land and Water Science Report,2009,5(9):17-31.
[28]Zheng H,Wang Z,Deng X,et al.Characteristics and nutrient values of biochars produced from giant reed at different temperatures[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,130:463-471.
[29]Cao X,Harris W.Properties of dairy-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use in remediation[J].Bioresource technology,2010,101(14):5 222-5 228.
[30]Xu X,Cao X,Zhao L,et al.Removal of Cu,Zn,and Cd from aqueous solutions by the dairy manure-derived biochar[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2013,20(1):358-368.
[31]Keiluweit M,Nico P S,Johnson M G,et al.Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon(biochar)[J].Environmental science and technology,2010,44(4):1 247-1 253.