史密森学会早期史探寻
|
摘要
史密森学会来自于史密森的私人捐赠。学会的成立,对19世纪美国科学的发展起到了特殊贡献,而这一点与首任会长约瑟夫·亨利密不可分,是他奠定了学会的方向和运行原则。史密森学会的早期史表明,科学,在坚持自主性的同时,需要与政府及社会保持良性的互动,由此才可以实现科学事业的健康和可持续发展。
The Smithsonian Institution was established with funds from James Smithson. Once established, the Smithsonian has made particular contribution to the developing of American science in 19 th century, which was owed to Joseph Henry. As the first Secretary of Smithsonian, he laid the foundation of the direction and operation principle of it. The early history of Smithsonian indicates that both autonomy and the benign interaction between government and society are indispensable for the healthy and sustainable development of science.
The Smithsonian Institution was established with funds from James Smithson. Once established, the Smithsonian has made particular contribution to the developing of American science in 19 th century, which was owed to Joseph Henry. As the first Secretary of Smithsonian, he laid the foundation of the direction and operation principle of it. The early history of Smithsonian indicates that both autonomy and the benign interaction between government and society are indispensable for the healthy and sustainable development of science.
引文
[1]Bruce,V..The Launching of Modern American Science:1846-1876[M].Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1987.
[2]Dupree,H..Science in the Federal Government:A History of Policies and Activities to1940[M].Cambridge:the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1957.
[3]王作跃.为什么美国没有设立科技部[J].科学文化评论,2005,2(5):38.
[4]Oehser,P..Sons of Science:The Story of the Smithsonian Institution and Its Leaders[M].New York:Henry Schuman,1949.
[5]Abbot,C..The Smithsonian Institution as an Illustration of Internationalism in Science[J].Science.New Series,1942,95:639-641.
[6]American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS).Policy of the Smithsonian Institution[J].Science.New Series,1902,16:961-965.
[7]Clark,A..The Smithsonian Institution,Its Function and Its Future[J].Science.New Series,1926,63:147-157.
[8]Taft,W..The Smithsonian Institution--Parent of American Science[J].Science.New Series,1927,65:191-194.
[9]Washburn,W..The Influence of the Smithsonian Institution on Intellectual Life in MidNineteenth Century Washington[J].Records of the Columbia Historical Society.Washington,D.C.The 45th separately bound book(1963/1965),98.
[10]Reingold,N..Science in the 19th Century America:a documentary history[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1989.
[11]Oehser,P..Review:Smithsonian’s First Secretary[J].The Scientific Monthly,1950,71:426.
[12]解道华.约瑟夫·亨利--为美国科学大厦奠基的人[J].自然辩证法通讯,1989,5:65-76.
[13]解道华.美国早期科学的摇篮--史密森学社[J].自然辩证法通讯,1999,5:54-60.
[14]American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS).Field work of the Smithsonian Institution[J].Science.New Series.1921,54:68-69.
[15]James,T..The Future of the Smithsonian Institution[J].Nature,1927,6(2):18.
[16]American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS).Foundation of the Smithsonian Institution[J].Science.New Series,1936,84:129.
[17]吴必康.权力与知识--英美科技政策史[M].福州:福建人民出版社,1998.
[18]V.布什等.科学--没有止境的前沿[M].范岱年等译.北京:商务印书馆,2005.
[19]中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局.马克思恩格斯选集(3)[M].北京:人民出版社,1995.
[20]J.D.贝尔纳.科学的社会功能[M].陈体芳译.北京:商务印书馆,1982.
[21]M.N.小李克特.科学概论--科学自主性,历史和比较分析[M].吴忠,范建平译.北京:中国科学院政策研究室,1983.
(1)关于Smithsonian Institution,国内学者有不同的译法,本文通译为“史密森学会”。
(1)本文中相关档案,除特别标注外,均来自史密森学会电子档案,见https://siarchives.si.edu/history/general-history。
(1)史密森学会电子档案,见https://siarchives.si.edu/history/general-history。
(1)史密森学会电子档案,见https://siarchives.si.edu/history/general-history。
(1)史密森学会官网用secretary与director两个词表述亨利的职位,本文通译为“会长”。
(1)Smithsonian Institution,Annual Report for 1859(Washington,1860).系列年度报告见https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7964#/summary。
(1)Smithsonian Institution,Annual Report for 1875(Washington,1876).系列年度报告见https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7964#/summary。
(1)Smithsonian Institution,Annual Report for 1877(Washington,1878).系列年度报告见https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7964#/summary。
(2)同上。
(1)Smithsonian Institution,Annual Report for 1851(Washington,1852).系列年度报告见https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7964#/summary。
(1)Smithsonian Institution,Annual Report for 1852(Washington,1853).系列年度报告见https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7964#/summary。
(1)Smithsonian Institution,Annual Report for 1850(Washington,1851).系列年度报告见https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7964#/summary。
(2)Smithsonian Institution,Annual Report for 1858(Washington,1859).系列年度报告见https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7964#/summary。
(3)Smithsonian Institution,Annual Report for 1874(Washington,1875).p.8.系列年度报告见https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7964#/summary。
[2]Dupree,H..Science in the Federal Government:A History of Policies and Activities to1940[M].Cambridge:the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1957.
[3]王作跃.为什么美国没有设立科技部[J].科学文化评论,2005,2(5):38.
[4]Oehser,P..Sons of Science:The Story of the Smithsonian Institution and Its Leaders[M].New York:Henry Schuman,1949.
[5]Abbot,C..The Smithsonian Institution as an Illustration of Internationalism in Science[J].Science.New Series,1942,95:639-641.
[6]American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS).Policy of the Smithsonian Institution[J].Science.New Series,1902,16:961-965.
[7]Clark,A..The Smithsonian Institution,Its Function and Its Future[J].Science.New Series,1926,63:147-157.
[8]Taft,W..The Smithsonian Institution--Parent of American Science[J].Science.New Series,1927,65:191-194.
[9]Washburn,W..The Influence of the Smithsonian Institution on Intellectual Life in MidNineteenth Century Washington[J].Records of the Columbia Historical Society.Washington,D.C.The 45th separately bound book(1963/1965),98.
[10]Reingold,N..Science in the 19th Century America:a documentary history[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1989.
[11]Oehser,P..Review:Smithsonian’s First Secretary[J].The Scientific Monthly,1950,71:426.
[12]解道华.约瑟夫·亨利--为美国科学大厦奠基的人[J].自然辩证法通讯,1989,5:65-76.
[13]解道华.美国早期科学的摇篮--史密森学社[J].自然辩证法通讯,1999,5:54-60.
[14]American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS).Field work of the Smithsonian Institution[J].Science.New Series.1921,54:68-69.
[15]James,T..The Future of the Smithsonian Institution[J].Nature,1927,6(2):18.
[16]American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS).Foundation of the Smithsonian Institution[J].Science.New Series,1936,84:129.
[17]吴必康.权力与知识--英美科技政策史[M].福州:福建人民出版社,1998.
[18]V.布什等.科学--没有止境的前沿[M].范岱年等译.北京:商务印书馆,2005.
[19]中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局.马克思恩格斯选集(3)[M].北京:人民出版社,1995.
[20]J.D.贝尔纳.科学的社会功能[M].陈体芳译.北京:商务印书馆,1982.
[21]M.N.小李克特.科学概论--科学自主性,历史和比较分析[M].吴忠,范建平译.北京:中国科学院政策研究室,1983.
(1)关于Smithsonian Institution,国内学者有不同的译法,本文通译为“史密森学会”。
(1)本文中相关档案,除特别标注外,均来自史密森学会电子档案,见https://siarchives.si.edu/history/general-history。
(1)史密森学会电子档案,见https://siarchives.si.edu/history/general-history。
(1)史密森学会电子档案,见https://siarchives.si.edu/history/general-history。
(1)史密森学会官网用secretary与director两个词表述亨利的职位,本文通译为“会长”。
(1)Smithsonian Institution,Annual Report for 1859(Washington,1860).系列年度报告见https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7964#/summary。
(1)Smithsonian Institution,Annual Report for 1875(Washington,1876).系列年度报告见https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7964#/summary。
(1)Smithsonian Institution,Annual Report for 1877(Washington,1878).系列年度报告见https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7964#/summary。
(2)同上。
(1)Smithsonian Institution,Annual Report for 1851(Washington,1852).系列年度报告见https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7964#/summary。
(1)Smithsonian Institution,Annual Report for 1852(Washington,1853).系列年度报告见https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7964#/summary。
(1)Smithsonian Institution,Annual Report for 1850(Washington,1851).系列年度报告见https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7964#/summary。
(2)Smithsonian Institution,Annual Report for 1858(Washington,1859).系列年度报告见https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7964#/summary。
(3)Smithsonian Institution,Annual Report for 1874(Washington,1875).p.8.系列年度报告见https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7964#/summary。