负面评价恐惧对社交焦虑的影响:基于社交焦虑的认知行为模型
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摘要
在社交焦虑认知行为模型的理论视角下,本研究拟探讨负面评价恐惧、不确定性容忍度和依赖型自我构念对社交焦虑的影响及其作用机制。以424名大学生为被试,使用问卷调查法的研究结果表明:(1)负面评价恐惧对社交焦虑有显著预测作用,且不确定性容忍度在这一关系中的中介作用显著;(2)不确定性容忍度的间接效应受到依赖型自我构念的调节。具体而言,该中介效应在高依赖型自我构念群体中更为显著。本研究结果不仅有助于揭示负面评价恐惧对社交焦虑的影响及其作用机制,而且对社交焦虑的预防和干预也有一定的理论和实践指导价值。
The present study investigated the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and social anxiety,proposed a moderated mediation model,and examined the mediation effect of intolerance of uncertainty and the moderation effect of interdependent self-construal. With random sampling method,424 college students completed questionnaire measures of fear of negative evaluation,intolerance of uncertainty,interdependent self-construal and social anxiety disorder. The results indicated that:( 1) The fear of negative evaluation has a positive effect on social anxiety.( 2) The positive association between fear of negative evaluation and social anxiety was mediated by intolerance of uncertainty.( 3) The mediation effect of intolerance of uncertainty was moderated by interdependent self-construal. The indirect effect was stronger for adolescents with high interdependent self-construal than for those with low interdependent self-construal. Thus,both mediation and moderation effects exist in the association between fear of negative evaluation and social anxiety disorder.
The present study investigated the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and social anxiety,proposed a moderated mediation model,and examined the mediation effect of intolerance of uncertainty and the moderation effect of interdependent self-construal. With random sampling method,424 college students completed questionnaire measures of fear of negative evaluation,intolerance of uncertainty,interdependent self-construal and social anxiety disorder. The results indicated that:( 1) The fear of negative evaluation has a positive effect on social anxiety.( 2) The positive association between fear of negative evaluation and social anxiety was mediated by intolerance of uncertainty.( 3) The mediation effect of intolerance of uncertainty was moderated by interdependent self-construal. The indirect effect was stronger for adolescents with high interdependent self-construal than for those with low interdependent self-construal. Thus,both mediation and moderation effects exist in the association between fear of negative evaluation and social anxiety disorder.
引文
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Blote,A.W,Miers,A.C,Heyne,D.A,Clark,D.M,&Westenberg,P.M.(2014).The relation between social anxiety and audience perception:examining clark and wells'(1995)model among adolescents.Behavioural&Cognitive Psychotherapy,42(5),555-567.
Boelen,P.A.,&Carleton,R.N.(2012).Intolerance of uncertainty,hypochondriacal concerns,obsessive-compulsive symptoms,and worry.Journal of Nervous&Mental Disease,200(3),208-213.
Boelen,P.A.,&Reijntjes,A.(2009).Intolerance of uncertainty and social anxiety.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,23(1),130-135.
Boelen,P.A.,Vrinssen,I.,&Van,T.F.(2010).Intolerance of uncertainty in adolescents:correlations with worry,social anxiety,and depression.Journal of Nervous&Mental Disease,198(3),194-200.
Buckner,J.D.,Lemke,A.W.,Jeffries,E.R.,&Shah,S.M.(2016).Social anxiety and suicidal ideation:test of the utility of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,45,60-63.
Buhr,K.,&Dugas,M.J.(2009).The role of fear of anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty in worry:an experimental manipulation.Behaviour Research&Therapy,47(3),215-223.
Carleton,R.N.,Collimore,K.C.,&Asmundson,G.J.(2010)."it’s not just the judgements--it’s that i don’t know":intolerance of uncertainty as a predictor of social anxiety.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,24(2),189-195.
Carleton,R.N.,Mulvogue,M.K.,Thibodeau,M.A.,Mccabe,R.E.,Antony,M.M.,&Asmundson,G.J.(2012).Increasingly certain about uncertainty:intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depression.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,26(3),468-479.
Carleton,R.N.,Norton,M.A.P.J.,&Asmundson,G.J.G.(2007).Fearing the unknown:a short version of the intolerance of uncertainty scale.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,21(1),105-117.
Cecilia,A.E.,Patrick,W.L.L.,Selda,K.,Satoko,S.,Jean,O.,&Diane,B.(2012).The impact of self-construals and perceived social norms on social anxiety in young adults:a cross-cultural comparison.International Journal of Culture&Mental Health,5(2),109-120.
Chang,F.M.,Jarry,J.L.,&Kong,M.A.(2014).Appearance investment mediates the association between fear of negative evaluation and dietary restraint.Body Image,11(1),72-76.
Cheng,G.,Zhang,D.,&Ding,F.(2015).Self-esteem and fear of negative evaluation as mediators between family socioeconomic status and social anxiety in chinese emerging adults.International Journal of Social Psychiatry,61(6),569-576.
Clark,D.M.,&Wells,A.(1995).A cognitive model of social phobia.Social phobia:Diagnosis,assessment and treatment,4(4),69-93
Fergus,T.A.,Bardeen,J.R.,&Wu,K.D.(2013).Intolerance of uncertainty and uncertainty-related attentional biases:evidence of facilitated engagement or disengagement difficulty?Cognitive Therapy&Research,37(4),735-741.
Gore,J.S.,Cross,S.E.,&Morris,M.L.(2006).Let’s be friends:relational self-construal and the development of intimacy.Personal Relationships,13(1),83-102.
Hayes,A.F.(2013).Introduction to mediation,moderation,and conditional process analysis:a regression-based approach.Journal of Educational Measurement,51(3),335-337.
Heimberg,R.G.,Brozovich,F.A.,&Rapee,R.M.(2010).Chapter15-a cognitive behavioral model of social anxiety disorder:update and extension.Psychiatric Clinics of North America,24(4),395-422.
Hong,J.J.,&Woody,S.R.(2007).Cultural mediators of self-reported social anxiety.Behaviour Research&Therapy,45(8),1779-89.
Ko,D.,Seo,Y.,&Jung,S.U.(2015).Examining the effect of cultural congruence,processing fluency,and uncertainty avoidance in online purchase decisions in the u.s.and korea.Marketing Letters,26(3),1-14.
Leary,M.R.(1983).A brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,9(3),371-376.
Levinson,C.A.,Langer,J.K.,&Rodebaugh,T.L.(2011).Selfconstrual and social anxiety:considering personality.Personality&Individual Differences,51(3),355-359.
Mak,W.W.S.,Law,R.W.,&Teng,Y.(2011).Cultural model of vulnerability to distress:the role of self-construal and sociotropy on anxiety and depression among asian americans and european americans.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,42(1),75-88.
Maricic,A.,&Stambuk,M.(2015).The role of loneliness in the relationship between social anxiety and subjective well-being:using the social phobia inventory(spin)as a measure.Dru2tvena Istra6ivanja,24(3),407-426.
Mattick,R.P.,&Clarke,J.C.(1998).Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety.Behaviour Research&Therapy,36(4),455-470.
Mc Evoy,P.M.,&Mahoney,A.E.J.(2012).To be sure,to be sure:Intolerance of uncertainty mediates symptoms of various anxiety disorders and depression.Behavior Therapy,43(3),533-545.
Moscovitch,D.A.,Rowa,K.,Paulitzki,J.R.,Antony,M.M.,&Mccabe,R.E.(2015).What if i appear boring,anxious,or unattractive?validation and treatment sensitivity of the negative self portrayal scale,in clinical samples.Cognitive Therapy&Research,39(2),1-15.
Muller,D.,Judd,C.M.,&Yzerbyt,V.Y.(2005).When moderation is mediated and mediation is moderated.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,89(6),852-863.
Narr,R.K.,&Teachman,B.A.(2017).Using advances from cognitive behavioral models of anxiety to guide treatment for social anxiety disorder.Journal of Clinical Psychology,73(5),524-535.
Newman,M.G.,&Llera,S.J.(2011).A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder:a review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry.Clinical Psychology Review,31(3),371-382.
Norasakkunkit,V.,&Kalick,S.M.(2002).Culture,ethnicity,and emotional distress measures:The role of self-construal and self-enhancement.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,33(1),56-70.
Norasakkunkit,V.,&Kalick,S.M.(2009).Experimentally detecting how cultural differences on social anxiety measures misrepresent cultural differences in emotional well-being.Journal of Happiness Studies,10(3),313-327.
Norasakkunkit,V.,Kitayama,S.,&Uchida,Y.(2012).Social anxiety and holistic cognition:self-focused social anxiety in the united states and other-focused social anxiety in japan.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,43(5),742-757.
Okazaki,S.(2000).Asian american and white american differences on affective distress symptoms:do symptom reports differ across reporting methods?.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,31(5),603-625.
Park,I.,Sulaiman,C.,&Schwartz,S.J.(2015).Self-construals and social anxiety among asian american college students:testing emotion suppression as a mediator.Asian American Journal of Psychology,2(1),39-50.
Rapee,R.M.,&Heimberg,R.G.(1997).A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia.Behaviour research and therapy,35(8),741-756.
Rodebaugh,T.L.,Woods,C.M.,Thissen,D.M.,Heimberg,R.G.,Chambless,D.L.,&Rapee,R.M.(2004).More information from fewer questions:the factor structure and item properties of the original and brief fear of negative evaluation scale.Psychological Assessment,16(2),169-181.
Russell,L.H.,Gould,K.L.,&Fergus,T.A.(2017).Self-construal and gender interact to cause social evaluative concerns.Personality&Individual Differences,109,51-55.
Sapach,M.J.N.T.,Carleton,R.N.,Mulvogue,M.K.,Weeks,J.W.,&Heimberg,R.G.(2015).Cognitive constructs and social anxiety disorder:beyond fearing negative evaluation.Cognitive Behaviour Therapy,44(1),63-73.
Singelis,T.M.(1994).The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,20(5),580-591.
Sittenthaler,S.,Trautmattausch,E.,&Jonas,E.(2015).Observing the restriction of another person:vicarious reactance and the role of self-construal and culture.Frontiers in Psychology,6:1052.
Stefan,G.H.P.D.,Asnaani,M.A.A.,&Devon,E.H.P.D.(2010).Cultural aspects in social anxiety and social anxiety disorder.Depression&Anxiety,27(12),1117-1127.
Stein,M.,&Stein,D.(2008).Social anxiety disorder.Lancet,371(9618),1115-1125.
Teale Sapach,M.J.,Carleton,R.N.,Mulvogue,M.K.,Weeks,J.W.,&Heimberg,R.G.(2015).Cognitive constructs and social anxiety disorder:beyond fearing negative evaluation.Cognitive Behaviour Therapy,44(1),63-73.
Thurner,F.,&Machunsky,M.(2014).Independent versus interdependent self-construal affects social projection and self-stereotyping.EASP General Meeting(p17),Amsterdam,The Kingdom of Netherlands.
Villarosahurlocker,M.C.,Whitley,R.B.,Capron,D.W.,&Madson,M.B.(2018).Thinking while drinking:fear of negative evaluation predicts drinking behaviors of students with social anxiety.Addictive Behaviors,78,160-165.
Weeks,J.W.,&Howell,A.N.(2012).The bivalent fear of evaluation model of social anxiety:further integrating findings on fears of positive and negative evaluation.Cognitive Behaviour Therapy,41(2),83-95.
Weeks,J.W.,Heimberg,R.G.,Fresco,D.M.,Hart,T.A.,Turk,C.L.,Schneier,F.R.,et al.(2005).Empirical validation and psychometric evaluation of the brief fear of negative evaluation scale in patients with social anxiety disorder.Psychological Assessment,17(2),179-190.
Weeks,J.W.,Heimberg,R.G.,Rodebaugh,T.L.,&Norton,P.J.(2008).Exploring the relationship between fear of positive evaluation and social anxiety.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,22(3),386-400.
Weeks,J.W.,Rodebaugh,T.L.,Heimberg,R.G.,Norton,P.J.,&Jakatdar,T.A.(2009).“to avoid evaluation,withdraw”:fears of evaluation and depressive cognitions lead to social anxiety and submissive withdrawal.Cognitive Therapy&Research,33(4),375-389.
Whiting,S.E.,Jenkins,W.S.,May,A.C.,Rudy,B.M.,Iii,T.E.D.,&Reuther,E.T.(2014).The role of intolerance of uncertainty in social anxiety subtypes.Journal of Clinical Psychology,70(3),260-272.
Yeh,C.J.,&Hwang,M.Y.(2014).Interdependence in ethnic identity and self:implications for theory and practice.Journal of Counseling&Development,78(4),420-429.
Zhou,B.,Lacroix,F.,Sasaki,J.,Peng,Y.,Wang,X.,&Ryder,A.G.(2014).Unpacking cultural variations in social anxiety and the offensive-type of taijin kyofusho through the indirect effects of intolerance of uncertainty and self-construals.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,45(10),1561-1578.
Zlomke,K.R.,&Jeter,K.M.(2014).Stress and worry:examining intolerance of uncertainty’s moderating effect.Anxiety Stress&Coping,27(2),202-215.
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Blote,A.W,Miers,A.C,Heyne,D.A,Clark,D.M,&Westenberg,P.M.(2014).The relation between social anxiety and audience perception:examining clark and wells'(1995)model among adolescents.Behavioural&Cognitive Psychotherapy,42(5),555-567.
Boelen,P.A.,&Carleton,R.N.(2012).Intolerance of uncertainty,hypochondriacal concerns,obsessive-compulsive symptoms,and worry.Journal of Nervous&Mental Disease,200(3),208-213.
Boelen,P.A.,&Reijntjes,A.(2009).Intolerance of uncertainty and social anxiety.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,23(1),130-135.
Boelen,P.A.,Vrinssen,I.,&Van,T.F.(2010).Intolerance of uncertainty in adolescents:correlations with worry,social anxiety,and depression.Journal of Nervous&Mental Disease,198(3),194-200.
Buckner,J.D.,Lemke,A.W.,Jeffries,E.R.,&Shah,S.M.(2016).Social anxiety and suicidal ideation:test of the utility of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,45,60-63.
Buhr,K.,&Dugas,M.J.(2009).The role of fear of anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty in worry:an experimental manipulation.Behaviour Research&Therapy,47(3),215-223.
Carleton,R.N.,Collimore,K.C.,&Asmundson,G.J.(2010)."it’s not just the judgements--it’s that i don’t know":intolerance of uncertainty as a predictor of social anxiety.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,24(2),189-195.
Carleton,R.N.,Mulvogue,M.K.,Thibodeau,M.A.,Mccabe,R.E.,Antony,M.M.,&Asmundson,G.J.(2012).Increasingly certain about uncertainty:intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depression.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,26(3),468-479.
Carleton,R.N.,Norton,M.A.P.J.,&Asmundson,G.J.G.(2007).Fearing the unknown:a short version of the intolerance of uncertainty scale.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,21(1),105-117.
Cecilia,A.E.,Patrick,W.L.L.,Selda,K.,Satoko,S.,Jean,O.,&Diane,B.(2012).The impact of self-construals and perceived social norms on social anxiety in young adults:a cross-cultural comparison.International Journal of Culture&Mental Health,5(2),109-120.
Chang,F.M.,Jarry,J.L.,&Kong,M.A.(2014).Appearance investment mediates the association between fear of negative evaluation and dietary restraint.Body Image,11(1),72-76.
Cheng,G.,Zhang,D.,&Ding,F.(2015).Self-esteem and fear of negative evaluation as mediators between family socioeconomic status and social anxiety in chinese emerging adults.International Journal of Social Psychiatry,61(6),569-576.
Clark,D.M.,&Wells,A.(1995).A cognitive model of social phobia.Social phobia:Diagnosis,assessment and treatment,4(4),69-93
Fergus,T.A.,Bardeen,J.R.,&Wu,K.D.(2013).Intolerance of uncertainty and uncertainty-related attentional biases:evidence of facilitated engagement or disengagement difficulty?Cognitive Therapy&Research,37(4),735-741.
Gore,J.S.,Cross,S.E.,&Morris,M.L.(2006).Let’s be friends:relational self-construal and the development of intimacy.Personal Relationships,13(1),83-102.
Hayes,A.F.(2013).Introduction to mediation,moderation,and conditional process analysis:a regression-based approach.Journal of Educational Measurement,51(3),335-337.
Heimberg,R.G.,Brozovich,F.A.,&Rapee,R.M.(2010).Chapter15-a cognitive behavioral model of social anxiety disorder:update and extension.Psychiatric Clinics of North America,24(4),395-422.
Hong,J.J.,&Woody,S.R.(2007).Cultural mediators of self-reported social anxiety.Behaviour Research&Therapy,45(8),1779-89.
Ko,D.,Seo,Y.,&Jung,S.U.(2015).Examining the effect of cultural congruence,processing fluency,and uncertainty avoidance in online purchase decisions in the u.s.and korea.Marketing Letters,26(3),1-14.
Leary,M.R.(1983).A brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,9(3),371-376.
Levinson,C.A.,Langer,J.K.,&Rodebaugh,T.L.(2011).Selfconstrual and social anxiety:considering personality.Personality&Individual Differences,51(3),355-359.
Mak,W.W.S.,Law,R.W.,&Teng,Y.(2011).Cultural model of vulnerability to distress:the role of self-construal and sociotropy on anxiety and depression among asian americans and european americans.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,42(1),75-88.
Maricic,A.,&Stambuk,M.(2015).The role of loneliness in the relationship between social anxiety and subjective well-being:using the social phobia inventory(spin)as a measure.Dru2tvena Istra6ivanja,24(3),407-426.
Mattick,R.P.,&Clarke,J.C.(1998).Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety.Behaviour Research&Therapy,36(4),455-470.
Mc Evoy,P.M.,&Mahoney,A.E.J.(2012).To be sure,to be sure:Intolerance of uncertainty mediates symptoms of various anxiety disorders and depression.Behavior Therapy,43(3),533-545.
Moscovitch,D.A.,Rowa,K.,Paulitzki,J.R.,Antony,M.M.,&Mccabe,R.E.(2015).What if i appear boring,anxious,or unattractive?validation and treatment sensitivity of the negative self portrayal scale,in clinical samples.Cognitive Therapy&Research,39(2),1-15.
Muller,D.,Judd,C.M.,&Yzerbyt,V.Y.(2005).When moderation is mediated and mediation is moderated.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,89(6),852-863.
Narr,R.K.,&Teachman,B.A.(2017).Using advances from cognitive behavioral models of anxiety to guide treatment for social anxiety disorder.Journal of Clinical Psychology,73(5),524-535.
Newman,M.G.,&Llera,S.J.(2011).A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder:a review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry.Clinical Psychology Review,31(3),371-382.
Norasakkunkit,V.,&Kalick,S.M.(2002).Culture,ethnicity,and emotional distress measures:The role of self-construal and self-enhancement.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,33(1),56-70.
Norasakkunkit,V.,&Kalick,S.M.(2009).Experimentally detecting how cultural differences on social anxiety measures misrepresent cultural differences in emotional well-being.Journal of Happiness Studies,10(3),313-327.
Norasakkunkit,V.,Kitayama,S.,&Uchida,Y.(2012).Social anxiety and holistic cognition:self-focused social anxiety in the united states and other-focused social anxiety in japan.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,43(5),742-757.
Okazaki,S.(2000).Asian american and white american differences on affective distress symptoms:do symptom reports differ across reporting methods?.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,31(5),603-625.
Park,I.,Sulaiman,C.,&Schwartz,S.J.(2015).Self-construals and social anxiety among asian american college students:testing emotion suppression as a mediator.Asian American Journal of Psychology,2(1),39-50.
Rapee,R.M.,&Heimberg,R.G.(1997).A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia.Behaviour research and therapy,35(8),741-756.
Rodebaugh,T.L.,Woods,C.M.,Thissen,D.M.,Heimberg,R.G.,Chambless,D.L.,&Rapee,R.M.(2004).More information from fewer questions:the factor structure and item properties of the original and brief fear of negative evaluation scale.Psychological Assessment,16(2),169-181.
Russell,L.H.,Gould,K.L.,&Fergus,T.A.(2017).Self-construal and gender interact to cause social evaluative concerns.Personality&Individual Differences,109,51-55.
Sapach,M.J.N.T.,Carleton,R.N.,Mulvogue,M.K.,Weeks,J.W.,&Heimberg,R.G.(2015).Cognitive constructs and social anxiety disorder:beyond fearing negative evaluation.Cognitive Behaviour Therapy,44(1),63-73.
Singelis,T.M.(1994).The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,20(5),580-591.
Sittenthaler,S.,Trautmattausch,E.,&Jonas,E.(2015).Observing the restriction of another person:vicarious reactance and the role of self-construal and culture.Frontiers in Psychology,6:1052.
Stefan,G.H.P.D.,Asnaani,M.A.A.,&Devon,E.H.P.D.(2010).Cultural aspects in social anxiety and social anxiety disorder.Depression&Anxiety,27(12),1117-1127.
Stein,M.,&Stein,D.(2008).Social anxiety disorder.Lancet,371(9618),1115-1125.
Teale Sapach,M.J.,Carleton,R.N.,Mulvogue,M.K.,Weeks,J.W.,&Heimberg,R.G.(2015).Cognitive constructs and social anxiety disorder:beyond fearing negative evaluation.Cognitive Behaviour Therapy,44(1),63-73.
Thurner,F.,&Machunsky,M.(2014).Independent versus interdependent self-construal affects social projection and self-stereotyping.EASP General Meeting(p17),Amsterdam,The Kingdom of Netherlands.
Villarosahurlocker,M.C.,Whitley,R.B.,Capron,D.W.,&Madson,M.B.(2018).Thinking while drinking:fear of negative evaluation predicts drinking behaviors of students with social anxiety.Addictive Behaviors,78,160-165.
Weeks,J.W.,&Howell,A.N.(2012).The bivalent fear of evaluation model of social anxiety:further integrating findings on fears of positive and negative evaluation.Cognitive Behaviour Therapy,41(2),83-95.
Weeks,J.W.,Heimberg,R.G.,Fresco,D.M.,Hart,T.A.,Turk,C.L.,Schneier,F.R.,et al.(2005).Empirical validation and psychometric evaluation of the brief fear of negative evaluation scale in patients with social anxiety disorder.Psychological Assessment,17(2),179-190.
Weeks,J.W.,Heimberg,R.G.,Rodebaugh,T.L.,&Norton,P.J.(2008).Exploring the relationship between fear of positive evaluation and social anxiety.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,22(3),386-400.
Weeks,J.W.,Rodebaugh,T.L.,Heimberg,R.G.,Norton,P.J.,&Jakatdar,T.A.(2009).“to avoid evaluation,withdraw”:fears of evaluation and depressive cognitions lead to social anxiety and submissive withdrawal.Cognitive Therapy&Research,33(4),375-389.
Whiting,S.E.,Jenkins,W.S.,May,A.C.,Rudy,B.M.,Iii,T.E.D.,&Reuther,E.T.(2014).The role of intolerance of uncertainty in social anxiety subtypes.Journal of Clinical Psychology,70(3),260-272.
Yeh,C.J.,&Hwang,M.Y.(2014).Interdependence in ethnic identity and self:implications for theory and practice.Journal of Counseling&Development,78(4),420-429.
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