中世纪英国“王家舰队”探析
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摘要
英国海军的起源可追溯至中世纪时期的"王家舰队"。百年战争期间,"王家舰队"在英王的支持下发展壮大,在保障海峡运输和海防安全、守卫王国利益方面贡献凸出。亨利五世时期,英国王家舰队达到巅峰状态。随之亨利六世时期出现的"王家舰队"私家化趋势,进一步导致了王国内部政治和外交上的混乱;而民众对海防的诉求使中央权威主导下的海军事业更符合历史发展的潮流。
The origins of the British Navy can be traced back to the King's Ships in Medieval England. During the Hundred Years' War, the King's Ships developed and expanded with the support of the Kings, contributing to the protection of the Strait and the coastal defense. During the period of Henry V, the development of the King's Ships has reached its peak. As the private trend of the King's Ships emerged in the period of Henry VI, political and diplomatic chaos has shown up within the kingdom. Meanwhile, the public's appeal to coastal defense also made the naval cause under the authority of the central government more in line with the trend of historical development.
The origins of the British Navy can be traced back to the King's Ships in Medieval England. During the Hundred Years' War, the King's Ships developed and expanded with the support of the Kings, contributing to the protection of the Strait and the coastal defense. During the period of Henry V, the development of the King's Ships has reached its peak. As the private trend of the King's Ships emerged in the period of Henry VI, political and diplomatic chaos has shown up within the kingdom. Meanwhile, the public's appeal to coastal defense also made the naval cause under the authority of the central government more in line with the trend of historical development.
引文
(1)夏继果:《都铎王朝时期英国海军的创建与发展》,《齐鲁学刊》2001年第6期。
(2)陈日华:《中古英格兰国家军事力量的构成》,《天津师范大学学报》(社会科学版)2006年第6期。
(3)Robert Ritchie,“Book Review.The Safeguard of the Sea:A Naval History of Britain:Volume I:660-1649”,The American Historical Review,Vol.105,No.2(Apr.,2000),p.607.
(1)N.A.M.Rodger,The Safeguard of the Sea:A Naval History of Britain,Vol.I:660-1649,New York:Haper Collins Publishers,1997,p.117.
(2)此处笔者综合了韦氏词典和牛津词典对该词的解释,参见https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/navy;https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/navy,2019-3-20。
(3)Michael Oppenheim,A History of the Administration of the Royal Navy and Merchant Shipping in Relation to the Navy,London&New York:John Lane the Bodley Head,1896,p.2.
(4)J.W.Sherborne,“The English Navy:Shipping and Manpower 1369-1389”,Past&Present,No.37(Jul.,1967),pp.163-175.
(1)C.F.Richmond,“English Naval Power in the Fifteenth Century”,History,Volume 52,Issue 174,Feb.1967,pp.1-15;C.F.Richmond,“The Keeping of the Seas during the Hundred Years War:1422-1440”,History,Volume 49,Issue167(Jan.,1964),pp.283-298.
(2)Timothy J.Runyan,“Ships and Mariners in Later Medieval England”,Journal of British Studies,Vol.16,No.2(Spr.,1977),pp.1-17.
(3)Susan Rose,England’s Medieval Navy,1066-1509,Montreal:McGill-Queen’s University Press,2013,p.63.
(4)N.A.M.Rodger,The Safeguard of the Sea:A Naval History of Britain,Vol.I:660-1649,New York:Haper Collins Publishers,1997,p.118.
(1)Graham Cushway,Edward III and the War at Sea,The English Navy,1327-1377,Woodbridge:The Boydell Press,2011,p.1.
(2)Susan Rose,England’s Medieval Navy,1066-1509,p.43.
(3)桨帆船是一种主要靠划桨驱动的船舶,其特点是船体细长,吃水较浅。实际上桨帆船均配备了风帆,但仍主要依靠人力划桨,以适应逆风和复杂水流环境的航行。这类船只起源于地中海文明,直至19世纪初仍在战争、贸易和海盗活动中使用。桨帆船由葡萄牙殖民者改造加装火炮后曾在明代嘉靖期间用于袭扰广东沿海地区,被当地官员形象地称为“蜈蚣船”。参见庞乃明:《“船坚炮利”一个明代已有的欧洲印象》,《史学月刊》2016年第2期。
(4)Susan Rose,England’s Medieval Navy,1066-1509,p.44.
(5)Michael Oppenheim,A History of the Administration of the Royal Navy and Merchant Shipping in Relation to the Navy,London&New York:John Lane the Bodley Head,1896,p.3.
(6)Susan Rose,England’s Medieval Navy,1066-1509,p.44.
(7)Susan Rose,England’s Medieval Navy,1066-1509,p.45.
(1)Graham Cushway,Edward III and the War at Sea,The English Navy,1327-1377,p.20.
(2)Graham Cushway,Edward III and the War at Sea,The English Navy,1327-1377,p.21.
(3)Graham Cushway,Edward III and the War at Sea,The English Navy,1327-1377,p.21.
(4)Graham Cushway,Edward III and the War at Sea,The English Navy,1327-1377,p.22.
(5)Graham Cushway,Edward III and the War at Sea,The English Navy,1327-1377,p.25.
(6)1酒桶约等于252加仑。——笔者注
(7)Graham Cushway,Edward III and the War at Sea,The English Navy,1327-1377,p.23.
(1)N.A.M.Rodger,The Safeguard of the Sea:A Naval History of Britain,Vol.I:660-1649,p.127.
(2)Graham Cushway,Edward III and the War at Sea,The English Navy,1327-1377,p.25.
(3)N.A.M.Rodger,The Safeguard of the Sea:A Naval History of Britain,Vol.I:660-1649,p.98.
(4)Susan Rose,Medieval Naval Warfare,1000-1500,p.65.
(1)Susan Rose,Medieval Naval Warfare,1000-1500,p.66.
(2)Susan Rose,England’s Medieval Navy,1066-1509,p.49.
(3)Susan Rose,England’s Medieval Navy,1066-1509,p.50.
(4)N.A.M.Rodger,The Safeguard of the Sea:A Naval History of Britain,Vol.I:660-1649,p.143.
(1)N.A.M.Rodger,The Safeguard of the Sea:A Naval History of Britain,Vol.I:660-1649,p.145.
(2)C.Allmand,Henry V,New Haven:Yale University Press,1997,p.221.
(3)W.F.C.Turner,“The Building of the Gracedieu,Valentine and Falconer at Southampton,1416-1420”,The Mariner’s Mirror,Issue 40,No.1(1954),pp.55-72.
(4)C.F.Richmond,“The Keeping of the Seas during the Hundred Years War:1422-1440”,History,Vol.49,Issue 167,(Jan.,1964),pp.283-298.
(5)F.Taylor and J.S.Roskell ed.,GestaHenriciQuinti,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1975,p.149.
(1)C.Allmand,Henry V,New Haven:Yale University Press,1997,p.223.
(2)N.A.M.Rodger,The Safeguard of the Sea:A Naval History of Britain,Vol.I:660-1649,p.145.
(3)C.Allmand,Henry V,p.224.
(4)C.F.Richmond,“The Keeping of the Seas during the Hundred Years War:1422-1440”,History,Vol.49,Issue 167,(Jan.,1964),pp.283-298.
(5)C.Allmand,Henry V,p.232.
(6)G.A.Holmes,“The Libel of English Policy”,The English Historical Review,Vol.76,No.299,(Apr.,1961),pp.193-216.
(7)C.Allmand,Henry V,p.232.
(8)C.F.Richmond,“The Keeping of the Seas during the Hundred Years War:1422-1440”,History,Vol.49,Issue 167,(Jan.,1964),pp.283-298.
(1)N.A.M.Rodger,The Safeguard of the Sea:A Naval History of Britain,Vol.I:660-1649,p.150.
(2)N.A.M.Rodger,The Safeguard of the Sea:A Naval History of Britain,Vol.I:660-1649,p.149.
(3)参见孟广林:《14、15世纪英国“超级臣属”的崛起及其政治影响》,《经济社会史评论》2017年第2期;金德宁:《西方史学界对“变态封建主义”及其历史影响的诠释》,《史林》2018年第2期。
(4)Gerald Harriss,“Political Society and the Growth of Government in Late Medieval England”,Past&Present,No.138,(Feb.,1993),pp.28-57.
(2)陈日华:《中古英格兰国家军事力量的构成》,《天津师范大学学报》(社会科学版)2006年第6期。
(3)Robert Ritchie,“Book Review.The Safeguard of the Sea:A Naval History of Britain:Volume I:660-1649”,The American Historical Review,Vol.105,No.2(Apr.,2000),p.607.
(1)N.A.M.Rodger,The Safeguard of the Sea:A Naval History of Britain,Vol.I:660-1649,New York:Haper Collins Publishers,1997,p.117.
(2)此处笔者综合了韦氏词典和牛津词典对该词的解释,参见https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/navy;https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/navy,2019-3-20。
(3)Michael Oppenheim,A History of the Administration of the Royal Navy and Merchant Shipping in Relation to the Navy,London&New York:John Lane the Bodley Head,1896,p.2.
(4)J.W.Sherborne,“The English Navy:Shipping and Manpower 1369-1389”,Past&Present,No.37(Jul.,1967),pp.163-175.
(1)C.F.Richmond,“English Naval Power in the Fifteenth Century”,History,Volume 52,Issue 174,Feb.1967,pp.1-15;C.F.Richmond,“The Keeping of the Seas during the Hundred Years War:1422-1440”,History,Volume 49,Issue167(Jan.,1964),pp.283-298.
(2)Timothy J.Runyan,“Ships and Mariners in Later Medieval England”,Journal of British Studies,Vol.16,No.2(Spr.,1977),pp.1-17.
(3)Susan Rose,England’s Medieval Navy,1066-1509,Montreal:McGill-Queen’s University Press,2013,p.63.
(4)N.A.M.Rodger,The Safeguard of the Sea:A Naval History of Britain,Vol.I:660-1649,New York:Haper Collins Publishers,1997,p.118.
(1)Graham Cushway,Edward III and the War at Sea,The English Navy,1327-1377,Woodbridge:The Boydell Press,2011,p.1.
(2)Susan Rose,England’s Medieval Navy,1066-1509,p.43.
(3)桨帆船是一种主要靠划桨驱动的船舶,其特点是船体细长,吃水较浅。实际上桨帆船均配备了风帆,但仍主要依靠人力划桨,以适应逆风和复杂水流环境的航行。这类船只起源于地中海文明,直至19世纪初仍在战争、贸易和海盗活动中使用。桨帆船由葡萄牙殖民者改造加装火炮后曾在明代嘉靖期间用于袭扰广东沿海地区,被当地官员形象地称为“蜈蚣船”。参见庞乃明:《“船坚炮利”一个明代已有的欧洲印象》,《史学月刊》2016年第2期。
(4)Susan Rose,England’s Medieval Navy,1066-1509,p.44.
(5)Michael Oppenheim,A History of the Administration of the Royal Navy and Merchant Shipping in Relation to the Navy,London&New York:John Lane the Bodley Head,1896,p.3.
(6)Susan Rose,England’s Medieval Navy,1066-1509,p.44.
(7)Susan Rose,England’s Medieval Navy,1066-1509,p.45.
(1)Graham Cushway,Edward III and the War at Sea,The English Navy,1327-1377,p.20.
(2)Graham Cushway,Edward III and the War at Sea,The English Navy,1327-1377,p.21.
(3)Graham Cushway,Edward III and the War at Sea,The English Navy,1327-1377,p.21.
(4)Graham Cushway,Edward III and the War at Sea,The English Navy,1327-1377,p.22.
(5)Graham Cushway,Edward III and the War at Sea,The English Navy,1327-1377,p.25.
(6)1酒桶约等于252加仑。——笔者注
(7)Graham Cushway,Edward III and the War at Sea,The English Navy,1327-1377,p.23.
(1)N.A.M.Rodger,The Safeguard of the Sea:A Naval History of Britain,Vol.I:660-1649,p.127.
(2)Graham Cushway,Edward III and the War at Sea,The English Navy,1327-1377,p.25.
(3)N.A.M.Rodger,The Safeguard of the Sea:A Naval History of Britain,Vol.I:660-1649,p.98.
(4)Susan Rose,Medieval Naval Warfare,1000-1500,p.65.
(1)Susan Rose,Medieval Naval Warfare,1000-1500,p.66.
(2)Susan Rose,England’s Medieval Navy,1066-1509,p.49.
(3)Susan Rose,England’s Medieval Navy,1066-1509,p.50.
(4)N.A.M.Rodger,The Safeguard of the Sea:A Naval History of Britain,Vol.I:660-1649,p.143.
(1)N.A.M.Rodger,The Safeguard of the Sea:A Naval History of Britain,Vol.I:660-1649,p.145.
(2)C.Allmand,Henry V,New Haven:Yale University Press,1997,p.221.
(3)W.F.C.Turner,“The Building of the Gracedieu,Valentine and Falconer at Southampton,1416-1420”,The Mariner’s Mirror,Issue 40,No.1(1954),pp.55-72.
(4)C.F.Richmond,“The Keeping of the Seas during the Hundred Years War:1422-1440”,History,Vol.49,Issue 167,(Jan.,1964),pp.283-298.
(5)F.Taylor and J.S.Roskell ed.,GestaHenriciQuinti,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1975,p.149.
(1)C.Allmand,Henry V,New Haven:Yale University Press,1997,p.223.
(2)N.A.M.Rodger,The Safeguard of the Sea:A Naval History of Britain,Vol.I:660-1649,p.145.
(3)C.Allmand,Henry V,p.224.
(4)C.F.Richmond,“The Keeping of the Seas during the Hundred Years War:1422-1440”,History,Vol.49,Issue 167,(Jan.,1964),pp.283-298.
(5)C.Allmand,Henry V,p.232.
(6)G.A.Holmes,“The Libel of English Policy”,The English Historical Review,Vol.76,No.299,(Apr.,1961),pp.193-216.
(7)C.Allmand,Henry V,p.232.
(8)C.F.Richmond,“The Keeping of the Seas during the Hundred Years War:1422-1440”,History,Vol.49,Issue 167,(Jan.,1964),pp.283-298.
(1)N.A.M.Rodger,The Safeguard of the Sea:A Naval History of Britain,Vol.I:660-1649,p.150.
(2)N.A.M.Rodger,The Safeguard of the Sea:A Naval History of Britain,Vol.I:660-1649,p.149.
(3)参见孟广林:《14、15世纪英国“超级臣属”的崛起及其政治影响》,《经济社会史评论》2017年第2期;金德宁:《西方史学界对“变态封建主义”及其历史影响的诠释》,《史林》2018年第2期。
(4)Gerald Harriss,“Political Society and the Growth of Government in Late Medieval England”,Past&Present,No.138,(Feb.,1993),pp.28-57.