呼和浩特市冬季PM_(10)中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源解析
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摘要
2013年12月在呼和浩特市主城区9个环境空气监测点位同步采集PM_(10)样品,对PM_(10)浓度和16种多环芳烃的浓度、污染特征进行了分析,使用特征比值和主成分分析对多环芳烃来源进行了解析.9个监测点位的PM_(10)浓度介于23.5—322μg·m-3之间,16种多环芳烃总量介于5.34—850 ng·m-3之间.荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、苯并[g,h,i]苝和茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘等多环芳烃单体浓度较高,这8种多环芳烃占多环芳烃总浓度的80.4%.主成分分析所获得污染源结果和特征比值法定性判断出的污染源结果一致,燃烧源、机动车尾气源和石油源为主要污染源,分别贡献61.3%、16.0%和10.4%.
PM_(10)samples were simultaneously collected from nine urban sites in Hohhot,during 7th—17thDecember 2013. The concentrations of PM_(10) and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons( PAHs)were determined. The source apportionment of PAHs in PM_(10) was estimated by the diagnostic ratios of PAHs and principal component analysis( PCA). Total PAHs concentrations in PM_(10) were in the range of 5. 34—850 ng·m- 3,while the concentrations of PM_(10) ranged in 23. 5—322 μg·m- 3. Flu,Pyr,Ba A,Chr,Bb F,Ba P,BP and In P were abundant in the nine urban sites,accounting for80. 4% of the PAHs total concentrations. The diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis indicate that biomass & coal combustion,vehicle emission and petroleum were the main sources with contribution rates of 61. 3%,16. 0% and10. 4%.
PM_(10)samples were simultaneously collected from nine urban sites in Hohhot,during 7th—17thDecember 2013. The concentrations of PM_(10) and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons( PAHs)were determined. The source apportionment of PAHs in PM_(10) was estimated by the diagnostic ratios of PAHs and principal component analysis( PCA). Total PAHs concentrations in PM_(10) were in the range of 5. 34—850 ng·m- 3,while the concentrations of PM_(10) ranged in 23. 5—322 μg·m- 3. Flu,Pyr,Ba A,Chr,Bb F,Ba P,BP and In P were abundant in the nine urban sites,accounting for80. 4% of the PAHs total concentrations. The diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis indicate that biomass & coal combustion,vehicle emission and petroleum were the main sources with contribution rates of 61. 3%,16. 0% and10. 4%.
引文
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[24]ZAKARIA M P,TAKADA H,TSUTSUMI S,et al.Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in rivers and estuaries in Malaysia:a widespread input of petrogenic PAHs[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2002,36(9):1907-1918.
[25]SIMCIK M F,EISENREICH S J,LIOY P J.Source apportionment and source/sink relationships of PAHs in the coastal atmosphere of Chicago and Lake Michigan[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(30):5071-5079.
[26]HARRISON R M,SMITH D J T,LUHANA L.Source apportionment of atmospheric Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from an urban location in Birmingham,U.K.[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1996,30(3):825-832.
[27]GUO H,LEE S C,HO K F,et al.Particle-associated Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(38):5307-5317.
[28]张巍,张树才,万超,等.北京城市道路地表径流及相关介质中多环芳烃的源解析[J].环境科学,2008,29(6):1478-1483.ZHANG W,ZHANG S C,WAN C,et al.PAH sources in road runoff system in Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(6):1478-1483(in Chinese).
[29]BOONYATUMANOND R,WATTAYAKORN G,TOGO A,et al.Distribution and origins of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in riverine,estuarine,and marine sediments in Thailand.[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2006,52(8):942-956.
[2]MS CALLN,JM LPEZ,A I TURMENDI,et al.Nature and sources of particle associated Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH)in the atmospheric environment of an urban area[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,183(6):166-174.
[3]SUVARAPU L N,SEO Y,BAEK S,et al.A review on the atmospheric concentrations of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Asia since 2000-part i:data from developed countries[J].Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment,2012,6(3):147-168.
[4]ZHANG X L,TAO S T,LIU W X,et al.Source diagnostics of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on species ratios:A multimedia approach[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(23):.9109-9114.
[5]SANDERSON E,RAQBI A,VYSKOCIL A,et al.Comparison of particulate Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon profiles in different regions of Canada[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(21):3417-3429.
[6]ILIAS G K,PETROS K,MANOLIS T,et al.Source apportionment of urban particulate aliphatic and Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)using multivariate methods[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2001,35(11):2288-2294.
[7]KATSOYIANNIS A,SWEETMAN A J,JONES K C,et al.PAH molecular diagnostic ratios applied to atmospheric sources:a critical evaluation using two decades of source inventory and air concentration data from the UK[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(20):8897-8906.
[8]MANOLI E,KOURAS A,SAMARA C.Profile analysis of ambient and source emitted particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from three sites in northern Greece.[J].Chemosphere,2004,56(9):867-878.
[9]周海军,孙文静,团良,等.重点污染源企业周边农田土壤中多环芳烃污染水平与风险评价[J].环境化学,2013,32(10):1976-1982.ZHOU H J,SUN W J,TUAN L,et al.Pollution level and rink assessment of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on agricultural soil around pollution sources[J].Environmental Chemistry,2013,32(10):1976-1982(in Chinese).
[10]王超,张霖琳,刀谞,等.京津冀地区城市空气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(1):1-6.WANG C,ZHANG L L,DAO X,et al.Pollution characteristics and source identification of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,China[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(1):1-6(in Chinese).
[11]郭红连,陆晨刚,余琦,等.上海大气可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征研究[J].复旦学报(自然科学版),2004,43(6):1107-1112.GUO H L,LU C G,YU Q,et al.Pollution characteristics of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on airborne particulate in Shanghai[J].Journal of Fudan University(Natural Science),2004,43(6):1107-1112(in Chinese).
[12]陈敏,张卫东,周志恩,等.重庆市春季不同功能区PM10中多环芳烃的污染特征[J].中国环境监测,2013,29(1):43-48.CHEN M,ZHANG W D,ZHOU Z E,et al.Pollution characterization of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the inhalable particulates in spring of Chongqing[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2013,29(1):43-48(in Chinese).
[13]钱冉冉,闫景明,吴水平,等.厦门市冬春季灰霾期间大气PM10中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源分析[J].环境科学,2012,33(9):2940-2945.QIAN R R,YAN J M,WU S P,et al.Characteristics and sources of PM10-bound PAHs during haze period in winter-spring of Xiamen[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(9):2940-2945(in Chinese).
[14]李伟芳,彭摇,赵丽娟,等.东北地区城市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征[J].中国环境监测,2013,29(1):13-17.LI W F,PENG Y,ZHAO L J,et al.Study on the pollution characteristics of particulate PAHs in the urban northeast region of China[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2013,29(1):13-17(in Chinese).
[15]YUNKER M B,MACDONALD R W,VINGARZAN R,et al.PAHs in the Fraser River basin:a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition,[J].Organic Geochemistry,2002,33(4):489-515.
[16]Li G,Xia X,Yang Z,et al.Distribution and sources of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River,China.[J].Environmental Pollution,2006,144(3):985-993.
[17]TSAPAKIS M,STEPHANOU E G,KARAKASSIS I.Evaluation of atmospheric transport as a nonpoint source of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments of the Eastern Mediterranean[J].Marine Chemistry,2003,80(4):283-298.
[18]LI X,MA L,LIU X,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in urban soil from Beijing,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2006,18(5):944-950.
[19]秦传高,钟秦,胡伟,等.南京市可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃的源解析[J].环境化学,2008,27(3):318-321.QIN C G,ZHONG Q H,Wei S,et al.The source apportionment of PAHs of inhalable particles in Nanjing City[J].Environmental Chemistry,2008,27(3):318-321(in Chinese).
[20]KHALILI N R,SCHEFF P A,HOLSEN T M.PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens,diesel and,gasoline engines,highway tunnels,and wood combustion emissions[J].Atmospheric Environment,1995,29(4):533-542.
[21]丁潇,白志鹏,韩斌,等.鞍山市大气PM10中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征及其来源[J].环境科学研究,2011,24(2):162-171.DING X,BAI Z P,HAN B,et al.Pollution characteristics and source analysis of PAHs in PM10 in Anshan city[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2011,24(2):162-171(in Chinese).
[22]DUVAL M M,FRIENDLANDER S K.Source resolution of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Los Angels atmospheres:application of a CMB with first order decay[R].U.S.EPA report EPA-600/2-81-161,washington,DC.1981.
[23]段永红,陶澍,王学军,等.天津表土中多环芳烃含量的空间分布特征与来源[J].土壤学报,2005,42(6):942-947.DUAN Y H,TAO S,WANG X J,et al.Spatial distribution and sources of PAHs in Tianjin's topsoil[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2005,42(6):942-947.(in Chinese).
[24]ZAKARIA M P,TAKADA H,TSUTSUMI S,et al.Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in rivers and estuaries in Malaysia:a widespread input of petrogenic PAHs[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2002,36(9):1907-1918.
[25]SIMCIK M F,EISENREICH S J,LIOY P J.Source apportionment and source/sink relationships of PAHs in the coastal atmosphere of Chicago and Lake Michigan[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(30):5071-5079.
[26]HARRISON R M,SMITH D J T,LUHANA L.Source apportionment of atmospheric Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from an urban location in Birmingham,U.K.[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1996,30(3):825-832.
[27]GUO H,LEE S C,HO K F,et al.Particle-associated Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(38):5307-5317.
[28]张巍,张树才,万超,等.北京城市道路地表径流及相关介质中多环芳烃的源解析[J].环境科学,2008,29(6):1478-1483.ZHANG W,ZHANG S C,WAN C,et al.PAH sources in road runoff system in Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(6):1478-1483(in Chinese).
[29]BOONYATUMANOND R,WATTAYAKORN G,TOGO A,et al.Distribution and origins of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in riverine,estuarine,and marine sediments in Thailand.[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2006,52(8):942-956.