包头市居民区积尘中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源解析
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摘要
对46个包头市居民区积尘样品中16种EPA优控多环芳烃的含量、污染特征进行了分析,使用主成分分析法对其来源进行了解析.结果表明,Σ16PAHs介于2868—14218μg·kg~(-1)之间,平均值为7404μg·kg~(-1).以Ace、Phe和Flu等3—4环多环芳烃为主,占Σ16PAHs的48.0%—86.4%,平均占Σ16PAHs的74.5%.与国内外研究区域相比,包头市积尘样品中PAHs含量较高,Σ16PAHs在整个城市范围内都有比较严重的污染、Ba P毒性当量在青山区西北部和青山区东南部较高、Ba P含量在昆都伦区西部和东河区东部较高.总毒性当量浓度介于231.8—3102μg·kg~(-1)之间,平均为614.0μg·kg~(-1),7种致癌PAHs毒性当量浓度介于226.8—3096μg·kg~(-1)之间,平均为604.8μg·kg~(-1).7种致癌PAHs毒性当量浓度占16种PAHs毒性当量浓度的98.1%,其中Bk F、Ba P和DBA为主要对PAHs总毒性当量浓度有贡献的PAHs,占总PAHs毒性当量浓度的88.8%.主成分分析表明,包头居民区积尘中多环芳烃主要来源为汽油机动车排放源、燃煤源、生物质燃烧源、柴油车排放源,分别贡献27.1%、26.4%、10.0%、8.5%.
Contents of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in 46 residential dust samples collected from Baotou were determined,and the major sources of PAHs were apportioned by principal component analysis(PCA). The Σ16PAHs ranged from 2868 to 14218 μg·kg~(-1),with a mean value of 7404 μg·kg~(-1). 3-ring(Ace,Phe) and 4-ring PAHs(Flu) accounted for 48. 0%—86.4% of Σ16PAHs,with an average of 74.5%. Compared to other major cities around the world,the concentration of ∑16PAHs in the residential dust of Baotou was higher. Higher levels of toxic equivalent concentrations(TEQs) were mainly distributed in the northwest and southwest ofQingshan districts. Higher levels of Ba P were detected in the west of Kundulun districts and east of Donghe districts. The TEQs of PAHs in the residential dust ranged from 231.8—3102 μg·kg~(-1),with a mean value of 614.0 μg·kg~(-1). The TEQs of seven carcinogenic PAHs in the residential dust ranged from 226.8—3096 μg·kg~(-1)μg·kg~(-1),with a mean value of 604.8 μg·kg~(-1),accounting for 98.1% of total TEQs. Bk F,Ba P and DBA were the predominant PAHs and accounted for 88.8% of the seven carcinogenic PAHs. Principal component analysis(PCA) indicated that gasoline auto emission,coal combustion,biomass combustion and diesel auto emission were the major sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Baotou residential dust,contributing 27.1%,26.4%,10.0% and 8.5% of the total PAHs.
Contents of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in 46 residential dust samples collected from Baotou were determined,and the major sources of PAHs were apportioned by principal component analysis(PCA). The Σ16PAHs ranged from 2868 to 14218 μg·kg~(-1),with a mean value of 7404 μg·kg~(-1). 3-ring(Ace,Phe) and 4-ring PAHs(Flu) accounted for 48. 0%—86.4% of Σ16PAHs,with an average of 74.5%. Compared to other major cities around the world,the concentration of ∑16PAHs in the residential dust of Baotou was higher. Higher levels of toxic equivalent concentrations(TEQs) were mainly distributed in the northwest and southwest ofQingshan districts. Higher levels of Ba P were detected in the west of Kundulun districts and east of Donghe districts. The TEQs of PAHs in the residential dust ranged from 231.8—3102 μg·kg~(-1),with a mean value of 614.0 μg·kg~(-1). The TEQs of seven carcinogenic PAHs in the residential dust ranged from 226.8—3096 μg·kg~(-1)μg·kg~(-1),with a mean value of 604.8 μg·kg~(-1),accounting for 98.1% of total TEQs. Bk F,Ba P and DBA were the predominant PAHs and accounted for 88.8% of the seven carcinogenic PAHs. Principal component analysis(PCA) indicated that gasoline auto emission,coal combustion,biomass combustion and diesel auto emission were the major sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Baotou residential dust,contributing 27.1%,26.4%,10.0% and 8.5% of the total PAHs.
引文
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[2]王学彤,贾英,孙阳昭,等.典型污染区农业土壤中PAHs的分布、来源及生态风险[J].环境科学学报,2009,29(11):2433-2439.WANG X T,JIA Y,SUN Y Z,et al.Distribution,sources and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils from a typical contaminated area[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2009,29(11):2433-2439(in Chinese).
[3]JONES K C,STRATFORD J A,WATERHOUSE K S,et al.Increases in the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon content of an agricultural soil over the last century[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1989,23(1):95-101.
[4]周海军,孙文静,团良,等.重点污染源企业周边农田土壤中多环芳烃污染水平与风险评价[J].环境化学,2013(10):1976-1982.ZHOU H J,SUN W J,TUAN L,et al.Pollution level and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soil around pollution sources[J].Environmental Chemistry,2013,32(10):1976-1982(in Chinese).
[5]TSAI P J,SHIH T S,CHEN H L,et al.Assessing and predicting the exposures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and their carcinogenic potencies from vehicle engine exhausts to highway toll station workers.[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(2):333-343.
[6]吴水平,兰天,左谦,等.天津地区一些降尘中多环芳烃的含量与分布[J].环境科学学报,2004,24(6):1066-1073.WU S P,LAN T,ZUO Q,et al.PAHs in the dust fall from Tianjin area collected during winter and summer seasons[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2004,24(6):1066-1073(in Chinese).
[7]WANG W,HUANG M J,KANG Y,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in urban surface dust of Guangzhou,China:Status,sources and human health risk assessment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2011,409(21):4519-4527.
[8]YUAN K,CHEUNG K C,MING H W.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in different indoor dusts and their potential cytotoxicity based on two human cell lines[J].Environment International,2010,36(6):542-547.
[9]KAMAL A,MALIK R N,MARTELLINI T,et al.Cancer risk evaluation of brick kiln workers exposed to dust bound PAHs in Punjab Province(Pakistan)[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,493(5):562-570.
[10]MANNINO M R,ORECCHIO S.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in indoor dust matter of Palermo(Italy)area:Extraction,GCMS analysis,distribution and sources[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(8):1801-1817.
[11]秦传高,钟秦,胡伟,等.南京市可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃的源解析[J].环境化学,2008,27(3):318-321.QIN C G,ZHONG Q,HU W,et al.The source apportionment of PAHs of inhalable particles in Nanjing City[J].Environmental Chemistry,2008,27(3):318-321(in Chinese).
[12]SIMCIK M F,EISENREICH S J,LIOY P J.Source apportionment and source/sink relationships of PAHs in the coastal atmosphere of Chicago and Lake Michigan[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(30):5071-5079.
[13]HARRISON R M,SMITH D J T,LUHANA L.Source apportionment of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from an urban location in Birmingham,UK[J].Environmental Science Technology,1996,30(3):825-832.
[14]GUO H,LEE S C,HO K F,et al.Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(38):5307-5317.
[15]LARSEN R K,BAKER J E.Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere:A comparison of three methods[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2003,37(9):1873-1881.
[16]DONG T T,LEE B K.Characteristics,toxicity,and source apportionment of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in road dust of Ulsan,Korea[J].Chemosphere,2009,74(9):1245-1253.
[17]BOONYATUMANOND R,WATTAYAKORN G,Togo A,et al.Distribution and origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in riverine,estuarine,and marine sediments in Thailand[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2006,52(8):942-956.
[18]CHRISTENSEN E R,BZDUSEK P A.PAHs in sediments of the Black River and the Ashtabula River,Ohio:Source apportionment by factor analysis[J].Water Research,2005,39(4):511-524.
[19]KHALILI N R,SCHEFF P A,HOLSEN T M.PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens,diesel and,gasoline engines,highway tunnels,and wood combustion emissions[J].Atmospheric Environment,1995,29(4):533-542.
[20]段永红,陶澍,王学军,等.天津表土中多环芳烃含量的空间分布特征与来源[J].土壤学报,2005,42(6):942-947.DUAN Y H,TAO S,WANG X J,et al.Spatial distribution and sources of PAHs in Tianjin's topsoil[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2005,42(6):942-947(in Chinese).
[21]SOFOWOTE U M,MCCARRY B E,MARVIN C H.Source apportionment of PAH in Hamilton Harbour suspended sediments:Comparison of two factor analysis methods[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(16):6007-6014.
[22]FREEMAN D J,CATTELL F C R.Wood burning as a source of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1990,65(3-4):235-242.