北京一次强飑线过程的闪电辐射源演变特征及其与对流区域和地面热力条件的关系
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摘要
利用2015年夏季北京闪电综合探测(BLNET)总闪辐射源定位、多普勒天气雷达、地面自动气象站和探空资料等多种协同观测资料,详细分析了2015年8月7日北京一次强飑线过程不同阶段的闪电特征,并探讨了闪电与对流区域和地面热力条件之间的关系。飑线过程整体上以云闪为主,根据雷达回波和闪电频数可以将飑线过程分为发展、增强及减弱三个阶段。发展阶段表现为多个孤立的γ中尺度对流降水单体,随着北京城区降水单体的迅速发展,强回波顶高延伸到-20℃温度层高度,闪电辐射源高度也逐步增加,闪电明显增多,但总闪电频数整体低于80次/min。增强阶段单体合并,闪电频数快速增长,0℃层以上及以下的强回波(>40 d BZ)体积明显增大,飑线形成后,总闪和地闪均达到峰值,分别约248次/min和18次/min,负地闪占总地闪比例为90%,辐射源主要分布在线状对流降水区内,辐射源数量峰值出现在5～9 km高度层。减弱阶段飑线主体下降到0℃以下并迅速衰减,辐射源分布明显向后部层云降水区倾斜。95%的闪电发生在对流线附近10 km范围内,即对流云区和过渡区。在系统发展和增强阶段,对流云区与层云区辐射源的活跃时段基本一致;系统减弱阶段,对流降水云区辐射源数量迅速减少。在系统的不同发展阶段,闪电活跃区域对应于冷池出流同平原暖湿气流在近地面形成的相当位温强梯度带内。
Based on the data obtained from the 2015 summer campaign in Beijing area, including the total lightning location data from Beijing Lightning Network(BLNET), S-band Doppler radar data, ground-based automatic weather stations observations and radiosonde data, the evolution of lightning activities during a severe squall line process that occurred over Beijing metropolitan region on 7 August 2015 was analyzed. Its relation to convection region and surface thermodynamic condition was also discussed. According to radar echoes and lightning occurrence frequency, the whole squall line process can be divided into three stages(developing, intensifying and weakening), and the intra-cloud(IC)lightning flashes predominated during all the three stages in general. In the developing stage, several isolated γ mesoscale convective cells rapidly developed. With the echo top of the storm cell over Beijing metropolitan region extending to-20℃ level, lightning activities significantly increased, and the lightning radiation sources gradually spread to upper altitudes, but lightning rate was still less than 80 flashes/min for the whole system. In the intensifying stage, the flash rate increased rapidly, which was associated with the merging process of the cells. When the squall line formed, the volume of strong radar echoes(>40 dBZ) increased significantly for both above and below 0℃ levels, and the total flash and cloudto-ground(CG) flash peaked with rates of 248 flashes/min and 18 flashes/min, respectively. Negative CG flashes accounted for 90% of the total CG flashes. The lightning radiation sources were mainly detected in the linear convection area, and the number of radiation sources peaked within the layer of 5-9 km. In the weakening stage, the core of the squall line dropped below 0℃ level and quickly decayed, with the radiation sources obviously sloping backward to the area of stratiform clouds. About 95% of total flashes occurred within 10 km of the convective line, namely the convection and transition region. During intensifying and weakening stages, radiation sources reached active period simultaneously in the convection and stratiform region, while during the weakening stage, radiation sources in the convection region declined abruptly in the number. Lightning flashes mainly occurred over regions with strong surface equivalent potential temperature gradient induced by the outflow of convective cold pool and the relatively warm moist airmass from the plain.
Based on the data obtained from the 2015 summer campaign in Beijing area, including the total lightning location data from Beijing Lightning Network(BLNET), S-band Doppler radar data, ground-based automatic weather stations observations and radiosonde data, the evolution of lightning activities during a severe squall line process that occurred over Beijing metropolitan region on 7 August 2015 was analyzed. Its relation to convection region and surface thermodynamic condition was also discussed. According to radar echoes and lightning occurrence frequency, the whole squall line process can be divided into three stages(developing, intensifying and weakening), and the intra-cloud(IC)lightning flashes predominated during all the three stages in general. In the developing stage, several isolated γ mesoscale convective cells rapidly developed. With the echo top of the storm cell over Beijing metropolitan region extending to-20℃ level, lightning activities significantly increased, and the lightning radiation sources gradually spread to upper altitudes, but lightning rate was still less than 80 flashes/min for the whole system. In the intensifying stage, the flash rate increased rapidly, which was associated with the merging process of the cells. When the squall line formed, the volume of strong radar echoes(>40 dBZ) increased significantly for both above and below 0℃ levels, and the total flash and cloudto-ground(CG) flash peaked with rates of 248 flashes/min and 18 flashes/min, respectively. Negative CG flashes accounted for 90% of the total CG flashes. The lightning radiation sources were mainly detected in the linear convection area, and the number of radiation sources peaked within the layer of 5-9 km. In the weakening stage, the core of the squall line dropped below 0℃ level and quickly decayed, with the radiation sources obviously sloping backward to the area of stratiform clouds. About 95% of total flashes occurred within 10 km of the convective line, namely the convection and transition region. During intensifying and weakening stages, radiation sources reached active period simultaneously in the convection and stratiform region, while during the weakening stage, radiation sources in the convection region declined abruptly in the number. Lightning flashes mainly occurred over regions with strong surface equivalent potential temperature gradient induced by the outflow of convective cold pool and the relatively warm moist airmass from the plain.
引文
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Carey L D,Murphy M J,McCormick T L,et al.2005.Lightning location relative to storm structure in a leading-line,trailingstratiform mesoscale convective system[J].J.Geophys.Res.,110(D3):D03105.doi:10.1029/2003JD004371
Dotzek N,Rabin R M,Carey L D,et al.2005.Lightning activity related to satellite and radar observations of a mesoscale convective system over Texas on 7-8 April 2002[J].Atmos.Res.,76(1-4):127-166.doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2004.11.020
Feng G L,Qie X S,Wang J,et al.2009.Lightning and Doppler radar observations of a squall line system[J].Atmos.Res.,91(2-4):466-478.doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.05.015
Lang T J,Rutledge S A.2008.Kinematic,microphysical,and electrical aspects of an asymmetric bow-echo mesoscale convective system observed during STEPS 2000[J].J.Geophys.Res.,113(D8):D08213.doi:10.1029/2006JD007709
李娜,冉令坤,高守亭.2013.华东地区一次飑线过程的数值模拟与诊断分析[J].大气科学,37(3):595-608.Li Na,Ran Lingkun,Gao Shouting.2013.Numerical simulation and diagnosis study of a squall line in eastern China[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),37(3):595-608.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2012.12007
刘冬霞,郄秀书,冯桂力,等.2008.华北一次强对流天气系统的地闪时空演变特征分析[J].高原气象,27(2):358-364.Liu Dongxia,Qie Xiushu,Feng Guili,et al.2008.Analyses on lightning temporal and spatial characteristics in the severe convective weather in North China[J].Plateau Meteor.(in Chinese),27(2):358-364.
刘冬霞,郄秀书,冯桂力.2010.华北一次中尺度对流系统中的闪电活动特征及其与雷暴动力过程的关系研究[J].大气科学,34(1):95-104.Liu Dongxia,Qie Xiushu,Feng Guili.2010.Evolution characteristics of the lightning and the relation with dynamical structure in a mesoscale convective system over North China[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),34(1):95-104.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2010.01.09
刘冬霞,郄秀书,王志超,等.2013.飑线系统中的闪电辐射源分布特征及云内电荷结构讨论[J].物理学报,62(21):219201.Liu Dongxia,Qie Xiushu,Wang Zhichao,et al.2013.Characteristics of lightning radiation source distribution and charge structure of squall line[J].Acta Phys.Sinica(in Chinese),62(21):219201.doi:10.7498/aps.62.219201
刘佳,沈新勇,张大林,等.2013.台风“麦莎”的强度对台风前部飑线发展过程影响的研究[J].大气科学,37(5):1025-1037.Liu Jia,Shen Xinyong,Zhang Dalin,et al.2013.Impact of typhoon intensity on the development of a pre-tropical cyclone squall line[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),37(5):1025-1037.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2013.12134
刘黎平,牟容,许小永,等.2007.一次飑线过程的动力和微物理结构及滴谱变化对降水估测的影响研究[J].气象学报,65(4):601-611.Liu Liping,Mu Rong,Xu Xiaoyong,et al.2007.Dynamic and microphysical structures of a squall line system and effects of rain drop size distribution on precipitation[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),65(4):601-611.doi:10.3321/j.issn:0577-6619.2007.04.012
MacGorman D R,Burgess D W,Mazur V,et al.1989.Lightning rates relative to tornadic storm evolution on 22 May 1981[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,46(2):221-250.doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<0221:LRRTTS>2.0.CO;2
Meng Z Y,Zhang F Q,Markowski P,et al.2012.Modeling study on the development of a bowing structure and associated rear inflow within a squall line over South China[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,69(4):1182-1207.doi:10.1175/JAS-D-11-0121.1
Schultz C J,Carey L D,Schultz E V,et al.2017.Kinematic and microphysical significance of lightning jumps versus non-jump increases in total flash rate[J].Wea.Forecasting,32(1):275-288.doi:10.1175/WAF-D-15-0175.1
Smith S B,LaDue J G,Macgorman D R.2000.The relationship between cloud-to-ground lightning polarity and surface equivalent potential temperature during three tornadic outbreaks[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,128(9):3320-3328.doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<3320:TRBCTG>2.0.CO;2
Srivastava A,Tian Y,Qie X S,et al.2017.Performance assessment of Beijing Lightning Network(BLNET)and comparison with other lightning location networks across Beijing[J].Atmos.Res.,197:76-83.doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.06.026
孙虎林,罗亚丽,张人禾,等.2011.2009年6月3~4日黄淮地区强飑线成熟阶段特征分析[J].大气科学,35(1):105-120.Sun Hulin,Luo Yali,Zhang Renhe,et al.2011.Analysis on the mature-stage features of the severe squall line occurring over the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins during 3-4 June 2009[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),35(1):105-120.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2011.01.09
孙建华,郑淋淋,赵思雄.2014.水汽含量对飑线组织结构和强度影响的数值试验[J].大气科学,38(4):742-755.Sun Jianhua,Zheng Linlin,Zhao Sixiong.2014.Impact of moisture on the organizational mode and intensity of squall lines determined through n iun1 m Cerhiicnaels ee)x,p 3er8i(m4)e:n t7s4[2J]-.7C5h5i.n edsoei:J1o0u.r3n8a7l 8o/jf.iAstsmn.o 1s0p0h6er-i9c8 9S5c.i2en0c1e3s.
王宇,郄秀书,王东方,等.2015.北京闪电综合探测网(BLNET):网络构成与初步定位结果[J].大气科学,39(3):571-582.Wang Yu,Qie Xiushu,Wang Dongfang,et al.2015.Beijing Lightning NETwork(BLNET):Configuration and preliminary results of lightning location[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),39(3):571-582.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1407.14138
Wang Y,Qie X S,Wang D F,et al.2016.Beijing Lightning Network(BLNET)and the observation on preliminary breakdown processes[J].Atmos.Res.,171:121-132.doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.12.012
Xu W X,Zipser E J,Liu C T,et al.2010.On the relationships between lightning frequency and thundercloud parameters of regional precipitation systems[J].J.Geophys.Res.,115(D12):D12203.doi:10.1029/2009JD013385
徐燕,孙竹玲,周筠珺,等.2018.一次具有对流合并现象的强飑线系统的闪电活动特征及其与动力场的关系[J].大气科学,42(6):1393-1406.Xu Yan,Sun Zhuling,Zhou Yunjun,et al.2018.Lightning activity of a severe squall line with cell merging process and its relationships with dynamic fields[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),42(6):1393-1406.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1801.17220
易笑园,张义军,王红艳,等.2013.线状中尺度对流系统内多个强降水单体的结构演变及闪电活动特征[J].气象学报,71(6):1035-1046.Yi Xiaoyuan,Zhang Yijun,Wang Hongyan,et al.2013.Characteristics of the evolution of the severe rainfall cells structure in the leading line mesoscale convective system and the lightning activity[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),71(6):1035-1046.doi:10.11676/qxxb2013.094
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