三沙海底峡谷识别与地貌特征分析
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摘要
三沙海底峡谷是连接西沙碳酸盐台地与南海西北次海盆的深水海底峡谷,起源于永兴岛和东岛之间的浅水区域,输送了大量碳酸盐碎屑到西北次海盆。三沙海底峡谷是迄今为止发现的南海最大碳酸盐型海底峡谷。海底峡谷的横断面呈现V、U字形,可以分为峡谷外侧、斜坡和谷底3个部分。峡谷外侧平缓、两侧斜坡陡峭、谷底平缓。沿着峡谷走向,可以分为上游、中游和下游3部分。上游部分坡度较陡、坡度变化较大,环礁周边的水道和海底滑坡体系是源区的碎屑物质搬运通道;中-下游部分坡度平缓、坡度变化小,主要以碎屑物质的搬运为主,汇入两侧斜坡上的侵蚀、坍塌形成的碎屑,在西北次海盆形成了喇叭状的入海盆口。通过三沙海底峡谷的研究,有助于揭示岛礁与海盆之间的沉积物输送、海底不稳定性等基础科学问题,为碳酸盐岩油气储层预测、岛礁生态旅游开发提供理论基础。
The Sansha Canyon,as a path for sediment transportation,starts from the shallow waters platform between the Yongxing island and the East island.It brings a large amount of carbonate clastics down to the northwest sub-basin of the South China Sea.It is the largest carbonate type canyon found so far in the South China Sea in typical V and U shape.In the cross section,the canyon can be divided into three parts,outer side,slope and valley.Both the outer sides and valley bottom are rather gentle,while the slopes are quite steep.The canyon can also be divided into three parts along the pathway,i.e.the upstream,midstream and downstream.The upstream part is steep with high varying slope,while the downstream is opposite.A large amount of mass deposits coming from submarine slides around the atolls are the source area of clastic sediments.On other hand,the midstream and downstream are characterized by gentle bottoms and the deposition of clastics coming from both source area and canyon slopes and finally settle down in a trumpet shape in the northwest sub-basin.The study of Sansha Canyon is helpful to the understanding of sediment delivery mechanism and the formation of deep water carbonate reservoirs between the coral reef platform and a deep sea basin.
The Sansha Canyon,as a path for sediment transportation,starts from the shallow waters platform between the Yongxing island and the East island.It brings a large amount of carbonate clastics down to the northwest sub-basin of the South China Sea.It is the largest carbonate type canyon found so far in the South China Sea in typical V and U shape.In the cross section,the canyon can be divided into three parts,outer side,slope and valley.Both the outer sides and valley bottom are rather gentle,while the slopes are quite steep.The canyon can also be divided into three parts along the pathway,i.e.the upstream,midstream and downstream.The upstream part is steep with high varying slope,while the downstream is opposite.A large amount of mass deposits coming from submarine slides around the atolls are the source area of clastic sediments.On other hand,the midstream and downstream are characterized by gentle bottoms and the deposition of clastics coming from both source area and canyon slopes and finally settle down in a trumpet shape in the northwest sub-basin.The study of Sansha Canyon is helpful to the understanding of sediment delivery mechanism and the formation of deep water carbonate reservoirs between the coral reef platform and a deep sea basin.
引文
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[21]王大伟,吴时国,秦志亮,等.南海陆坡大型块体搬运体系的结构与识别特征[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2009,29(5):65-72.[WANG Dawei,WU Shiguo,QIN Zhiliang,et al.Architecture and identification of large quaternary mass transport depositions in the slope of South China Sea[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology,2009,29(5):65-72.]
[22]张光学,祝有海,梁金强,等.构造控制型天然气水合物矿藏及其特征[J].现代地质,2006,20(4):605-612.[ZHANG Guangxue,ZHU Youhai,LIANG Jinqiang,et al.Tectonic controls on gas hydrate deposits and their characteristics[J].Geoscience,2006,20(4):605-612.]
[23]Harris P T,Whiteway T.Global distribution of large submarine canyons:geomorphic differences between active and passive continental margins[J].Marine Geology,2011,285(1-4):69-86.
[24]Principaud M,Mulder T,Gillet H,et al.Large-scale carbonate submarine mass-wasting along the northwestern slope of the Great Bahama Bank(Bahamas):morphology,architecture,and mechanisms[J].Sedimentary Geology,2015,317:27-42.
[25]Tournadour E,Mulder T,Borgomano J,et al.Origin and architecture of a Mass Transport Complex on the northwest slope of Little Bahama Bank(Bahamas):relations between off-bank transport,bottom current sedimentation and submarine landslides[J].Sedimentary Geology,2015,317:9-26.
[26]Mulder T,Ducassou E,Gillet H,et al.First discovery of channel–levee complexes in a modern deep-water carbonate slope environment[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2014,84(11):1139-1146.
[27]Wu S G,Yang Z,Wang D W,et al.Architecture,development and geological control of the Xisha carbonate platforms,northwestern South China Sea[J].Marine Geology,2014,350:71-83.
[28]Parsons J D,Friedrichs C T,Traykovski P A,et al.The Mechanics of Marine Sediment Gravity Flows[M]//Nittrouer C A,Austin J A,Austin M E,et al.Continental Margin Sedimentation:From Sediment Transport to Sequence Stratigraphy.Oxford,UK:Blackwell,2007:275-333.
[29]Posamentier H W.Application of 3DSeismic Visualization Techniques for Seismic Stratigraphy,Seismic Geomorphology and Depositional Systems Analysis:Examples from Fluvial to Deep-Marine Depositional Environments[M]//DoréA G,Vining B A.Petroleum Geology:North-West Europe and Global Perspectives-Proceedings of the 6th Petroleum Geology Conference.London:Geological Society,2005:1565-1576.
[2]Tripsanas E K,Piper D J W,Jenner K A,et al.Submarine mass-transport facies:new perspectives on flow processes from cores on the eastern North American margin[J].Sedimentology,2008,55(1):97-136.
[3]汪品先.深海沉积与地球系统[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2009,29(4):1-11.[WANG Pinxian.Deep sea sediments and earth system[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology,2009,29(4):1-11.]
[4]Mienert J.COSTA—continental slope stability:major aims and topics[J].Marine Geology,2004,213(1-4):1-7.
[5]Chester F M,Mori J J,Toczko S,et al.The expedition 343/343T scientists(2012)Japan trench fast drilling project(JFAST)[R].Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Preliminary Report,2012:343/343T.
[6]朱伟林,钟锴,李友川,等.南海北部深水区油气成藏与勘探[J].科学通报,2012,57(20):1833-1841.[ZHU Weilin,ZHONG Kai,LI Youchuan,et al.Characteristics of hydrocarbon accumulation and exploration potential of the northern South China Sea deepwater basins[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2012,57(24):3121-3129.]
[7]王英民,徐强,李冬,等.南海西北部晚中新世的红河海底扇[J].科学通报,2011,56(10):781-787.[WANG Yingmin,XU Qiang,LI Dong,et al.Late Miocene Red River submarine fan,northwestern South China Sea[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2011,56(14):1488-1494,doi:10.1007/s11434-011-4441-z.]
[8]解习农,陈志宏,孙志鹏,等.南海西北陆缘深水沉积体系内部构成特征[J].地球科学-中国地质大学学报,2012,37(4):627-634.[XIE Xinong,CHEN Zhihong,SUN Zhipeng,et al.Depositional architecture characteristics of deepwater depositional systems on the continental margins of northwestern South China Sea[J].Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,2012,37(4):627-634.]
[9]丁巍伟,李家彪,韩喜球,等.南海东北部海底沉积物波的形态、粒度特征及物源、成因分析[J].海洋学报,2010,32(2):96-105.[DING Weiwei,LI Jiabiao,HAN Xiqiu,et al.Geomorphology,grain-size charicteristics,matter source and forming mechanism of sediment waves on the ocean bottom of the northeast South China Sea[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2010,32(2):96-105.]
[10]钟广法,李前裕,郝沪军,等.深水沉积物波及其在南海研究之现状[J].地球科学进展,2007,22(9):907-913.[ZHONG Guangfa,LI Qianyu,HAO Hujun,et al.Current status of deep-water sediment wave studies and the South China Sea perspectives[J].Advances in Earth Science,2007,22(9):907-913.]
[11]Wang D W,Wu S G,LüF L,et al.Seismic Characteristics and Distribution of Large Scale Mass Transport Deposits in the Qiongdongnan Basin,South China Sea[M]//Krastel S,Behrmann J H,V9lker D,et al.Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences:6th International Symposium.Switzerland:Springer,2014:413-422.
[12]Wang D W,Wu S G,Yao G S,et al.Architecture and evolution of deep-water cyclic deposits in the Qiongdongnan Basin,South China Sea:relationship with the Pleistocene climate events[J].Marine Geology,2015,370:43-54.
[13]Wang L,Wu S G,Li Q P,et al.Architecture and development of a multi-stage Baiyun submarine slide complex in the Pearl River Canyon,northern South China Sea[J].Geo-Marine Letters,2014,34(4):327-343.
[14]吴时国,秦志亮,王大伟,等.南海北部陆坡块体搬运沉积体系的地震响应与成因机制[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(12):3184-3195.[WU Shiguo,QIN Zhiliang,WANG Dawei,et al.Seismic characteristics and triggering mechanism analysis of mass transport deposits in the northern continental slope of the South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2011,54(12):3184-3195.]
[15]谢玉洪.南海北部自营深水天然气勘探重大突破及其启示[J].天然气工业,2014,34(10):1-8.[XIE Yuhong.A major breakthrough in deepwater natural gas exploration in a self-run oil/gas field in the northern South China Sea and its enlightenment[J].Natural Gas Industry,2014,34(10):1-8.]
[16]Taylor B,Hayes D E.Origin and History of the South China Sea Basin[M]//Hayes D E.The Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands:Part 2.Washington D C:American Geophysical Union,1983:89-104.
[17]朱伟林,王振峰,米立军,等.南海西沙西科1井层序地层格架与礁生长单元特征[J].地球科学-中国地质大学学报,2015,40(4):677-687.[ZHU Weilin,WANG Zhenfeng,MI Lijun,et al.Sequence Stratigraphic framework and reef growth unit of well Xike-1from Xisha Islands,South China Sea[J].Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,2015,40(4):677-687.]
[18]丁巍伟,黎明碧,赵俐红,等.南海西北次海盆新生代构造-沉积特征及伸展模式探讨[J].地学前缘,2009,16(4):147-156.[DING Weiwei,LI Mingbi,ZHAO Lihong,et al.Cenozoic tectono-sedimentary characteristics and extension model of the Northwest Sub-basin,South China Sea[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2009,16(4):147-156.]
[19]吴时国,秦蕴珊.南海北部陆坡深水沉积体系研究[J].沉积学报,2009,27(5):922-930.[WU Shiguo,QIN Yunshan.The research of deepwater depositional system in the northern South China Sea[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2009,27(5):922-930.]
[20]牛新生,王成善.异地碳酸盐岩块体与碳酸盐岩重力流沉积研究及展望[J].古地理学报,2010,12(1):17-30.[NIU Xinsheng,WANG Chengshan.Problems and prospect in studies of allochthonous carbonate blocks and carbonate gravity flow deposits[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2010,12(1):17-30.]
[21]王大伟,吴时国,秦志亮,等.南海陆坡大型块体搬运体系的结构与识别特征[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2009,29(5):65-72.[WANG Dawei,WU Shiguo,QIN Zhiliang,et al.Architecture and identification of large quaternary mass transport depositions in the slope of South China Sea[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology,2009,29(5):65-72.]
[22]张光学,祝有海,梁金强,等.构造控制型天然气水合物矿藏及其特征[J].现代地质,2006,20(4):605-612.[ZHANG Guangxue,ZHU Youhai,LIANG Jinqiang,et al.Tectonic controls on gas hydrate deposits and their characteristics[J].Geoscience,2006,20(4):605-612.]
[23]Harris P T,Whiteway T.Global distribution of large submarine canyons:geomorphic differences between active and passive continental margins[J].Marine Geology,2011,285(1-4):69-86.
[24]Principaud M,Mulder T,Gillet H,et al.Large-scale carbonate submarine mass-wasting along the northwestern slope of the Great Bahama Bank(Bahamas):morphology,architecture,and mechanisms[J].Sedimentary Geology,2015,317:27-42.
[25]Tournadour E,Mulder T,Borgomano J,et al.Origin and architecture of a Mass Transport Complex on the northwest slope of Little Bahama Bank(Bahamas):relations between off-bank transport,bottom current sedimentation and submarine landslides[J].Sedimentary Geology,2015,317:9-26.
[26]Mulder T,Ducassou E,Gillet H,et al.First discovery of channel–levee complexes in a modern deep-water carbonate slope environment[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2014,84(11):1139-1146.
[27]Wu S G,Yang Z,Wang D W,et al.Architecture,development and geological control of the Xisha carbonate platforms,northwestern South China Sea[J].Marine Geology,2014,350:71-83.
[28]Parsons J D,Friedrichs C T,Traykovski P A,et al.The Mechanics of Marine Sediment Gravity Flows[M]//Nittrouer C A,Austin J A,Austin M E,et al.Continental Margin Sedimentation:From Sediment Transport to Sequence Stratigraphy.Oxford,UK:Blackwell,2007:275-333.
[29]Posamentier H W.Application of 3DSeismic Visualization Techniques for Seismic Stratigraphy,Seismic Geomorphology and Depositional Systems Analysis:Examples from Fluvial to Deep-Marine Depositional Environments[M]//DoréA G,Vining B A.Petroleum Geology:North-West Europe and Global Perspectives-Proceedings of the 6th Petroleum Geology Conference.London:Geological Society,2005:1565-1576.