化肥减施对苹果产量、品质及果园土壤养分的影响
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摘要
为了减轻过量施肥对肥料的浪费及环境问题造成的影响,通过田间试验,比较5种不同施肥处理(FC、FO、FO+pAM、FO+BOF、FO+TEF)对苹果产量、果实品质和土壤养分含量的影响,同时分析不同处理苹果生产成本和经济效益,以确定最佳的施肥量。结果表明,化肥减施可以提高苹果产量和纯收益,与FC相比,FO、FO+pAM、FO+BOF和FO+TEF处理纯收益分别提高11.79%、14.40%、14.96%和4.66%,减量化肥完全可行;其中,FO+BOF处理果实品质最好,糖酸比和维生素C较FC提高27.30%和12.10%。FO+pAM和FO+BOF处理提高了土壤表层0～20cm硝态氮含量;此外,FO+pAM、FO+BOF均可提高叶片全氮、全磷和全钾含量。所以,减量施肥可以提高苹果产量和纯收益以及土壤养分,其中以FO+BOF效果最优,FO+pAM处理次之。
To mitigate the excessive fertilization waste and environmental problems, an experiment of five fertilization treatments(FC, FO, FO+PAM, FO+BOF, FO+TEF) with three replications was conducted. The apple yield, fruit quality, soil nutrient content and leaves nutrient content of each treatment were compared. At the same time, the production cost and economic benefit of apple were analyzed to determine the optimal fertilization treatment. The results indicated that the reduction of fertilization can increase the yield and net income of apple. Compared with FC, the net income of FO, FO+PAM, FO+BOF and FO+TEF increased by 11.79%, 14.40%, 14.96% and 4.66%respectively. At the same time, the best fruit quality occurred in the FO+BOF treatment, and sugar-acid ratio and vitamin C were increased by 27.30% and 12.10% respectively than that of FC, indicating the reduction fertilization is completely feasible. The surface soil(0-20 cm) nitrate N content was increased by FO+PAM and FO+BOF treatment,and the highest value occurred in the FO+BOF treatment. FO+PAM and FO+BOF can improve the content of total N,P and K in leaves. Therefore, reducing fertilization can improve apple yield, net income and soil nutrient. FO+BOF treatment is proved to be the optimal method, and FO+PAM treatment is the second.
To mitigate the excessive fertilization waste and environmental problems, an experiment of five fertilization treatments(FC, FO, FO+PAM, FO+BOF, FO+TEF) with three replications was conducted. The apple yield, fruit quality, soil nutrient content and leaves nutrient content of each treatment were compared. At the same time, the production cost and economic benefit of apple were analyzed to determine the optimal fertilization treatment. The results indicated that the reduction of fertilization can increase the yield and net income of apple. Compared with FC, the net income of FO, FO+PAM, FO+BOF and FO+TEF increased by 11.79%, 14.40%, 14.96% and 4.66%respectively. At the same time, the best fruit quality occurred in the FO+BOF treatment, and sugar-acid ratio and vitamin C were increased by 27.30% and 12.10% respectively than that of FC, indicating the reduction fertilization is completely feasible. The surface soil(0-20 cm) nitrate N content was increased by FO+PAM and FO+BOF treatment,and the highest value occurred in the FO+BOF treatment. FO+PAM and FO+BOF can improve the content of total N,P and K in leaves. Therefore, reducing fertilization can improve apple yield, net income and soil nutrient. FO+BOF treatment is proved to be the optimal method, and FO+PAM treatment is the second.
引文
[1]赵佐平,同延安.不同施肥处理对富士苹果产量、品质及耐贮性的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2016,21(4):26-34.
[2]张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):915-924.
[3]Ju X T,Xing G X,Chen X P,et al.Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2009,106:3041-3046.
[4]Zhang Y Q,Wen M X,Li X P,et al.Long-term fertilization causes excess supply and loss of phosphorus in purple paddy soil[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2014,94:1175-1183.
[5]刘金山,戴健,刘洋,等.过量施氮对旱地土壤碳、氮及供氮能力的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):112-120.
[6]葛顺峰,朱占玲,魏绍冲,等.中国苹果化肥减量增效技术途径与展望[J].园艺学报,2017,44(9):1681-1692.
[7]王燕辉,陈卓,曹禺,等.河北省近20年耕地生态安全动态变化及阻力分析[J].水土保持研究,2017(1):194-199.
[8]Neilsen G H,Neilsen D,Ferree D C,et al.Nutritional requirements of apple//Apples Botany production uses,warrington[M].CABI Publishing,2003:267-302.
[9]Cheng L L,Raba R.Accumulation of macro-and micronutrients and nitrogen demand-supply relationship of‘Gala’/‘Malling 26’apple trees grown in sand culture[J].Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,2009,134(1):3-13.
[10]Siddique M,Ali S,Javed A S.Macronutrient assessment in apple growing region of Punjab[J].Soil Environ,2009,28(2):184-192.
[11]赵亚南,宿敏敏,吕阳,等.减量施肥下小麦产量、肥料利用率和土壤养分平衡[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(4):864-873.
[12]陈正刚,崔宏浩,张钦,等.光叶苕子与化肥减量配施对土壤肥力及玉米产量的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2015(3):411-416.
[13]黄忆红,邱琴,徐益章.氮化肥减量对水稻生产和土壤肥力的影响[J].上海农业科技,2006(2):39-40.
[14]姚春霞,陈振楼,邱琴,等.西瓜设施栽培化肥减量对其产量和品质的影响[J].华北农学报,2005,20(2):76-79.
[15]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[16]蒋仁成,厉志华,李德民.有机肥和无机肥在提高黄潮土肥力中的作用研究[J].土壤学报,1990(2):179-185.
[17]赵佐平,同延安,刘芬,等.长期不同施肥处理对苹果产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(11):3091-3098.
[18]梁玉芹,董畔,宋炳彦,等.肥料减施对设施番茄产量和品质的影响[J].河北农业大学学报,2017,40(1):21-24.
[19]章淑艳,李彩菊,王素花,等.不同施肥水平对红小豆生长发育及养分利用率的影响[J].河北农业大学学报,2016,39(4):12-17.
[20]魏岚,杨少海,邹献中,等.不同土壤调理剂对酸性土壤的改良效果[J].湖南农业大学学报:自科科学版,2010,36(1):77-81.
[21]周国顺,王向东,马艳芝,等.不同沼渣有机肥处理对秋黄瓜产量、抗病性和品质的影响[J].河北农业大学学报,2017,40(2):39-44.
[2]张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):915-924.
[3]Ju X T,Xing G X,Chen X P,et al.Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2009,106:3041-3046.
[4]Zhang Y Q,Wen M X,Li X P,et al.Long-term fertilization causes excess supply and loss of phosphorus in purple paddy soil[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2014,94:1175-1183.
[5]刘金山,戴健,刘洋,等.过量施氮对旱地土壤碳、氮及供氮能力的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):112-120.
[6]葛顺峰,朱占玲,魏绍冲,等.中国苹果化肥减量增效技术途径与展望[J].园艺学报,2017,44(9):1681-1692.
[7]王燕辉,陈卓,曹禺,等.河北省近20年耕地生态安全动态变化及阻力分析[J].水土保持研究,2017(1):194-199.
[8]Neilsen G H,Neilsen D,Ferree D C,et al.Nutritional requirements of apple//Apples Botany production uses,warrington[M].CABI Publishing,2003:267-302.
[9]Cheng L L,Raba R.Accumulation of macro-and micronutrients and nitrogen demand-supply relationship of‘Gala’/‘Malling 26’apple trees grown in sand culture[J].Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,2009,134(1):3-13.
[10]Siddique M,Ali S,Javed A S.Macronutrient assessment in apple growing region of Punjab[J].Soil Environ,2009,28(2):184-192.
[11]赵亚南,宿敏敏,吕阳,等.减量施肥下小麦产量、肥料利用率和土壤养分平衡[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(4):864-873.
[12]陈正刚,崔宏浩,张钦,等.光叶苕子与化肥减量配施对土壤肥力及玉米产量的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2015(3):411-416.
[13]黄忆红,邱琴,徐益章.氮化肥减量对水稻生产和土壤肥力的影响[J].上海农业科技,2006(2):39-40.
[14]姚春霞,陈振楼,邱琴,等.西瓜设施栽培化肥减量对其产量和品质的影响[J].华北农学报,2005,20(2):76-79.
[15]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[16]蒋仁成,厉志华,李德民.有机肥和无机肥在提高黄潮土肥力中的作用研究[J].土壤学报,1990(2):179-185.
[17]赵佐平,同延安,刘芬,等.长期不同施肥处理对苹果产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(11):3091-3098.
[18]梁玉芹,董畔,宋炳彦,等.肥料减施对设施番茄产量和品质的影响[J].河北农业大学学报,2017,40(1):21-24.
[19]章淑艳,李彩菊,王素花,等.不同施肥水平对红小豆生长发育及养分利用率的影响[J].河北农业大学学报,2016,39(4):12-17.
[20]魏岚,杨少海,邹献中,等.不同土壤调理剂对酸性土壤的改良效果[J].湖南农业大学学报:自科科学版,2010,36(1):77-81.
[21]周国顺,王向东,马艳芝,等.不同沼渣有机肥处理对秋黄瓜产量、抗病性和品质的影响[J].河北农业大学学报,2017,40(2):39-44.