GS-3生态固沙剂性能及其浓度对植物生长的影响
|
摘要
该文研究试验一种高效、环保、较低廉的生态固沙剂,为沙漠化防治和生态修复提供新材料与技术储备。该文对GS-3生态固沙剂理化性能及其对植物生长影响进行试验,结果表明:GS-3生态固沙剂固结层渗透性良好,抗压强度均高于2.0MPa,硬度大于40.0mm,质量变化较为小,抗风蚀性能良好;GS-3生态固沙剂对夏季地表高温有显著的抑制作用,并有效保持土壤水分,4.0%浓度乳液的固结层7月份0～5cm土壤温度比对照组降低8.1℃,降幅达31%,8月份0～5cm土壤含水量比对照组高2.8倍;GS-3生态固沙剂的保温、透气、保湿及隔离地表风沙流等特点,对提高植物出苗和促进植物生长作用显著;4.0%GS-3乳液试验区固沙效果最好,但3.0%浓度区植被盖度和生物量最大(是对照组的2.4倍和4.1倍)。综合成本和实际效果,3.0%浓度GS-3生态固沙剂具有较好的环境适应性,是库布齐沙漠及周边地区沙漠化防治如沙漠公路两侧防护、沙漠中基础设施周边沙害防护等的可选固沙材料之一。
China is one of the most serious desertification countries in the world, the desertification area covered 1.72×108 km2, involving 30 provinces(regions), which accounted for about 17.93% of the territory area by the end of 2014. Hobq Desert covering about 1.86×104 km2 is the seventh largest desert in China, which locates in the north of Ordos Plateau, and it is one of the important sandstorm source threatening the Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei urban regions where the linear distance from the Hobq Desert is about 800 km. Moreover, in the eastern part of the Hobq Desert, ten tributaries of the Yellow River cross the desert, and these are called the Ten Tributaries. According to the research results, the annual sediment by floods through the Ten Tributaries could reach as high as 2.37 × 108 t. The sediment causes serious silting in the Yellow River. Therefore, it very urgently needs to control the sandy desertification of Hobq Desert. Generally speaking, there are three kinds of sand-fixation techniques, engineering sand-fixation technique, biological sand-fixation technique and chemical sand-fixation technique. Chemical sand fixing technique sprays chemically bonded materials on the sand dunes to form a consolidation layer to prevent the wind erosion. In this research, we aimed to develop efficient, environmental and low-cost sand-fixing agent in order to provide new material and technical reserve for sandy desertification control and ecological restoration in Hobq Desert. GS-3 ecological sand-fixing agent is modified vinyl acetate polymer(cationic P(VAc-BA-DMC) emulsion), which is non-toxic, tasteless, safe, environment-friendly, good combination and cohesiveness. After spraying, it can form hard, water holding and breathable consolidation layer on the surface of sand. It is suitable for mechanized operation and can be combined with biological sand-fixation measures. Through studying the physical and chemical properties of GS-3 ecological sand-fixing agent, the results showed that: 1) The consolidation layer of GS-3 had great permeability, the compressive strength was over 2 MPa, the hardness reached more than 40 mm, the quality varied slightly, and the resistance to wind erosion was excellent. 2) The GS-3 had great inhibited effect on the high temperature surface in the summer, the soil moisture was maintained effectively. The soil temperature at 0-5 cm depth was decreased by 8.1 ℃ in July. The soil moisture at 0-5 cm depth was 2.8 times higher than the control group in August. 3) The thermal insulation, air permeability, moisture retention and resistance to wind erosion of the GS-3 was of great significance to the plant growth. 4) The 4% GS-3 was the best for sand fixation, but the vegetation coverage and biomass of the 3% GS-3 were the maximum(2.4 times and 4.1 times than the control group). The price of the 3% GS-3 ecological sand-fixing agent is about 2 RMB per square meter in the Hobq Desert, but the high-banded salix psammophila sand-barriers costs about 3 RMB per square meter. With the progress of production technology, the price of the GS-3 ecological sand-fixing agent will continue to decline, which is conducive to popularization and application in large areas. Considering the cost and the effect, the 3% GS-3 was the ideal sand fixation material.
China is one of the most serious desertification countries in the world, the desertification area covered 1.72×108 km2, involving 30 provinces(regions), which accounted for about 17.93% of the territory area by the end of 2014. Hobq Desert covering about 1.86×104 km2 is the seventh largest desert in China, which locates in the north of Ordos Plateau, and it is one of the important sandstorm source threatening the Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei urban regions where the linear distance from the Hobq Desert is about 800 km. Moreover, in the eastern part of the Hobq Desert, ten tributaries of the Yellow River cross the desert, and these are called the Ten Tributaries. According to the research results, the annual sediment by floods through the Ten Tributaries could reach as high as 2.37 × 108 t. The sediment causes serious silting in the Yellow River. Therefore, it very urgently needs to control the sandy desertification of Hobq Desert. Generally speaking, there are three kinds of sand-fixation techniques, engineering sand-fixation technique, biological sand-fixation technique and chemical sand-fixation technique. Chemical sand fixing technique sprays chemically bonded materials on the sand dunes to form a consolidation layer to prevent the wind erosion. In this research, we aimed to develop efficient, environmental and low-cost sand-fixing agent in order to provide new material and technical reserve for sandy desertification control and ecological restoration in Hobq Desert. GS-3 ecological sand-fixing agent is modified vinyl acetate polymer(cationic P(VAc-BA-DMC) emulsion), which is non-toxic, tasteless, safe, environment-friendly, good combination and cohesiveness. After spraying, it can form hard, water holding and breathable consolidation layer on the surface of sand. It is suitable for mechanized operation and can be combined with biological sand-fixation measures. Through studying the physical and chemical properties of GS-3 ecological sand-fixing agent, the results showed that: 1) The consolidation layer of GS-3 had great permeability, the compressive strength was over 2 MPa, the hardness reached more than 40 mm, the quality varied slightly, and the resistance to wind erosion was excellent. 2) The GS-3 had great inhibited effect on the high temperature surface in the summer, the soil moisture was maintained effectively. The soil temperature at 0-5 cm depth was decreased by 8.1 ℃ in July. The soil moisture at 0-5 cm depth was 2.8 times higher than the control group in August. 3) The thermal insulation, air permeability, moisture retention and resistance to wind erosion of the GS-3 was of great significance to the plant growth. 4) The 4% GS-3 was the best for sand fixation, but the vegetation coverage and biomass of the 3% GS-3 were the maximum(2.4 times and 4.1 times than the control group). The price of the 3% GS-3 ecological sand-fixing agent is about 2 RMB per square meter in the Hobq Desert, but the high-banded salix psammophila sand-barriers costs about 3 RMB per square meter. With the progress of production technology, the price of the GS-3 ecological sand-fixing agent will continue to decline, which is conducive to popularization and application in large areas. Considering the cost and the effect, the 3% GS-3 was the ideal sand fixation material.
引文
[1]国家林业局.中国第五次全国荒漠化和沙化状况公报[EB/OL].(2015-12-29)[2016-04-03].http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/69/content-831684.html
[2]Akhtar-Schuster M,Thomas RJ,Stringer LC,et al.Improving the enabling environment to combat land degradation:Institutional,financial,legal and science-policy challenges and solutions[J].Land Degradation&Development,2011,22:299-312.
[3]吴汪洋,张登山,田丽慧,等.青海湖克土沙地沙棘林的防风固沙机制与效益[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(4):777-785.Wu Wangyang,Zhang Dengshan,Tian Lihui,et al.Mechanism and benefit of wind-prevention and sand-fixation of Hippophae rhamnoides forestation in Ketu Sandy Land around Qinghai Lake[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(4):777-785.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]王翔宇,丁国栋,高函,等.带状沙柳沙障的防风固沙效益研究[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(2):42-46.Wang Xiangyu,Ding Guodong,Gao Han,et al.Effect of zonal willow salix psammophila checkerboard on reducing wind and stabilizing sand[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,22(2):42-46.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]徐满厚,刘彤,孙秦明.绿洲-荒漠过渡带防风固沙林疏透度的数字化测定及应用[J].石河子大学学报:自然科学版,2011,29(2):230-235.Xu Manhou,Liu Tong,Sun Qinming.Digitized measurement of and application to shelterbelt porosity of windbreaks and sand-fixation forests at an oasis-desert ecotone[J].Journal of Shihezi University:Natural Science,2011,29(2):230-235.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]孙浩,刘晋浩,黄青青.沙障风荷载作用下嵌固端受力分析[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(2):148-154.Sun Hao,Liu Jinhao,Huang Qingqing.Numerical analysis for force at embedded end of sand barrier under wind loads[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(2):148-154.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]屈建军,喻文波,秦晓波.HDPE功能性固沙障防风效应试验[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(5):1185-1193.Qu Jianjun,Yu Wenbo,Qin Xiaobo.Wind-protecting efficiency of HDPE functional sand-fixing barriers[J].Journal of Desert Research,2014,34(5):1185-1193.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]郭彩贇,韩致文,钟帅,等.库布齐沙漠新材料沙障的风速廓线特征[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(5):260-265.Guo Caiyun,Han Zhiwen,Zhong Shuai,et al.Wind profile characteristics of new materials sand-barriers in Hobq Desert[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,37(5):260-265.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]王银梅,谌文武,韩文峰.新型高分子材料固沙抗风蚀的风洞模拟实验[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(6):12-14.Wang Yinmei,Chen Wenwu,Han Wenfeng.Simulation study on resistances to wind erosion of new polymer material in sand fixation[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,19(6):12-14.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Liu Benli,Zhang Weimin,Qu Jianjun,et al.Controlling windblown sand problems by an artificial gravel surface:Acase study over the gobi surface of the Mogao Grottoes[J].Geomorphology,2011,134(3):461-469.
[11]周明吉,周玉生,孙加亮,等.我国固沙材料研究及应用现状[J].材料导报,2012,26(增刊1):332-334.Zhou Mingji,Zhou Yusheng,Sun Jialiang,et al.Research and application status of sand-fixing materials in China[J].Materials Review,2012,26(Supp.1):332-334.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]铁生年,姜雄,汪长安.化学固沙材料研究进展[J].材料导报,2013,27(5):71-75.Tie Shengnian,Jinag Xiong,Wang Changan.Advances in chemical sand-fixing materials[J].Materials Review,2013,27(5):71-75.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]赖俊华,张凯,王唯树,等.化学固沙材料研究进展及展望[J].中国沙漠,2017,23(4):644-658.Lai Junhua,Zhang Kai,Wang Weishu,et al.Research advances and prospect in chemical sand-fixing materials[J].Journal of Desert Research,2017,23(4):644-658.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]中国石油天然气总公司塔里木石油勘探开发指挥部.塔里木沙漠石油公路[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1996.
[15]韩致文,胡英娣,陈广庭,等.化学工程固沙在塔里木沙漠公路沙害防治中的适宜性[J].环境科学,2000,21(5):86-88.Han Zhiwen,Hu Yingdi,Chen Guangting,et al.The suitability of chemical engineering stabilization in controlling aeolian hazard along the highway in tarim basin[J].Environmental Science,2000,21(5):86-88.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]徐先英,唐进年,金红喜,等.3种新型化学固沙剂的固沙效益实验研究[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(3):62-65.Xu Xianying,Tang Jinnian,Jin Hongxi,et al.Study on sand-fixing benefits of three new-type chemical sand-fixing materials[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,19(3):62-65.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Yang Jun,Wang Fang,Fang Li,et al.Synthesis,characterization and application of a novel chemical sandfixing agent-poly(aspartic acid)and its composites[J].Environmental Pollution,2007,149(1):125-130.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]张松林,田侠,赵首彩,等.多功能高分子固沙剂流动沙丘固定试验研究[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(3):450-452.Zhang Songlin,Tian Xia,Zhao Shoucai,et al.Fixation of moving dune by multi-functional high polymer reagent[J].Journal of Desert Research,2005,25(3):450-452.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]姚正毅,韩致文,赵爱国,等.化学固沙结层的力学强度与抗风蚀能力关系[J].干旱区资源与环境,2009,23(2):191-195.Yao Zhengyi,Han Zhiwen,Zhao Aiguo,et al.Study on crusts shear strength and erodibility of three chemical sand stabilizers[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2009,23(2):191-195.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]Xu Meng.Synthesis and sand-fixing property of cationic poly(Vinyl Acetate-Butyl Acrylate-DMC)copolymer emulsions[J].Journal of Macromolecular Science:Part D,Review in Polymer Procesing,2013,52(9):931-939.
[21]李元元,王占礼.高分子多肽衍生物防治风蚀的风洞试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(5):149-155.Li Yuanyuan,Wang Zhanli.Wind tunnel experiment on polypeptide derivatives in controlling wind erosion[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(5):149-155.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]杨柳.新型化学固沙材料的研制和应用[D].兰州:兰州大学,2011.Yang Liu.The Development and Application Studies of Novel Chemical Sand Fixing Material[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2011.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]刘军,张宇清,秦树高,等.不同喷洒浓度沙蒿胶固沙效果试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(5):149-155.Liu Jun,Zhang Yuqing,Qin Shugao,et al.Sand fixation experiment of Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch.gum with different concentrations[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(5):149-155.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]袁红萍.环保型聚醋酸乙烯酯乳液的改性研究[J].中国胶黏剂,2006,15(2):11-14.Yuan Hongping.Study on the modified environmental protection of polyvinyl acetate(PVAc)emulsion[J].China Adhesives,2006,15(2):11-14.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]Roger T.A review of adhesives for furniture[J].International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives,2000,20(4):269-272.
[26]张在新.胶粘剂世界市场概述[J].中国胶粘剂,1996(5):26-30.Zhang Zaixin.Overview of worldwide adhesives market[J].China Adhesives,1996(5):26-30.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]Gustin J L.Understanding vinyl acetate polymerization accidents[J].Organic Process Research&Development,2005,9(6):962-975.
[28]王安民,孙道兴,张宜恒.耐水性白乳胶的制备研究[J].现代涂料与涂装,2009,12(5):11-12.Wang Anmin,Sun Daoxing,Zhang Yiheng.Study on preparation of waterproof emulsion[J].Modern Paint&Finishing,2009,12(5):11-12.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]Naghash H J,Mallakpour S,Mokhtarian N.Synthesis and characterization of silicone-modified vinyl acetate a-crylic emulsion copolymers[J].Progress in Organic Coatings,2006,55:375-381.
[30]何中为,孙争光,李盛彪,等.有机硅-醋酸乙烯酯复舍乳液的合成[J].有机硅材料,2001,15(5):5-7.He Zhongwei,Sun Zhengguang,Li Shengbiao,et al.Synthesis of PHMS/VAc/NMA composite emulsion[J].Silicone Material,2001,15(5):5-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]鲁琴,黄世强.PHMS/VAc/NMA复合乳液的动力学研究[J].有机硅材料,2002,16(4):5-8.Lu Qin,Huang Shiqiang.Study on kinetic characters of hydrogen-containing siloxane/vinylacetate/n-hydroxymethylacrylamide composite emulsion[J].Silicone Material,2002,16(4):5-8.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[32]张心亚,孙志娟,黄洪,等.有机硅氧烷改性醋酸乙烯酯一丙烯酸酯乳液的合成与性能[J].精细化工,2005,22(8):634-637.Zhang Xinya,Sun Zhijuan,Huang Hong,et al.Synthesis and properties of organosiloxane modified vinyl acetate/acrylate copolymer emulsion[J].Fine Chemicals.2005,22(8):634-637.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[33]段立哲,张丽丹,韩春英,等.淀粉接枝丙烯酸/醋酸乙烯酯环保固沙剂的合成及固沙应用[J].北京化工大学学报:自然科学版,2013,40(3):56-60.Duan Lizhe,Zhang Lidan,Han Chunying,et al.Synthesis and characterization of soluble starch graft polymer as a new sand fixing agent[J].Journal of Beijing University of Chemical Technology:Nature Science,2013,40(3):56-60.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[34]谭立海,张伟民,边凯,等.砾石覆盖固沙措施水土保持作用研究:以库布齐沙漠北缘为例[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(6):172-178.Tan Lihai,Zhang Weimin,Bian Kai,et al.Effect of gravel mulch on soil and water conversation-a case study in the northern edge of Hobq Desert[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,24(6):172-178.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[35]Wu Zhiren,Gao Weiming,Wu Zhishen,et al.Synthesis and characterization of a novel chemical sand-fixing material of hydrophilic polyurethane[J].Journal of the Society of Materials Science,2011,60(7):674-679.
[2]Akhtar-Schuster M,Thomas RJ,Stringer LC,et al.Improving the enabling environment to combat land degradation:Institutional,financial,legal and science-policy challenges and solutions[J].Land Degradation&Development,2011,22:299-312.
[3]吴汪洋,张登山,田丽慧,等.青海湖克土沙地沙棘林的防风固沙机制与效益[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(4):777-785.Wu Wangyang,Zhang Dengshan,Tian Lihui,et al.Mechanism and benefit of wind-prevention and sand-fixation of Hippophae rhamnoides forestation in Ketu Sandy Land around Qinghai Lake[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(4):777-785.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]王翔宇,丁国栋,高函,等.带状沙柳沙障的防风固沙效益研究[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(2):42-46.Wang Xiangyu,Ding Guodong,Gao Han,et al.Effect of zonal willow salix psammophila checkerboard on reducing wind and stabilizing sand[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,22(2):42-46.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]徐满厚,刘彤,孙秦明.绿洲-荒漠过渡带防风固沙林疏透度的数字化测定及应用[J].石河子大学学报:自然科学版,2011,29(2):230-235.Xu Manhou,Liu Tong,Sun Qinming.Digitized measurement of and application to shelterbelt porosity of windbreaks and sand-fixation forests at an oasis-desert ecotone[J].Journal of Shihezi University:Natural Science,2011,29(2):230-235.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]孙浩,刘晋浩,黄青青.沙障风荷载作用下嵌固端受力分析[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(2):148-154.Sun Hao,Liu Jinhao,Huang Qingqing.Numerical analysis for force at embedded end of sand barrier under wind loads[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(2):148-154.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]屈建军,喻文波,秦晓波.HDPE功能性固沙障防风效应试验[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(5):1185-1193.Qu Jianjun,Yu Wenbo,Qin Xiaobo.Wind-protecting efficiency of HDPE functional sand-fixing barriers[J].Journal of Desert Research,2014,34(5):1185-1193.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]郭彩贇,韩致文,钟帅,等.库布齐沙漠新材料沙障的风速廓线特征[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(5):260-265.Guo Caiyun,Han Zhiwen,Zhong Shuai,et al.Wind profile characteristics of new materials sand-barriers in Hobq Desert[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,37(5):260-265.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]王银梅,谌文武,韩文峰.新型高分子材料固沙抗风蚀的风洞模拟实验[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(6):12-14.Wang Yinmei,Chen Wenwu,Han Wenfeng.Simulation study on resistances to wind erosion of new polymer material in sand fixation[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,19(6):12-14.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Liu Benli,Zhang Weimin,Qu Jianjun,et al.Controlling windblown sand problems by an artificial gravel surface:Acase study over the gobi surface of the Mogao Grottoes[J].Geomorphology,2011,134(3):461-469.
[11]周明吉,周玉生,孙加亮,等.我国固沙材料研究及应用现状[J].材料导报,2012,26(增刊1):332-334.Zhou Mingji,Zhou Yusheng,Sun Jialiang,et al.Research and application status of sand-fixing materials in China[J].Materials Review,2012,26(Supp.1):332-334.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]铁生年,姜雄,汪长安.化学固沙材料研究进展[J].材料导报,2013,27(5):71-75.Tie Shengnian,Jinag Xiong,Wang Changan.Advances in chemical sand-fixing materials[J].Materials Review,2013,27(5):71-75.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]赖俊华,张凯,王唯树,等.化学固沙材料研究进展及展望[J].中国沙漠,2017,23(4):644-658.Lai Junhua,Zhang Kai,Wang Weishu,et al.Research advances and prospect in chemical sand-fixing materials[J].Journal of Desert Research,2017,23(4):644-658.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]中国石油天然气总公司塔里木石油勘探开发指挥部.塔里木沙漠石油公路[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1996.
[15]韩致文,胡英娣,陈广庭,等.化学工程固沙在塔里木沙漠公路沙害防治中的适宜性[J].环境科学,2000,21(5):86-88.Han Zhiwen,Hu Yingdi,Chen Guangting,et al.The suitability of chemical engineering stabilization in controlling aeolian hazard along the highway in tarim basin[J].Environmental Science,2000,21(5):86-88.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]徐先英,唐进年,金红喜,等.3种新型化学固沙剂的固沙效益实验研究[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(3):62-65.Xu Xianying,Tang Jinnian,Jin Hongxi,et al.Study on sand-fixing benefits of three new-type chemical sand-fixing materials[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,19(3):62-65.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Yang Jun,Wang Fang,Fang Li,et al.Synthesis,characterization and application of a novel chemical sandfixing agent-poly(aspartic acid)and its composites[J].Environmental Pollution,2007,149(1):125-130.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]张松林,田侠,赵首彩,等.多功能高分子固沙剂流动沙丘固定试验研究[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(3):450-452.Zhang Songlin,Tian Xia,Zhao Shoucai,et al.Fixation of moving dune by multi-functional high polymer reagent[J].Journal of Desert Research,2005,25(3):450-452.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]姚正毅,韩致文,赵爱国,等.化学固沙结层的力学强度与抗风蚀能力关系[J].干旱区资源与环境,2009,23(2):191-195.Yao Zhengyi,Han Zhiwen,Zhao Aiguo,et al.Study on crusts shear strength and erodibility of three chemical sand stabilizers[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2009,23(2):191-195.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]Xu Meng.Synthesis and sand-fixing property of cationic poly(Vinyl Acetate-Butyl Acrylate-DMC)copolymer emulsions[J].Journal of Macromolecular Science:Part D,Review in Polymer Procesing,2013,52(9):931-939.
[21]李元元,王占礼.高分子多肽衍生物防治风蚀的风洞试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(5):149-155.Li Yuanyuan,Wang Zhanli.Wind tunnel experiment on polypeptide derivatives in controlling wind erosion[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(5):149-155.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]杨柳.新型化学固沙材料的研制和应用[D].兰州:兰州大学,2011.Yang Liu.The Development and Application Studies of Novel Chemical Sand Fixing Material[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2011.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]刘军,张宇清,秦树高,等.不同喷洒浓度沙蒿胶固沙效果试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(5):149-155.Liu Jun,Zhang Yuqing,Qin Shugao,et al.Sand fixation experiment of Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch.gum with different concentrations[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(5):149-155.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]袁红萍.环保型聚醋酸乙烯酯乳液的改性研究[J].中国胶黏剂,2006,15(2):11-14.Yuan Hongping.Study on the modified environmental protection of polyvinyl acetate(PVAc)emulsion[J].China Adhesives,2006,15(2):11-14.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]Roger T.A review of adhesives for furniture[J].International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives,2000,20(4):269-272.
[26]张在新.胶粘剂世界市场概述[J].中国胶粘剂,1996(5):26-30.Zhang Zaixin.Overview of worldwide adhesives market[J].China Adhesives,1996(5):26-30.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]Gustin J L.Understanding vinyl acetate polymerization accidents[J].Organic Process Research&Development,2005,9(6):962-975.
[28]王安民,孙道兴,张宜恒.耐水性白乳胶的制备研究[J].现代涂料与涂装,2009,12(5):11-12.Wang Anmin,Sun Daoxing,Zhang Yiheng.Study on preparation of waterproof emulsion[J].Modern Paint&Finishing,2009,12(5):11-12.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]Naghash H J,Mallakpour S,Mokhtarian N.Synthesis and characterization of silicone-modified vinyl acetate a-crylic emulsion copolymers[J].Progress in Organic Coatings,2006,55:375-381.
[30]何中为,孙争光,李盛彪,等.有机硅-醋酸乙烯酯复舍乳液的合成[J].有机硅材料,2001,15(5):5-7.He Zhongwei,Sun Zhengguang,Li Shengbiao,et al.Synthesis of PHMS/VAc/NMA composite emulsion[J].Silicone Material,2001,15(5):5-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]鲁琴,黄世强.PHMS/VAc/NMA复合乳液的动力学研究[J].有机硅材料,2002,16(4):5-8.Lu Qin,Huang Shiqiang.Study on kinetic characters of hydrogen-containing siloxane/vinylacetate/n-hydroxymethylacrylamide composite emulsion[J].Silicone Material,2002,16(4):5-8.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[32]张心亚,孙志娟,黄洪,等.有机硅氧烷改性醋酸乙烯酯一丙烯酸酯乳液的合成与性能[J].精细化工,2005,22(8):634-637.Zhang Xinya,Sun Zhijuan,Huang Hong,et al.Synthesis and properties of organosiloxane modified vinyl acetate/acrylate copolymer emulsion[J].Fine Chemicals.2005,22(8):634-637.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[33]段立哲,张丽丹,韩春英,等.淀粉接枝丙烯酸/醋酸乙烯酯环保固沙剂的合成及固沙应用[J].北京化工大学学报:自然科学版,2013,40(3):56-60.Duan Lizhe,Zhang Lidan,Han Chunying,et al.Synthesis and characterization of soluble starch graft polymer as a new sand fixing agent[J].Journal of Beijing University of Chemical Technology:Nature Science,2013,40(3):56-60.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[34]谭立海,张伟民,边凯,等.砾石覆盖固沙措施水土保持作用研究:以库布齐沙漠北缘为例[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(6):172-178.Tan Lihai,Zhang Weimin,Bian Kai,et al.Effect of gravel mulch on soil and water conversation-a case study in the northern edge of Hobq Desert[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,24(6):172-178.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[35]Wu Zhiren,Gao Weiming,Wu Zhishen,et al.Synthesis and characterization of a novel chemical sand-fixing material of hydrophilic polyurethane[J].Journal of the Society of Materials Science,2011,60(7):674-679.