迟播早熟高产小麦新品种的培育
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摘要
【目的】研究小麦品种(系)播种-拔节和开花-成熟2个阶段发育特性,探讨在育种中聚合两端快速发育特性的可能性,为长江中下游麦区选育迟播早熟高产品种提供依据。【方法】在2012—2013和2013—2014年,通过比较共计18个小麦新品系及生产上部分推广品种的冬前及越冬期单株叶片数、茎蘖数,籽粒灌浆特性相关指标等,筛选具有两端快速发育特性的品种(系);2014—2015年,在适期播种(11月5日)和迟播(11月19日)条件下,研究扬麦16和其他4个品种不同生育时期群体结构(茎蘖数、叶面积指数、干物质积累量)和产量及其构成的差异,分析具有两端快速发育特性品种扬麦16迟播高产的生长发育机理。【结果】2012—2013年,富F101冬前及越冬期叶片数、茎蘖数均较高,显著高于镇10216,具有前端快速发育特征,但后期灌浆速率较慢;宁09-118和镇10216最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率较高,灌浆持续时间长,粒重显著高于其他品种,具有后端快速发育特征,但前期生长发育较慢。2013—2014年,富F101冬前及越冬期茎蘖数均表现较高,镇10216最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率均最高,理论粒重最大,2个品系继续分别表现出前端和后端快速发育特性;扬麦16冬前茎蘖数高于富F101,越冬期茎蘖数与富F101无显著差异;后期最大灌浆速率大于2.0 mg/(粒·d),与镇10216差异不显著,且平均灌浆速率较高,较好地结合了两端快速发育的特性。2014—2015年,迟播条件下,扬麦16越冬期茎蘖数、叶面积指数及干物质积累量均表现最大,显著高于宁麦13;在适期播种条件下,扬麦16产量低于扬麦22,与扬麦20、扬麦23和宁麦13差异不显著,但在迟播条件下产量显著高于扬麦20、宁麦13,与扬麦22、扬麦23无显著差异,与适期播种相比减产幅度最小,减产5.2%,千粒重高而稳定,达40 g以上。【结论】品种间两端快速发育特性存在显著差异,结合两端快速发育特性的品种能够实现迟播高产,同时保证适期播种取得较高产量。扬麦16冬前生长发育快,越冬期能保持一定生长量及分蘖发生量;快速灌浆持续时间长,平均灌浆速率、峰值灌浆速率大,粒重高;迟播早熟高产,这是其大面积推广的重要原因。
【Objective】The objectives of this study were to investigate the growth characteristics during the period from sowing to elongation and from anthesis to maturity in wheat cultivars(varieties), and to explore the possibility of breeding new cultivars with the feature of rapid growth at both early and late stages to achieve high yield and early maturity under late sowing condition in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river. 【Method】 In the seasons of 2012-2013 and 2013-2014, experiments were conducted to compare leaf number, stem and tiller number and the parameters of grain filling among 18 new wheat lines and cultivars for screening the cultivar with rapid development at both early and late growth stages. In the season of 2014-2015, the differences of stem and tiller number, leaf area index(LAI), dry matter accumulation, yield and yield components were analyzed among Yangmai16 and other 4 cultivars under the conditions of the normal(5 th Nov.) and late(19 th Nov.) sowing time to clarify the growth mechanics of high-yield about Yangmai 16 with rapid development at both early and late growth stages under late-sowing treatment.【Result】 Fu F101 showed a rapid development at early growth stage with a significantly higher number of leaves and tillers(before winter and during winter period) than Zhen 10216 in the 2012-2013, Ning 09-118 and Zhen 10216 had longer grain filling and rapid development at late growth stage with higher maximum grain filling rate(Gmax) and mean grain filling rate(Gmean) thus higher grain weight than other cultivars. The 2013-2014 trial showed similar results with Fu F101 performing rapid development at early stage and Zhen 10216 at late stage. Yangmai 16 produced even more tillers than Fu F101 before winter and similar tillers to Fu F101 during winter period. Meanwhile, both Gmean and Gmax of Yangmai 16 were similar to Zhen 10216 with Gmax being more than 2.0 mg/(grain·d). LAI, stem and tiller number and dry matter accumulation of Yangmai 16 in winter period were significantly higher than Ningmai 13 and other cultivars. In 2014-2015 trial, the yield of Yangmai 16 was lower than Yangmai 22 and similar to Yangmai 20,Yangmai 23 and Ningmai 13 under normal sowing time. However, under late sowing, the yield of Yangmai 16 was significantly higher than Yangmai 20 and Ningmai 13 and had the lowest yield reduction(5.2%) compared to other cultivars.【Conclusion】Significant differences were found among varieties in the rate of development at early and late growth stages. The rapid development at both early and late stages of Yangmai 16 makes it an excellent variety with not only a reasonable yield under normal sowing date but minimum yield reduction under late sowing. In summary, rapid development at both early and late stages can be used as a key criterion for selecting wheat varieties suitable for late sowing.
【Objective】The objectives of this study were to investigate the growth characteristics during the period from sowing to elongation and from anthesis to maturity in wheat cultivars(varieties), and to explore the possibility of breeding new cultivars with the feature of rapid growth at both early and late stages to achieve high yield and early maturity under late sowing condition in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river. 【Method】 In the seasons of 2012-2013 and 2013-2014, experiments were conducted to compare leaf number, stem and tiller number and the parameters of grain filling among 18 new wheat lines and cultivars for screening the cultivar with rapid development at both early and late growth stages. In the season of 2014-2015, the differences of stem and tiller number, leaf area index(LAI), dry matter accumulation, yield and yield components were analyzed among Yangmai16 and other 4 cultivars under the conditions of the normal(5 th Nov.) and late(19 th Nov.) sowing time to clarify the growth mechanics of high-yield about Yangmai 16 with rapid development at both early and late growth stages under late-sowing treatment.【Result】 Fu F101 showed a rapid development at early growth stage with a significantly higher number of leaves and tillers(before winter and during winter period) than Zhen 10216 in the 2012-2013, Ning 09-118 and Zhen 10216 had longer grain filling and rapid development at late growth stage with higher maximum grain filling rate(Gmax) and mean grain filling rate(Gmean) thus higher grain weight than other cultivars. The 2013-2014 trial showed similar results with Fu F101 performing rapid development at early stage and Zhen 10216 at late stage. Yangmai 16 produced even more tillers than Fu F101 before winter and similar tillers to Fu F101 during winter period. Meanwhile, both Gmean and Gmax of Yangmai 16 were similar to Zhen 10216 with Gmax being more than 2.0 mg/(grain·d). LAI, stem and tiller number and dry matter accumulation of Yangmai 16 in winter period were significantly higher than Ningmai 13 and other cultivars. In 2014-2015 trial, the yield of Yangmai 16 was lower than Yangmai 22 and similar to Yangmai 20,Yangmai 23 and Ningmai 13 under normal sowing time. However, under late sowing, the yield of Yangmai 16 was significantly higher than Yangmai 20 and Ningmai 13 and had the lowest yield reduction(5.2%) compared to other cultivars.【Conclusion】Significant differences were found among varieties in the rate of development at early and late growth stages. The rapid development at both early and late stages of Yangmai 16 makes it an excellent variety with not only a reasonable yield under normal sowing date but minimum yield reduction under late sowing. In summary, rapid development at both early and late stages can be used as a key criterion for selecting wheat varieties suitable for late sowing.
引文
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