A study of the spatial-temporal distribution and propagation characteristics of internal waves in the Andaman Sea using MODIS
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摘要
This paper describes investigations of the internal waves in the Andaman Sea using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) imagery over the period of June 2010 to May 2016. Results of the spatial and temporal distribution, generation sources and propagation characteristics of internal waves are presented. The statistical analysis shows that internal waves can be observed in almost the entire area of the Andaman Sea. Most internal waves are observed in the northern, central and southern regions of the Andaman Sea. A significant number of internal waves between 7°N and 9°N in the East Indian Ocean are also observed. Internal waves can be observed year-round in the Andaman Sea, while most of internal waves are observed between February and April, with a maximum frequency of 15.03% in March. The seasonal distribution of the internal waves shows that the internal waves have mostly been observed in the dry season(February to April), and fewer internal waves are observed in the rainy season(May to October). The double peak distribution for the occurrence frequency of internal waves is found. With respect to the lunar influence, more internal waves are observed after the spring tide, which implies the spring tide may play an important role in internal wave generation in the Andaman Sea. Generation sources of internal waves are explored based on the propagation characteristics of internal waves. The results indicate that six sources are located between the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands, and one is located in the northern Andaman Sea. Four regions with active internal wave phenomenon in the Andaman Sea were presented during the MODIS survey, and the propagation speed of internal waves calculated based on the semidiurnal generation period is smaller than the results acquired from pairs of the images with short time intervals.
This paper describes investigations of the internal waves in the Andaman Sea using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) imagery over the period of June 2010 to May 2016. Results of the spatial and temporal distribution, generation sources and propagation characteristics of internal waves are presented. The statistical analysis shows that internal waves can be observed in almost the entire area of the Andaman Sea. Most internal waves are observed in the northern, central and southern regions of the Andaman Sea. A significant number of internal waves between 7°N and 9°N in the East Indian Ocean are also observed. Internal waves can be observed year-round in the Andaman Sea, while most of internal waves are observed between February and April, with a maximum frequency of 15.03% in March. The seasonal distribution of the internal waves shows that the internal waves have mostly been observed in the dry season(February to April), and fewer internal waves are observed in the rainy season(May to October). The double peak distribution for the occurrence frequency of internal waves is found. With respect to the lunar influence, more internal waves are observed after the spring tide, which implies the spring tide may play an important role in internal wave generation in the Andaman Sea. Generation sources of internal waves are explored based on the propagation characteristics of internal waves. The results indicate that six sources are located between the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands, and one is located in the northern Andaman Sea. Four regions with active internal wave phenomenon in the Andaman Sea were presented during the MODIS survey, and the propagation speed of internal waves calculated based on the semidiurnal generation period is smaller than the results acquired from pairs of the images with short time intervals.
This paper describes investigations of the internal waves in the Andaman Sea using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) imagery over the period of June 2010 to May 2016. Results of the spatial and temporal distribution, generation sources and propagation characteristics of internal waves are presented. The statistical analysis shows that internal waves can be observed in almost the entire area of the Andaman Sea. Most internal waves are observed in the northern, central and southern regions of the Andaman Sea. A significant number of internal waves between 7°N and 9°N in the East Indian Ocean are also observed. Internal waves can be observed year-round in the Andaman Sea, while most of internal waves are observed between February and April, with a maximum frequency of 15.03% in March. The seasonal distribution of the internal waves shows that the internal waves have mostly been observed in the dry season(February to April), and fewer internal waves are observed in the rainy season(May to October). The double peak distribution for the occurrence frequency of internal waves is found. With respect to the lunar influence, more internal waves are observed after the spring tide, which implies the spring tide may play an important role in internal wave generation in the Andaman Sea. Generation sources of internal waves are explored based on the propagation characteristics of internal waves. The results indicate that six sources are located between the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands, and one is located in the northern Andaman Sea. Four regions with active internal wave phenomenon in the Andaman Sea were presented during the MODIS survey, and the propagation speed of internal waves calculated based on the semidiurnal generation period is smaller than the results acquired from pairs of the images with short time intervals.
引文
Alpers W,Heng Wangchen,Hock L.1997.Observation of internal waves in the Andaman Sea by ERS SAR.In:Proceedings of 1997IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings.Remote Sensing-A Scientific Vision for Sustainable.Singapore:IEEE,1518-1520
Da Silva J C B,Magalhaes J M.2016.Internal solitons in the Andaman Sea:a new look at an old problem.In:Proceedings of SPIE9999,Remote Sensing of the Ocean,Sea Ice,Coastal Waters,and Large Water Regions.Edinburgh,United Kingdom:SPIE,1-13
Fraser N.1998.Natural phenomena abound in the Bay of Bengal.Professional Mariner,30:20-21
Fraser N.1999.Surfing an oil rig.Energy Review,20-24
Haury L R,Briscoe M G,Orr M H.1979.Tidally generated internal wave packets in Massachusetts Bay.Nature,278(5702):312-317,doi:10.1038/278312a0
Ho C R,Su Fengchun,Kuo N J,et al.2009.Internal wave observations in the northern South China Sea from Satellite Ocean color imagery.In:Oceans 2009-EUROPE.Bremen,Germany:IEEE,1-5
Hong D B,Yang Chansu,Ouchi K.2015.Estimation of internal wave velocity in the shallow South China Sea using single and multiple satellite images.Remote Sensing Letters,6(6):448-457,doi:10.1080/2150704X.2015.1034884
Hsu M K,Hsieh C H,Ho C R,et al.2014.Nonlinear internal waves in the Andaman Sea.Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,18(3):161-173
Hyder P,Jeans D R G,Cauquil E,et al.2005.Observations and predictability of internal solitons in the northern Andaman Sea.Applied Ocean Research,27(1):1-11,doi:10.1016/j.apor.2005.07.001
Jackson C.2007.Internal wave detection using the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS).Journal of Geophysical Research,112(C11):C11012,doi:10.1029/2007JC004220
Jackson C R,Apel J R.2004.An atlas of internal solitary-like waves and their properties,2nd edition.Alexandria,VA,USA:Global Ocean Associates,176
Mohanty S,Devendra Rao A.2017.Numerical simulation of internal waves in the Andaman Sea.In:EGU General Assembly 2017.Vienna,Austria:EGU
Osborne A R,Burch T L.1980.Internal solitons in the Andaman Sea.Science,208(4443):451-460,doi:10.1126/science.208.4443.451
Rizal S,Damm P,Wahid M A,et al.2012.General circulation in the Malacca Strait and Andaman Sea:a numerical model study.American Journal of Environmental Sciences,8(5):479-488,doi:10.3844/ajessp.2012.479.488
Shimizu K,Nakayama K.2017.Effects of topography and Earth's rotation on the oblique interaction of internal solitary-like waves in the Andaman Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research,122(9):7449-7465
Stanton T P,Ostrovsky L A.1998.Observations of highly nonlinear internal solitons over the continental shelf.Geophysical Research Letters,25(14):2695-2698,doi:10.1029/98GL01772
Su Bo.2012.Research on the influence of the nearshore ecosystems and physical process of the Andaman Sea(in Chinese)[dissertation].Qingdao:The First Institute of Oceanography,State Oceanic Administration
Vlasenko V,Alpers W.2005.Generation of secondary internal waves by the interaction of an internal solitary wave with an underwater bank.Journal of Geophysical Research,110(C2):C02019
Xie Zhihong.2004.Study on the source and evolution of nonlinear internal waves in the Andaman Sea with SAR and MODIS satellite data(in Chinese)[dissertation].Keelung:Taiwan Ocean University
Zheng Quanan,Susanto R D,Ho C R,et al.2007.Statistical and dynamical analyses of generation mechanisms of solitary internal waves in the northern South China Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research,112(C3):C03021
Zhou Liying,Yang Jingsong,Wang Juan,et al.2017.Spatio-temporal distribution of internal waves in the Andaman Sea based on satellite remote sensing.In:Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing,BioMedical Engineering and Informatics.Datong,China:IEEE,624-628
Da Silva J C B,Magalhaes J M.2016.Internal solitons in the Andaman Sea:a new look at an old problem.In:Proceedings of SPIE9999,Remote Sensing of the Ocean,Sea Ice,Coastal Waters,and Large Water Regions.Edinburgh,United Kingdom:SPIE,1-13
Fraser N.1998.Natural phenomena abound in the Bay of Bengal.Professional Mariner,30:20-21
Fraser N.1999.Surfing an oil rig.Energy Review,20-24
Haury L R,Briscoe M G,Orr M H.1979.Tidally generated internal wave packets in Massachusetts Bay.Nature,278(5702):312-317,doi:10.1038/278312a0
Ho C R,Su Fengchun,Kuo N J,et al.2009.Internal wave observations in the northern South China Sea from Satellite Ocean color imagery.In:Oceans 2009-EUROPE.Bremen,Germany:IEEE,1-5
Hong D B,Yang Chansu,Ouchi K.2015.Estimation of internal wave velocity in the shallow South China Sea using single and multiple satellite images.Remote Sensing Letters,6(6):448-457,doi:10.1080/2150704X.2015.1034884
Hsu M K,Hsieh C H,Ho C R,et al.2014.Nonlinear internal waves in the Andaman Sea.Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,18(3):161-173
Hyder P,Jeans D R G,Cauquil E,et al.2005.Observations and predictability of internal solitons in the northern Andaman Sea.Applied Ocean Research,27(1):1-11,doi:10.1016/j.apor.2005.07.001
Jackson C.2007.Internal wave detection using the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS).Journal of Geophysical Research,112(C11):C11012,doi:10.1029/2007JC004220
Jackson C R,Apel J R.2004.An atlas of internal solitary-like waves and their properties,2nd edition.Alexandria,VA,USA:Global Ocean Associates,176
Mohanty S,Devendra Rao A.2017.Numerical simulation of internal waves in the Andaman Sea.In:EGU General Assembly 2017.Vienna,Austria:EGU
Osborne A R,Burch T L.1980.Internal solitons in the Andaman Sea.Science,208(4443):451-460,doi:10.1126/science.208.4443.451
Rizal S,Damm P,Wahid M A,et al.2012.General circulation in the Malacca Strait and Andaman Sea:a numerical model study.American Journal of Environmental Sciences,8(5):479-488,doi:10.3844/ajessp.2012.479.488
Shimizu K,Nakayama K.2017.Effects of topography and Earth's rotation on the oblique interaction of internal solitary-like waves in the Andaman Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research,122(9):7449-7465
Stanton T P,Ostrovsky L A.1998.Observations of highly nonlinear internal solitons over the continental shelf.Geophysical Research Letters,25(14):2695-2698,doi:10.1029/98GL01772
Su Bo.2012.Research on the influence of the nearshore ecosystems and physical process of the Andaman Sea(in Chinese)[dissertation].Qingdao:The First Institute of Oceanography,State Oceanic Administration
Vlasenko V,Alpers W.2005.Generation of secondary internal waves by the interaction of an internal solitary wave with an underwater bank.Journal of Geophysical Research,110(C2):C02019
Xie Zhihong.2004.Study on the source and evolution of nonlinear internal waves in the Andaman Sea with SAR and MODIS satellite data(in Chinese)[dissertation].Keelung:Taiwan Ocean University
Zheng Quanan,Susanto R D,Ho C R,et al.2007.Statistical and dynamical analyses of generation mechanisms of solitary internal waves in the northern South China Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research,112(C3):C03021
Zhou Liying,Yang Jingsong,Wang Juan,et al.2017.Spatio-temporal distribution of internal waves in the Andaman Sea based on satellite remote sensing.In:Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing,BioMedical Engineering and Informatics.Datong,China:IEEE,624-628