2001—2017年祁连山积雪面积时空变化特征
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摘要
科学监测祁连山积雪面积及变化特征对该区域气候研究、雪水资源开发利用、环境灾害预报及生态环境保护等具有重要意义。基于2001—2017年MOD10A2积雪产品和气象数据,分析祁连山积雪面积动态变化特征及与气温降水关系。结果显示:(1) 2001—2017年祁连山积雪面积年际波动趋势较大,呈减小趋势,多年平均积雪面积约为5×104km2,占祁连山总面积的25. 9%;年内变化成"M"型,即在一个积雪年中有两个波峰和波谷,波峰出现在11月和1月,波谷出现在7月;季节变化波动趋势较大,夏冬季积雪面积减小趋势大于春季,秋季呈现略微增加趋势。(2)祁连山区积雪面积主要分布在3 000～4 000 m及4 000～5 000 m,积雪覆盖率随着海拔上升呈现逐渐增大的趋势;祁连山区不同坡向积雪覆盖面积差异较大,积雪覆盖率差异较小;积雪频率高值区呈典型的条带状分布,与祁连山地形相一致,呈西北—东南分布,且分布西部大于东部。(3)初步分析认为祁连山积雪面积变化对气温要素更敏感。
To monitor scientifically the snow cover and its change characteristics in the Qilian Mountains if of important significance for the regional climate research,the development and utilization of snow meltwater,the forecast of natural disasters and ecological environmental protection. Based on the MOD10A2 snow products and meteorological data from 2001 to 2017,the dynamic changes of snow cover in the Qilian Mountains and its relationship with temperature and precipitation were analyzed. The results show as follows:( 1) The average snow cover area in the Qilian Mountains was about 5 × 104km2 which accounted for 25. 9% of its total area. The snow cover between 2001 and 2017 has a large inter-annual fluctuation trend showing a pattern of letter "M " which meant the Qilian Mountains has two peaks and one trough in terms of the snow cover in a year. The peak positions appeared in November and January,and the trough appeared in July. The snow cover had a relatively large seasonal variation trend which had a bigger decreasing tendency in summer and winter than that in spring and a slight increase trend in autumn.( 2) The snow cover area in Qilian Mountains was mainly located in the places of an altitude in the range between 3 000 m and 5 000 m,and the snow cover tended to increase with the elevation. There was a big difference in snow cover area in different aspects in Qilian Mountains yet with a small snow coverage rate. The high-snow frequency zones showed a typical banded distribution which is basically consistent with the distribution of the Qilian Mountains,and the areas with high value of snow accumulation were much more in the west than those in the east.( 3) The preliminary analysis showed that the change of snow area in Qilian Mountains was more sensitive to the temperature.
To monitor scientifically the snow cover and its change characteristics in the Qilian Mountains if of important significance for the regional climate research,the development and utilization of snow meltwater,the forecast of natural disasters and ecological environmental protection. Based on the MOD10A2 snow products and meteorological data from 2001 to 2017,the dynamic changes of snow cover in the Qilian Mountains and its relationship with temperature and precipitation were analyzed. The results show as follows:( 1) The average snow cover area in the Qilian Mountains was about 5 × 104km2 which accounted for 25. 9% of its total area. The snow cover between 2001 and 2017 has a large inter-annual fluctuation trend showing a pattern of letter "M " which meant the Qilian Mountains has two peaks and one trough in terms of the snow cover in a year. The peak positions appeared in November and January,and the trough appeared in July. The snow cover had a relatively large seasonal variation trend which had a bigger decreasing tendency in summer and winter than that in spring and a slight increase trend in autumn.( 2) The snow cover area in Qilian Mountains was mainly located in the places of an altitude in the range between 3 000 m and 5 000 m,and the snow cover tended to increase with the elevation. There was a big difference in snow cover area in different aspects in Qilian Mountains yet with a small snow coverage rate. The high-snow frequency zones showed a typical banded distribution which is basically consistent with the distribution of the Qilian Mountains,and the areas with high value of snow accumulation were much more in the west than those in the east.( 3) The preliminary analysis showed that the change of snow area in Qilian Mountains was more sensitive to the temperature.
引文
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[2] ARMSTRONG R L,BRUN E. Snow and climate:Physical processes,surface energy exchange and modeling[J]. Polar Research,2010,29(3):461-462.
[3] ARMS TRONG R L,BRUN E. Snow and climate:Physical processes,surface energy exchange and modeling[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge Vniversity Press,2008:222.
[4] HUSLER F,JONAS T,RIFFLER M,et al. A satellite-based snow cover climatology(1985-2011)for the European Alps derived from AVHRR data[J]. Cryosphere,2014,8(1):73-90.
[5]沈永平,苏宏超,王国亚,等.新疆冰川、积雪对气候变化的响应(Ⅰ):水文效应[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(3):513-527.[SHEN Yongping,SU Hongchao,WANG Guoya,et al. The response of glaciers and snow cover to climate change in Xinjiang(Ⅰ):Hydrological effect[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(3):513-527.]
[6]刘俊峰,陈仁升.基于MODIS双卫星积雪遥感数据的积雪日数空间分布研究[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(3):504-511.[LIU Junfeng,CHEN Rensheng. Validation MODIS snow covered days by the combined using of MODIS Aqua and Terra snow cover products and in-suit observation all over China[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2011,33(3):504-511.]
[7]石光普,石圆圆,郭俊庭,等.气候变暖背景下祁连山区春季积雨云变化特征[J].地理科学进展,2013,29(3):847-854.[SHI Guangpu,SHI Yuanyuan,Guo Junting,et al. Characteristics of the changes of springtime cumulonimbus(Cb)clouds in Qilian Mt. region under the background of global warming[J]. Progress in Geography,2013,29(3):847-854.]
[8]陈乾,陈添宇.祁连山区季节性积雪资源的气候分析[J].地理研究,1991,10(1):24-38.[CHEN Qian,CHEN Qianyu. Climatical analysis of seasonal snow resources in Qilian Mt[J]. Geographical Research,1991,10(1):24-38.]
[9]郭铌,杨兰芳,李民轩.利用气象卫星资料研究祁连山区植被和积雪变化[J].应用气象学报,2003,14(6):700-707.[GUO Ni,YANG Lanfang,LI Minxuan. Study of change of vegetation and snow area in Qilian Mountains using meteorology satellite data[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2003,14(6):700-707.]
[10]王劲松,郭江勇,魏锋.近46 a来祁连山区积雪深度的演变特征[C]∥中国气象学会2008年会. 2008.[WANG Jinsong,GUO Jiangyong,WEI Feng. Evolution characteristics of snow depth in the Qilian Mountains in recent 46 years[C]∥China Meteorological Society 2008 Meeting,2008]
[11]张杰,韩涛,王建.祁连山区1997—2004年积雪面积和雪线高度变化分析[J].冰川冻土,2005,27(5):649-654.[ZHANG Jie,HAN Tao,WANG Jian. Changes of snow cover area and snowline altitude in the Qilian Mountains,1997-2004[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2005,27(5):649-654.]
[12]王金叶,常宗强,金博文,等.祁连山林区积雪分布规律调查[J].西北林学院学报,2001,16(增刊1):14-16.[WANG Jinye,CHANG Zongqiang,JIN Bowen,et al. Investigation on distribution rule of snowpack in Qilian Mountains forest region[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2001,16(Supp1):14-16.]
[13]孙美平,刘时银,姚晓军,等.近50年来祁连山冰川变化——基于中国第一、二次冰川编目数据[J].地理学报,2015,70(9):1402-1414.[SUN Meiping,LIU Shiyin,YAO Xiaojun,et al. Glacier changes in the Qilian Mountains in the past half century:Based on the revised First and Second Chinese Glacier Inventory[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(9):1402-1414.]
[14]尹宪志,张强,徐启运,等.近50年来祁连山区气候变化特征研究[J].高原气象,2009,28(1):85-90.[YIN Xianzhi,ZHANG Qiang,XU Qiyun,et al. Characteristics of climate change in Qilian Mountains region in recent 50 years[J]. Plateau Meteorology,2009,28(1):85-90.]
[15]强芳,张明军,王圣杰,等.基于格点数据的1961—2012年祁连山面雨量特征分析[J].地理学报,2015,70(7):1125-1136.[QIANG Fang,ZHANG Mingjun,WANG Shengjie,et al.Changes of areal precipitation based on gridded dataset in Qilian Mountains during 1961-2012[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(7):1125-1136.]
[16]巩宁刚,孙美平,闫露霞,等. 1979—2016年祁连山地区大气水汽含量时空特征及其与降水的关系[J].干旱区地理,2017,40(4):762-771.[GONG Ninggang,SUN Meiping,YAN Luxia,et al. Temporal and spatial characteristics of atmospheric water vapor and its relationship with precipitation in Qilian Mountains during1979-2016[J]. Arid Land Geography,2017,40(4):762-771.]
[17] ZYL J J V. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission(SRTM):A breakthrough in remote sensing of topography[J]. Acta Astronautica,2001,48(5-12):559-565.
[18] SALOMONSON V V,APPEL I. Estimating fractional snow cover from MODIS using the normalized difference snow index[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment,2004,89(3):351-360.
[19]党素珍,刘昌明,王中根,等.近10年黑河流域上游积雪时空分布特征及变化趋势[J].资源科学,2012,34(8):1574-1581.[DANG Suzhen,LIU Changming,WANG Zhonggen,et al.Spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of snow cover in the upper reaches of Heihe River Basin over the past 10 years and the variation trend[J]. Resources Science,2012,34(8):1574-1581]
[20] VALT M,CIANFARRA P. Recent snow cover variability in the Italian Alps[J]. Cold Regions Science&Technology,2010,64(2):146-157.
[21]蔡迪花,郭铌,王兴,等.基于MODIS的祁连山区积雪时空变化特征[J].冰川冻土,2009,31(6):39-47.[CAI Dihua,GUO Ni,WANG Xing,et al. The spatial and temporal variations of snow cover over the Qilian Mountains based on MODIS data[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2009,31(6):39-47.]
[22]韩兰英,孙兰东,张存杰,等.祁连山东段积雪面积变化及其区域气候响应[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(5):109-112.[HAN Lanying,SUN Landong,ZHANG Cunjie,et al. The snow coverage change in eastern section of Qilian Mountain and its responding to regional climate[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2011,25(5):109-112.]
[23]王兴,张强,郭铌,等.祁连山区冬半年积雪分布及变化的遥感研究[J].高原气象,2010,29(2):366-372.[WANG Xing,ZHANG Qiang,GUO NI,et al. Remote sensing research of snow cover distribution and variation in Qilian Mountains in the winter half year of 1996-2002[J]. Plateu Meteorology,2010,29(2):366-372.]
[24]马丽娟,秦大河. 1957—2009年中国台站观测的关键积雪参数时空变化特征[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(1):1-11.[MA Lijuan,QIN Dahe. Spatial-temporal characteristics of observed key parameters for snow cover in China during 1957-2009[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(1):1-11.]
[25]张廷军,钟歆玥.欧亚大陆积雪分布及其类型划分[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(3):481-490.[ZHANG Tingjun,ZHONG Xinyue.Classification and regionalization of the seasonal snow cover across the Eurasian Continent[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(3):481-490.]
[26]李岩瑛,张强,孙爱芝,等.祁连山及周边地区降雪气候特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(3):383-391.[LI Yanying,ZHANG Qiang,SUN Aizhi,et al. Climate characteristics of snowfall over the Qilian Mountain and its ambient areas[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(3):383-391.]
[2] ARMSTRONG R L,BRUN E. Snow and climate:Physical processes,surface energy exchange and modeling[J]. Polar Research,2010,29(3):461-462.
[3] ARMS TRONG R L,BRUN E. Snow and climate:Physical processes,surface energy exchange and modeling[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge Vniversity Press,2008:222.
[4] HUSLER F,JONAS T,RIFFLER M,et al. A satellite-based snow cover climatology(1985-2011)for the European Alps derived from AVHRR data[J]. Cryosphere,2014,8(1):73-90.
[5]沈永平,苏宏超,王国亚,等.新疆冰川、积雪对气候变化的响应(Ⅰ):水文效应[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(3):513-527.[SHEN Yongping,SU Hongchao,WANG Guoya,et al. The response of glaciers and snow cover to climate change in Xinjiang(Ⅰ):Hydrological effect[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(3):513-527.]
[6]刘俊峰,陈仁升.基于MODIS双卫星积雪遥感数据的积雪日数空间分布研究[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(3):504-511.[LIU Junfeng,CHEN Rensheng. Validation MODIS snow covered days by the combined using of MODIS Aqua and Terra snow cover products and in-suit observation all over China[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2011,33(3):504-511.]
[7]石光普,石圆圆,郭俊庭,等.气候变暖背景下祁连山区春季积雨云变化特征[J].地理科学进展,2013,29(3):847-854.[SHI Guangpu,SHI Yuanyuan,Guo Junting,et al. Characteristics of the changes of springtime cumulonimbus(Cb)clouds in Qilian Mt. region under the background of global warming[J]. Progress in Geography,2013,29(3):847-854.]
[8]陈乾,陈添宇.祁连山区季节性积雪资源的气候分析[J].地理研究,1991,10(1):24-38.[CHEN Qian,CHEN Qianyu. Climatical analysis of seasonal snow resources in Qilian Mt[J]. Geographical Research,1991,10(1):24-38.]
[9]郭铌,杨兰芳,李民轩.利用气象卫星资料研究祁连山区植被和积雪变化[J].应用气象学报,2003,14(6):700-707.[GUO Ni,YANG Lanfang,LI Minxuan. Study of change of vegetation and snow area in Qilian Mountains using meteorology satellite data[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2003,14(6):700-707.]
[10]王劲松,郭江勇,魏锋.近46 a来祁连山区积雪深度的演变特征[C]∥中国气象学会2008年会. 2008.[WANG Jinsong,GUO Jiangyong,WEI Feng. Evolution characteristics of snow depth in the Qilian Mountains in recent 46 years[C]∥China Meteorological Society 2008 Meeting,2008]
[11]张杰,韩涛,王建.祁连山区1997—2004年积雪面积和雪线高度变化分析[J].冰川冻土,2005,27(5):649-654.[ZHANG Jie,HAN Tao,WANG Jian. Changes of snow cover area and snowline altitude in the Qilian Mountains,1997-2004[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2005,27(5):649-654.]
[12]王金叶,常宗强,金博文,等.祁连山林区积雪分布规律调查[J].西北林学院学报,2001,16(增刊1):14-16.[WANG Jinye,CHANG Zongqiang,JIN Bowen,et al. Investigation on distribution rule of snowpack in Qilian Mountains forest region[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2001,16(Supp1):14-16.]
[13]孙美平,刘时银,姚晓军,等.近50年来祁连山冰川变化——基于中国第一、二次冰川编目数据[J].地理学报,2015,70(9):1402-1414.[SUN Meiping,LIU Shiyin,YAO Xiaojun,et al. Glacier changes in the Qilian Mountains in the past half century:Based on the revised First and Second Chinese Glacier Inventory[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(9):1402-1414.]
[14]尹宪志,张强,徐启运,等.近50年来祁连山区气候变化特征研究[J].高原气象,2009,28(1):85-90.[YIN Xianzhi,ZHANG Qiang,XU Qiyun,et al. Characteristics of climate change in Qilian Mountains region in recent 50 years[J]. Plateau Meteorology,2009,28(1):85-90.]
[15]强芳,张明军,王圣杰,等.基于格点数据的1961—2012年祁连山面雨量特征分析[J].地理学报,2015,70(7):1125-1136.[QIANG Fang,ZHANG Mingjun,WANG Shengjie,et al.Changes of areal precipitation based on gridded dataset in Qilian Mountains during 1961-2012[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(7):1125-1136.]
[16]巩宁刚,孙美平,闫露霞,等. 1979—2016年祁连山地区大气水汽含量时空特征及其与降水的关系[J].干旱区地理,2017,40(4):762-771.[GONG Ninggang,SUN Meiping,YAN Luxia,et al. Temporal and spatial characteristics of atmospheric water vapor and its relationship with precipitation in Qilian Mountains during1979-2016[J]. Arid Land Geography,2017,40(4):762-771.]
[17] ZYL J J V. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission(SRTM):A breakthrough in remote sensing of topography[J]. Acta Astronautica,2001,48(5-12):559-565.
[18] SALOMONSON V V,APPEL I. Estimating fractional snow cover from MODIS using the normalized difference snow index[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment,2004,89(3):351-360.
[19]党素珍,刘昌明,王中根,等.近10年黑河流域上游积雪时空分布特征及变化趋势[J].资源科学,2012,34(8):1574-1581.[DANG Suzhen,LIU Changming,WANG Zhonggen,et al.Spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of snow cover in the upper reaches of Heihe River Basin over the past 10 years and the variation trend[J]. Resources Science,2012,34(8):1574-1581]
[20] VALT M,CIANFARRA P. Recent snow cover variability in the Italian Alps[J]. Cold Regions Science&Technology,2010,64(2):146-157.
[21]蔡迪花,郭铌,王兴,等.基于MODIS的祁连山区积雪时空变化特征[J].冰川冻土,2009,31(6):39-47.[CAI Dihua,GUO Ni,WANG Xing,et al. The spatial and temporal variations of snow cover over the Qilian Mountains based on MODIS data[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2009,31(6):39-47.]
[22]韩兰英,孙兰东,张存杰,等.祁连山东段积雪面积变化及其区域气候响应[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(5):109-112.[HAN Lanying,SUN Landong,ZHANG Cunjie,et al. The snow coverage change in eastern section of Qilian Mountain and its responding to regional climate[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2011,25(5):109-112.]
[23]王兴,张强,郭铌,等.祁连山区冬半年积雪分布及变化的遥感研究[J].高原气象,2010,29(2):366-372.[WANG Xing,ZHANG Qiang,GUO NI,et al. Remote sensing research of snow cover distribution and variation in Qilian Mountains in the winter half year of 1996-2002[J]. Plateu Meteorology,2010,29(2):366-372.]
[24]马丽娟,秦大河. 1957—2009年中国台站观测的关键积雪参数时空变化特征[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(1):1-11.[MA Lijuan,QIN Dahe. Spatial-temporal characteristics of observed key parameters for snow cover in China during 1957-2009[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(1):1-11.]
[25]张廷军,钟歆玥.欧亚大陆积雪分布及其类型划分[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(3):481-490.[ZHANG Tingjun,ZHONG Xinyue.Classification and regionalization of the seasonal snow cover across the Eurasian Continent[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(3):481-490.]
[26]李岩瑛,张强,孙爱芝,等.祁连山及周边地区降雪气候特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(3):383-391.[LI Yanying,ZHANG Qiang,SUN Aizhi,et al. Climate characteristics of snowfall over the Qilian Mountain and its ambient areas[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(3):383-391.]