商品贸易中的转让定价与税基侵蚀:来自我国对外投资企业的实证检验
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摘要
文章利用2000~2010年海关出口数据和对外直接投资名录,在微观层面上识别了中国对外直接投资企业出口商品环节通过转让定价进行避税,侵蚀我国企业所得税税基。研究发现:(1)中国对外直接投资企业在出口贸易中正在利用转让定价进行避税,具体表现为,出口目的国税率每低于我国1%,关联交易价格会显著下降0.002%,半弹性为-0.002;(2)中国对外签署的双重征税协定对企业转让定价避税有明显的抑制作用;(3)企业转让定价避税在不同所有制企业中存在异质性,具体表现为,国有企业相对民营企业和外资企业来说转让定价避税程度更大。
We use the customs export data of 2000 ~ 2010 and the foreign direct investment list to identify Chinese foreign direct investment enterprises avoiding Chinese tax through transfer pricing at the micro level. We find that:( 1) Chinese foreign direct investment enterprises in the export trade use transfer pricing to tax avoidance: when the tax of destination is lower than ours by 1%,transaction price decrease 0. 002%,and semi elasticity is-0. 002;( 2) the agreement of double taxation business has obvious inhibiting effect on tax-avoidance;( 3) transfer pricing in different ownerships has heterogeneities,the degree of SOE has severer transfer price. This study can make up for the existing problems of the international tax avoidance.
We use the customs export data of 2000 ~ 2010 and the foreign direct investment list to identify Chinese foreign direct investment enterprises avoiding Chinese tax through transfer pricing at the micro level. We find that:( 1) Chinese foreign direct investment enterprises in the export trade use transfer pricing to tax avoidance: when the tax of destination is lower than ours by 1%,transaction price decrease 0. 002%,and semi elasticity is-0. 002;( 2) the agreement of double taxation business has obvious inhibiting effect on tax-avoidance;( 3) transfer pricing in different ownerships has heterogeneities,the degree of SOE has severer transfer price. This study can make up for the existing problems of the international tax avoidance.
引文
[1]Bernard A.B.,Jensen J.B.,Schott P.K..Transfer pricing by US-based multinational firms",National Bureau of Economic Research,2008.
[2]Borkowski S.C..Transfer pricing practices of transnational corporations in PATA countries.Journal of International Accounting,Auditing and Taxation,2010,19(1):35-54.
[3]Clausing K.A..The impact of transfer pricing on intrafirm trade.International taxation and multinational activity.University of Chicago Press,2000:173-200.
[4]Clausing K.A..Tax-motivated transfer pricing and US intrafirm trade prices.Journal of Public Economics,2003,87(9-10):2207-2223.
[5]Cristea A.D.,Nguyen D..Transfer pricing by multinational firms:New evidence from foreign firm ownerships.American Economic Journal:Economic Policy,2016.
[6]Davies R.B.,Martin J.,Parenti M.,Toubal F..Knocking on Tax Haven S Door:Multinational Firms and Transfer Pricing,2015.
[7]Grubert H.,Mutti J..Taxes,tariffs and transfer pricing in multinational corporate decision making.The Review of Economics and Statistics,1991:285-293.
[8]Kee H.L.,Tang H..Domestic Value Added in Exports:Theory and Firm Evidence from China.American Economic Review,106(6):1402-1436.
[9]Lohse T.,Riedel N..Do transfer pricing laws limit international income shifting?Evidence from European multinationals,2013.
[10]Lohse Theresa,Riedel Nadine,Spengel Christoph:The increasing importance of transfer pricing regulations——worldwide overview,Oxford University Centre for Business Taxation Working Paper,2012.
[11]Manova K.,Zhang Z..Export prices across firms and destinations.National Bureau of Economic Research,2012.
[12]Marques M.,Pinho C..Is transfer pricing strictness deterring profit shifting within multinationals?Empirical evidence from Europe.Accounting and Business Research,2016:1-28.
[13]Mc Donald M..Income shifting from transfer pricing:Further evidence from tax return data.UK:Department of the Treasury Office of Tax Analysis,Technical Paper,2,2008.
[14]Overesch M..Transfer pricing of intrafirm sales as a profit shifting channel-Evidence from German firm data.ZEW-Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper(06-084).,2006
[15]Rathke A.A.T.,Rezende A.J..Exploring the characteristics of transfer pricing systems across countries.Available at SSRN,2016.
[16]Swenson D.L..Tax reforms and evidence of transfer pricing.National Tax Journal,2001:7-25.
[17]Vicard V..Profit shifting through transfer pricing:evidence from French firm level trade data.working paper,2015.
[18]Manova K.,Zhang Z..Export Prices Across Firms and Destinations.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,2012,127(1):379-436
[19]杨汝岱,李艳.区位地理与企业出口产品价格差异研究.管理世界,2013(7).
[20]杨汝岱,朱诗娥.企业、地理与出口产品价格——中国的典型事实.经济学(季刊),2013(4).
[21]刘志阔,陈钊,吴辉航,张瑶.中国企业的税基侵蚀和利润转移——国际税收治理体系重构下的中国经验[J].工作论文,2017.
(1)BEPS第11项行动计划《衡量和监控BEPS》。
(1)数据来源为http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/presentation.asp?id=6.
(2)一共涵盖了217个国家的税率情况,其中12年的税率全都有的共有69个国家。
(1)数据来源为http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/presentation.asp?id=6.
[2]Borkowski S.C..Transfer pricing practices of transnational corporations in PATA countries.Journal of International Accounting,Auditing and Taxation,2010,19(1):35-54.
[3]Clausing K.A..The impact of transfer pricing on intrafirm trade.International taxation and multinational activity.University of Chicago Press,2000:173-200.
[4]Clausing K.A..Tax-motivated transfer pricing and US intrafirm trade prices.Journal of Public Economics,2003,87(9-10):2207-2223.
[5]Cristea A.D.,Nguyen D..Transfer pricing by multinational firms:New evidence from foreign firm ownerships.American Economic Journal:Economic Policy,2016.
[6]Davies R.B.,Martin J.,Parenti M.,Toubal F..Knocking on Tax Haven S Door:Multinational Firms and Transfer Pricing,2015.
[7]Grubert H.,Mutti J..Taxes,tariffs and transfer pricing in multinational corporate decision making.The Review of Economics and Statistics,1991:285-293.
[8]Kee H.L.,Tang H..Domestic Value Added in Exports:Theory and Firm Evidence from China.American Economic Review,106(6):1402-1436.
[9]Lohse T.,Riedel N..Do transfer pricing laws limit international income shifting?Evidence from European multinationals,2013.
[10]Lohse Theresa,Riedel Nadine,Spengel Christoph:The increasing importance of transfer pricing regulations——worldwide overview,Oxford University Centre for Business Taxation Working Paper,2012.
[11]Manova K.,Zhang Z..Export prices across firms and destinations.National Bureau of Economic Research,2012.
[12]Marques M.,Pinho C..Is transfer pricing strictness deterring profit shifting within multinationals?Empirical evidence from Europe.Accounting and Business Research,2016:1-28.
[13]Mc Donald M..Income shifting from transfer pricing:Further evidence from tax return data.UK:Department of the Treasury Office of Tax Analysis,Technical Paper,2,2008.
[14]Overesch M..Transfer pricing of intrafirm sales as a profit shifting channel-Evidence from German firm data.ZEW-Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper(06-084).,2006
[15]Rathke A.A.T.,Rezende A.J..Exploring the characteristics of transfer pricing systems across countries.Available at SSRN,2016.
[16]Swenson D.L..Tax reforms and evidence of transfer pricing.National Tax Journal,2001:7-25.
[17]Vicard V..Profit shifting through transfer pricing:evidence from French firm level trade data.working paper,2015.
[18]Manova K.,Zhang Z..Export Prices Across Firms and Destinations.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,2012,127(1):379-436
[19]杨汝岱,李艳.区位地理与企业出口产品价格差异研究.管理世界,2013(7).
[20]杨汝岱,朱诗娥.企业、地理与出口产品价格——中国的典型事实.经济学(季刊),2013(4).
[21]刘志阔,陈钊,吴辉航,张瑶.中国企业的税基侵蚀和利润转移——国际税收治理体系重构下的中国经验[J].工作论文,2017.
(1)BEPS第11项行动计划《衡量和监控BEPS》。
(1)数据来源为http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/presentation.asp?id=6.
(2)一共涵盖了217个国家的税率情况,其中12年的税率全都有的共有69个国家。
(1)数据来源为http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/presentation.asp?id=6.