精准方略下的稳定脱贫
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摘要
消除贫困、实现共同富裕,是社会主义的本质要求。从中国扶贫历程来看,扶贫工作呈现出扶贫对象越来越精准、扶贫标准越来越高、扶贫对象条件越来越差、扶贫成本越来越高的特点。新时代精准扶贫方略体现的是方法论,不仅要求将"精准"体现到贫困人口识别、措施管理、考核等扶贫工作的各个环节中,而且对精准扶贫的制度安排提出了明确要求。中国脱贫攻坚已经进入关键冲刺时期,只要继续坚持精准方略,2020年阶段扶贫目标将能够实现。但必须注意到,精准脱贫的基础还不十分牢固,需要进一步巩固和提高,以实现长期稳定脱贫。针对长期稳定脱贫,本文提出了以下建议:扶贫措施要与贫困发生程度、扶贫对象特点及当地经济社会发展情况相适应;脱贫措施要与当前乡村振兴、城镇化、综合性社会保障等政策措施有机衔接、相互配合,产业脱贫必须同乡村振兴战略相结合,就业搬迁脱贫必须与新型城镇化相结合;教育医疗脱贫必须同提高公共服务水平相结合;深度贫困地区脱贫必须与基础设施建设相结合;扶贫措施必须同保障政策相结合;长期稳定脱贫要以不断完善的扶贫体制机制做保障。
Eliminating poverty and achieving common prosperity are the essential requirements of socialism. From the perspective of China's poverty alleviation process, the practices of poverty alleviation show that poverty alleviation targets are more and more accurate, poverty alleviation standards are getting higher and higher, the initial conditions of the poor people being the targets of poverty alleviation are getting worse and worse, and poverty alleviation costs are getting higher and higher.The precise poverty alleviation strategy in the new era reflects a kind of methodology, which not only requires "precision" to be reflected in all aspects of poverty alleviation work such as poverty identification, measure management and assessment, but also sets clear requirements for the institutional arrangements of precise poverty alleviation. Poverty alleviation has entered a critical sprint. As long as China continues to adhere to the precise strategy, the poverty reduction goal in 2020 can be achieved.However, it must be noted that the foundation for precise poverty alleviation is not very solid and needs to be further consolidated and improved to achieve long-term stability and poverty alleviation. In view of long-term stability and poverty alleviation, the study puts forward the following suggestions. Poverty alleviation measures should be compatible with the degree of poverty, the characteristics of poverty alleviation targets and the local economic and social conditions. Poverty alleviation measures should be organically linked up with and coordinated with current policies and measures such as rural revitalization, urbanization and comprehensive social security. Poverty alleviation based on industrial development must be combined with the implementation of rural revitalization strategy. Poverty alleviation based on employment relocation must be combined with new urbanization. Poverty relief based on education and medical assistance must be combined with the measures to improve public service level. Poverty relief in poverty-stricken areas must be paralleled with infrastructure construction. Poverty alleviation measures must be combined with policy development for social protection. Long-term stability and poverty alleviation should be guaranteed by a continuous improvement of poverty alleviation system.
Eliminating poverty and achieving common prosperity are the essential requirements of socialism. From the perspective of China's poverty alleviation process, the practices of poverty alleviation show that poverty alleviation targets are more and more accurate, poverty alleviation standards are getting higher and higher, the initial conditions of the poor people being the targets of poverty alleviation are getting worse and worse, and poverty alleviation costs are getting higher and higher.The precise poverty alleviation strategy in the new era reflects a kind of methodology, which not only requires "precision" to be reflected in all aspects of poverty alleviation work such as poverty identification, measure management and assessment, but also sets clear requirements for the institutional arrangements of precise poverty alleviation. Poverty alleviation has entered a critical sprint. As long as China continues to adhere to the precise strategy, the poverty reduction goal in 2020 can be achieved.However, it must be noted that the foundation for precise poverty alleviation is not very solid and needs to be further consolidated and improved to achieve long-term stability and poverty alleviation. In view of long-term stability and poverty alleviation, the study puts forward the following suggestions. Poverty alleviation measures should be compatible with the degree of poverty, the characteristics of poverty alleviation targets and the local economic and social conditions. Poverty alleviation measures should be organically linked up with and coordinated with current policies and measures such as rural revitalization, urbanization and comprehensive social security. Poverty alleviation based on industrial development must be combined with the implementation of rural revitalization strategy. Poverty alleviation based on employment relocation must be combined with new urbanization. Poverty relief based on education and medical assistance must be combined with the measures to improve public service level. Poverty relief in poverty-stricken areas must be paralleled with infrastructure construction. Poverty alleviation measures must be combined with policy development for social protection. Long-term stability and poverty alleviation should be guaranteed by a continuous improvement of poverty alleviation system.
引文
1.陈晓华,2018:《大力培育和发展农村新产业新业态新模式》,载顾问团秘书处(编):《中国农业科学院农业经济与政策顾问团专家论文集》,北京:中国农业出版社。
2.孔繁金,2018:《改革开放以来扶贫政策的历史演进及其创新--以中央一号文件为中心的考察》,《当代中国史研究》第2期。
3.世界银行、东亚及太平洋地区扶贫与经济管理局,2009:《从贫困地区到贫困人群:中国扶贫议程的演进》,http://www.worldbank.org.cn/。
4.王萍萍,2015:《贫困标准问题研究》,载国家统计局住户调查办公室(编):《2015中国农村扶贫监测报告》,北京:中国统计出版社。
5.汪三贵、殷浩栋、王瑜,2017:《中国扶贫开发的实践、挑战与政策展望》,《华南师范大学学报(社会科学版)》第4期。
6.王灵桂、侯波,2018:《精准扶贫:理论、路径与和田思考》,北京:中国社会科学出版社。
7.魏后凯,2018:《实行乡村振兴与扶贫攻坚的联动》,贵州“甲秀智库论坛”2018年第五讲,http://www.gzass.net.cn/kygz/jxlt/201807/t20180729_3475382.html。
8.习近平,2015:《在中央扶贫开发工作会议上的讲话》,载《习近平谈治国理政》,北京:外文出版社。
(1)中共中央、国务院:《关于帮助贫困地区尽快改变面貌的通知》,http://www.china.com.cn/cpc/2011-04/12/content_22343638.htm。
(2)参见《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第七个五年计划》,http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/gongbao/2000-12/26/content_5001764.htm。
(3)参见《国家八七扶贫攻坚计划(1994~2000年)》,http://www.cpad.gov.cn/art/2016/7/14/art_343_141.html。
(4)中共中央、国务院:《中国农村扶贫开发纲要(2001~2010年)》,http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2016-09/23/content_5111138.htm。
(1)中共中央、国务院:《中国农村扶贫开发纲要(2011~2020年)》,http://www.sara.gov.cn/ztzz/gjzjjfpzt/zc_fp/332785.htm。
(2)参见《习近平赴湘西调研扶贫攻坚》,http://news.china.com.cn/2013-11/03/content_30484698.htm。
(3)参见《脱贫攻坚砥砺奋进的五年》,http://politics.people.com.cn/n1/2017/1017/c1001-29590609.html。
(1)参见联合国:《2015年千年发展目标报告》,http://www.cn.undp.org/content/china/zh/home/library/mdg/mdg-report-2015。
(1)参见习近平,2017:《在中共中央政治局第三十九次集体学习时的讲话》,http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-02/22/content_5170078.htm。
(2)习近平,2015:《在中央扶贫开发工作会议上的讲话》,载《习近平谈治国理政》,北京:外文出版社。
(1)习近平,2015:《在中央扶贫开发工作会议上的讲话》,载《习近平谈治国理政》,北京:外文出版社。
(2)参见《精准,在习近平的扶贫观里有多重要?》http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-12/08/c_128510390.htm。
(1)参见国务院扶贫开发领导小组办公室,2017:《全国扶贫开发工作会议强调牢记初心坚定信心全面打好精准脱贫攻坚战》,http://www.cpad.gov.cn/art/2017/12/29/art_624_75961.html?from=timeline。
(1)参见中共中央国务院,2018:《关于实施乡村振兴战略的意见》,http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0205/c64387-29804981.html。
2.孔繁金,2018:《改革开放以来扶贫政策的历史演进及其创新--以中央一号文件为中心的考察》,《当代中国史研究》第2期。
3.世界银行、东亚及太平洋地区扶贫与经济管理局,2009:《从贫困地区到贫困人群:中国扶贫议程的演进》,http://www.worldbank.org.cn/。
4.王萍萍,2015:《贫困标准问题研究》,载国家统计局住户调查办公室(编):《2015中国农村扶贫监测报告》,北京:中国统计出版社。
5.汪三贵、殷浩栋、王瑜,2017:《中国扶贫开发的实践、挑战与政策展望》,《华南师范大学学报(社会科学版)》第4期。
6.王灵桂、侯波,2018:《精准扶贫:理论、路径与和田思考》,北京:中国社会科学出版社。
7.魏后凯,2018:《实行乡村振兴与扶贫攻坚的联动》,贵州“甲秀智库论坛”2018年第五讲,http://www.gzass.net.cn/kygz/jxlt/201807/t20180729_3475382.html。
8.习近平,2015:《在中央扶贫开发工作会议上的讲话》,载《习近平谈治国理政》,北京:外文出版社。
(1)中共中央、国务院:《关于帮助贫困地区尽快改变面貌的通知》,http://www.china.com.cn/cpc/2011-04/12/content_22343638.htm。
(2)参见《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第七个五年计划》,http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/gongbao/2000-12/26/content_5001764.htm。
(3)参见《国家八七扶贫攻坚计划(1994~2000年)》,http://www.cpad.gov.cn/art/2016/7/14/art_343_141.html。
(4)中共中央、国务院:《中国农村扶贫开发纲要(2001~2010年)》,http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2016-09/23/content_5111138.htm。
(1)中共中央、国务院:《中国农村扶贫开发纲要(2011~2020年)》,http://www.sara.gov.cn/ztzz/gjzjjfpzt/zc_fp/332785.htm。
(2)参见《习近平赴湘西调研扶贫攻坚》,http://news.china.com.cn/2013-11/03/content_30484698.htm。
(3)参见《脱贫攻坚砥砺奋进的五年》,http://politics.people.com.cn/n1/2017/1017/c1001-29590609.html。
(1)参见联合国:《2015年千年发展目标报告》,http://www.cn.undp.org/content/china/zh/home/library/mdg/mdg-report-2015。
(1)参见习近平,2017:《在中共中央政治局第三十九次集体学习时的讲话》,http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-02/22/content_5170078.htm。
(2)习近平,2015:《在中央扶贫开发工作会议上的讲话》,载《习近平谈治国理政》,北京:外文出版社。
(1)习近平,2015:《在中央扶贫开发工作会议上的讲话》,载《习近平谈治国理政》,北京:外文出版社。
(2)参见《精准,在习近平的扶贫观里有多重要?》http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-12/08/c_128510390.htm。
(1)参见国务院扶贫开发领导小组办公室,2017:《全国扶贫开发工作会议强调牢记初心坚定信心全面打好精准脱贫攻坚战》,http://www.cpad.gov.cn/art/2017/12/29/art_624_75961.html?from=timeline。
(1)参见中共中央国务院,2018:《关于实施乡村振兴战略的意见》,http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0205/c64387-29804981.html。