农业产业扶贫的多维贫困瞄准研究
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摘要
农业产业扶贫是激发贫困地区农户内生发展动力、实现农户稳定脱贫与可持续发展的重要举措。基于多维贫困分析,建立一个"精准识别-农户参与-影响效果"的多维贫困瞄准分析框架,并提出多维贫困瞄准数量缺口的概念和测量方法。在此框架下,可首先使用多维贫困方法进行贫困农户识别,在多维贫困农户分组基础上分析农户参与状况,并分析参与层面的多维贫困瞄准数量缺口。然后基于多维贫困农户分组,使用内生转换回归(ESR)模型评估扶贫政策或项目对不同组农户的影响效果差异。在分析框架应用中,使用湖南、湖北、重庆和贵州四省(直辖市)贫困地区989个农户调研数据分析农业产业扶贫的多维贫困瞄准效果。研究发现:(1)在农户参与层面,多维贫困农户与非多维贫困农户参与农业产业扶贫的比例相近,但非多维贫困农户户均获得补贴金额总体上高于多维贫困农户;(2)随着维度临界值逐渐增大,农业产业扶贫的一类瞄准数量缺口逐渐变小,二类瞄准数量缺口逐渐增大,多维贫困瞄准数量缺口总体呈现下降趋势;(3)在影响效果层面,农业产业扶贫总体上显著促进了农户种植业投入和收入的增加,但其影响仍存在异质性,深度贫困户参加农业产业扶贫并没有明显促进其种植业总收入和种植业纯收入的增加。为提升农业产业扶贫的效果,针对贫困维度数量较少农户,应加强农业技术服务,提供农业产业扶贫贷款,合理选择产业,发展农业保险。针对深度贫困农户,应探索建立利益联结机制,发挥农村集体的组织联系作用,探索要素入股方式,改善农业产业扶贫的多维贫困瞄准效果。
Agricultural industrialization poverty alleviation is an important means to stimulate the households' motivation and achieve the goal of poverty reduction and sustainable development. This paper constructed a multidimensional poverty targeting framework including identification,household participation and impact evaluation. This framework was based on multidimensional poverty analysis. We also constructed multidimensional poverty targeting count gap. Using this framework,we could identify poor households for the first stage. Then we could analyze household participation status and calculate the multidimensional poverty targeting count gap.Finally,we evaluated the impact of poverty alleviation policies or projects using endogenous switching regression model. For application,this paper analyzed the multidimensional poverty targeting of agricultural industrialization poverty alleviation using data of989 households in Hunan,Hubei,Chongqing and Guizhou. The results showed that: First,the ratio of participation was similar between multidimensional poor households and non-poor households. The average subsidy of non-poor households was higher than poor households. Second,along with the increase of critical value of dimension,the targeting amount gap of type one of agricultural poverty alleviation through industrialization decreased and targeting amount gap of type two increased,while amount gap of multidimensional poverty targeting decreased. Third,agricultural poverty alleviation through industrialization significantly promoted the input of rural households in planting and increase households ' income. But this effect was also heterogeneous,especially for extremely poor households. The impact of agricultural industrialization poverty alleviation on extremely poor households ' plant income is not significantly positive. To promote the effects of agricultural poverty alleviation through industrialization,this paper suggested that government should improve agricultural technology service,offer poverty alleviation credit,choose the matching industries and promote agricultural insurance for the households with less poverty dimensions. For extremely poor households,the policymakers should improve the multidimensional poverty targeting effect by exploring new mechanism of benefiting,motivate village to organize smallholders and promote rural households to be shareholders.
Agricultural industrialization poverty alleviation is an important means to stimulate the households' motivation and achieve the goal of poverty reduction and sustainable development. This paper constructed a multidimensional poverty targeting framework including identification,household participation and impact evaluation. This framework was based on multidimensional poverty analysis. We also constructed multidimensional poverty targeting count gap. Using this framework,we could identify poor households for the first stage. Then we could analyze household participation status and calculate the multidimensional poverty targeting count gap.Finally,we evaluated the impact of poverty alleviation policies or projects using endogenous switching regression model. For application,this paper analyzed the multidimensional poverty targeting of agricultural industrialization poverty alleviation using data of989 households in Hunan,Hubei,Chongqing and Guizhou. The results showed that: First,the ratio of participation was similar between multidimensional poor households and non-poor households. The average subsidy of non-poor households was higher than poor households. Second,along with the increase of critical value of dimension,the targeting amount gap of type one of agricultural poverty alleviation through industrialization decreased and targeting amount gap of type two increased,while amount gap of multidimensional poverty targeting decreased. Third,agricultural poverty alleviation through industrialization significantly promoted the input of rural households in planting and increase households ' income. But this effect was also heterogeneous,especially for extremely poor households. The impact of agricultural industrialization poverty alleviation on extremely poor households ' plant income is not significantly positive. To promote the effects of agricultural poverty alleviation through industrialization,this paper suggested that government should improve agricultural technology service,offer poverty alleviation credit,choose the matching industries and promote agricultural insurance for the households with less poverty dimensions. For extremely poor households,the policymakers should improve the multidimensional poverty targeting effect by exploring new mechanism of benefiting,motivate village to organize smallholders and promote rural households to be shareholders.
引文
[1]胡晗,司亚飞,王立剑.产业扶贫政策对贫困户生计策略和收入的影响——来自陕西省的经验证据[J].中国农村经济,2018(1):78-89.
[2]CUONG N V. Measuring the impact of cash crops on household expenditure and poverty in rural Vietnam[J]. Asia-Pacific development journal,2009,16(2):87-112.
[3]许汉泽,李小云.精准扶贫背景下农村产业扶贫的实践困境——对华北李村产业扶贫项目的考察[J].西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版),2017,17(1):9-16.
[4]孙兆霞.脱嵌的产业扶贫——以贵州为案例[J].中共福建省委党校学报,2015(3):14-21.
[5]ALKIRE S, ROCHE J E M, VAZ A. Changes over time in multidimensional poverty:methodology and results for 34 countries[J]. World development,2017,94:232-249.
[6]张全红,李博,周强.中国多维贫困的动态测算、结构分解与精准扶贫[J].财经研究,2017,43(4):31-40.
[7]PASHA A. Regional perspectives on the multidimensional poverty index[J]. World development,2017,94:268-285.
[8]韩佳丽,王志章,王汉杰.贫困地区劳动力流动对农户多维贫困的影响[J].经济科学,2017(6):87-101.
[9]NOWAK D, SCHEICHER C. Considering the extremely poor:multidimensional poverty measurement for Germany[J]. Social indicators research,2017,133(1):139-162.
[10]WHELAN C T,NOLAN B,MAITRE B. Multidimensional poverty measurement in Europe:an application of the adjusted headcount approach[J]. Journal of European social policy,2014,24(2):183-197.
[11]ALKIRE S,SETH S. Multidimensional poverty reduction in India between 1999 and 2006:where and how?[J]. World development,2015,72:93-108.
[12]MARTINEZ A,PERALES F. The dynamics of multidimensional poverty in contemporary Australia[J]. Social indicators research,2017,130(2):479-496.
[13]BADER C,BIERI S,WIESMANN U,et al. Is economic growth increasing disparities? a multidimensional analysis of poverty in the Lao PDR between 2003 and 2013[J]. Journal of development studies,2017,53(12):2067-2085.
[14]CHZHEN Y,FERRONE L. Multidimensional child deprivation and poverty measurement:case study of Bosnia and Herzegovina[J].Social indicators research,2017,131(3):999-1014.
[15]AWAWORYI C S,SMYTH R. Ethnic diversity and poverty[J].World development,2017,95:285-302.
[16]解垩.公共转移支付与老年人的多维贫困[J].中国工业经济,2015(11):32-46.
[17]王春超,叶琴.中国农民工多维贫困的演进——基于收入与教育维度的考察[J].经济研究,2014(12):159-174.
[18]AZEVEDO V,ROBLES M. Multidimensional targeting:identifying beneficiaries of conditional cash transfer programs[J]. Social indicators research,2013,112(2):447-475.
[19]王立剑,叶小刚,陈杰.精准识别视角下产业扶贫效果评估[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2018,28(1):113-123.
[20]杨龙,李萌,汪三贵.我国贫困瞄准政策的表达与实践[J].农村经济,2015(1):8-12.
[21]ALKIRE S,FOSTER J. Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement[J]. Journal of public economics,2011,95(7):476-487.
[22]PARK A,WANG S,WU G. Regional poverty targeting in China[J]. Journal of public economics,2002,86(1):123-153.
[23]ABDULAI A. Impact of conservation agriculture technology on household welfare in Zambia[J]. Agricultural economics,2016,47(6):729-741.
[24]MA W, ABDULAI A. Does cooperative membership improve household welfare? evidence from apple farmers in China[J]. Food policy,2016,58:94-102.
(1)这些因素中,劳动力数量对处理组农户的种植业收入产生了负向影响,其原因是在贫困地区,若把过多劳动力投入在农业生产中,其边际收益较低,因此劳动力较多的农户更倾向于把劳动力配置于非农活动,这导致劳动力较多农户的种植业收入低于劳动力少的农户。参加合作经济组织对处理组农户的种植业投入和收入产生了负向影响,其原因是在本研究所调查的贫困地区中,合作经济组织发展时间较短,参加合作经济组织的农户多为小农户,大农户因能力较强,较少选择加入合作经济组织,小农户的种植业投入和收入低于大农户,因此参加合作经济组织对农户种植业投入和收入呈现出了负向影响。
[2]CUONG N V. Measuring the impact of cash crops on household expenditure and poverty in rural Vietnam[J]. Asia-Pacific development journal,2009,16(2):87-112.
[3]许汉泽,李小云.精准扶贫背景下农村产业扶贫的实践困境——对华北李村产业扶贫项目的考察[J].西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版),2017,17(1):9-16.
[4]孙兆霞.脱嵌的产业扶贫——以贵州为案例[J].中共福建省委党校学报,2015(3):14-21.
[5]ALKIRE S, ROCHE J E M, VAZ A. Changes over time in multidimensional poverty:methodology and results for 34 countries[J]. World development,2017,94:232-249.
[6]张全红,李博,周强.中国多维贫困的动态测算、结构分解与精准扶贫[J].财经研究,2017,43(4):31-40.
[7]PASHA A. Regional perspectives on the multidimensional poverty index[J]. World development,2017,94:268-285.
[8]韩佳丽,王志章,王汉杰.贫困地区劳动力流动对农户多维贫困的影响[J].经济科学,2017(6):87-101.
[9]NOWAK D, SCHEICHER C. Considering the extremely poor:multidimensional poverty measurement for Germany[J]. Social indicators research,2017,133(1):139-162.
[10]WHELAN C T,NOLAN B,MAITRE B. Multidimensional poverty measurement in Europe:an application of the adjusted headcount approach[J]. Journal of European social policy,2014,24(2):183-197.
[11]ALKIRE S,SETH S. Multidimensional poverty reduction in India between 1999 and 2006:where and how?[J]. World development,2015,72:93-108.
[12]MARTINEZ A,PERALES F. The dynamics of multidimensional poverty in contemporary Australia[J]. Social indicators research,2017,130(2):479-496.
[13]BADER C,BIERI S,WIESMANN U,et al. Is economic growth increasing disparities? a multidimensional analysis of poverty in the Lao PDR between 2003 and 2013[J]. Journal of development studies,2017,53(12):2067-2085.
[14]CHZHEN Y,FERRONE L. Multidimensional child deprivation and poverty measurement:case study of Bosnia and Herzegovina[J].Social indicators research,2017,131(3):999-1014.
[15]AWAWORYI C S,SMYTH R. Ethnic diversity and poverty[J].World development,2017,95:285-302.
[16]解垩.公共转移支付与老年人的多维贫困[J].中国工业经济,2015(11):32-46.
[17]王春超,叶琴.中国农民工多维贫困的演进——基于收入与教育维度的考察[J].经济研究,2014(12):159-174.
[18]AZEVEDO V,ROBLES M. Multidimensional targeting:identifying beneficiaries of conditional cash transfer programs[J]. Social indicators research,2013,112(2):447-475.
[19]王立剑,叶小刚,陈杰.精准识别视角下产业扶贫效果评估[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2018,28(1):113-123.
[20]杨龙,李萌,汪三贵.我国贫困瞄准政策的表达与实践[J].农村经济,2015(1):8-12.
[21]ALKIRE S,FOSTER J. Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement[J]. Journal of public economics,2011,95(7):476-487.
[22]PARK A,WANG S,WU G. Regional poverty targeting in China[J]. Journal of public economics,2002,86(1):123-153.
[23]ABDULAI A. Impact of conservation agriculture technology on household welfare in Zambia[J]. Agricultural economics,2016,47(6):729-741.
[24]MA W, ABDULAI A. Does cooperative membership improve household welfare? evidence from apple farmers in China[J]. Food policy,2016,58:94-102.
(1)这些因素中,劳动力数量对处理组农户的种植业收入产生了负向影响,其原因是在贫困地区,若把过多劳动力投入在农业生产中,其边际收益较低,因此劳动力较多的农户更倾向于把劳动力配置于非农活动,这导致劳动力较多农户的种植业收入低于劳动力少的农户。参加合作经济组织对处理组农户的种植业投入和收入产生了负向影响,其原因是在本研究所调查的贫困地区中,合作经济组织发展时间较短,参加合作经济组织的农户多为小农户,大农户因能力较强,较少选择加入合作经济组织,小农户的种植业投入和收入低于大农户,因此参加合作经济组织对农户种植业投入和收入呈现出了负向影响。