稻草覆盖对赣南稀土尾渣坡面产流产沙的影响
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摘要
生物覆盖措施能显著降低敏感脆弱带及裸露坡地水土流失,且具有成本低、见效快等特点,适合在矿区推广.为研究稻草覆盖对稀土尾渣坡面水土流失过程的影响,采用人工模拟降雨试验,对比研究不同雨强(60和90 mm/h)和不同稻草覆盖度(0%、50%和100%)条件下稀土尾矿地表产流、产沙情况.模拟降雨试验在位于江西省九江市德安县的江西省水土保持生态科技园开展,不同雨强采用西安清远测控技术有限公司设计的QYJY-503人工模拟降雨系统进行控制.结果表明:雨强为60 mm/h时,50%和100%稻草覆盖度处理坡面径流开始时间分别比0%稻草覆盖度坡面延迟46%和91%;雨强为90 mm/h时,延迟幅度分别为3.0和4.8倍.0%、50%和100%稻草覆盖度条件下稀土矿渣坡面单位时间产流量分别在产流开始后6、31和41 min达到稳定值.60 mm/h雨强条件下稀土矿渣坡面1 h总产流量呈现0%稻草覆盖度>100%稻草覆盖度>50%稻草覆盖度(P<0.05),而90 mm/h雨强条件下则为0%稻草覆盖度>50%稻草覆盖度>100%稻草覆盖度(P<0.01).雨强为60 mm/h时,50%和100%稻草覆盖度稀土矿渣坡面土壤侵蚀量分别比0%稻草覆盖度坡面降低73.46%和84.53%;而雨强为90 mm/h时,2种措施土壤侵蚀量降幅分别为54.83%和72.14%.研究显示,稻草覆盖措施可以有效降低矿区土壤坡面径流、泥沙产量.
Biological mulching measures can significantly reduce soil erosion for sensitive and vulnerable zones and exposed slopes and have the characteristics of low cost and quick effect,which are favorable qualities for application in mining areas. Simulated rainfall experiments were conducted to compare the surface runoff and sediment yields of rare earth tailings under different intensities of rainfall( 60 and 90 mm/h) and rice straw mulching( 0%,50% and 100%). The simulated rainfall experiments were carried out in the Soil and Water Conservation Eco-Technology Garden of Jiangxi,which is located in De' an County,Jiujiang City,northern Jiangxi Province.A QYJY-503 artificial simulated rainfall system designed by Qingyuan Xi'an Measurement and Control Technology Co.,Ltd. was used to produce the different rainfall intensities. The results showed that straw mulch resulted in reduced runoff and soil losses compared to bare soil. When the rainfall intensity was 60 mm/h,the runoff initiation time was delayed by 46% under 50% rice straw mulching compared to that under no mulching treatment,and by 91% under 100% rice straw mulching. When the rainfall intensity was 90 mm/h,the delay rates of the runoff initiation time for 50% and 100% of rice straw mulching were 3. 0 and 4. 8 times,respectively. Under the conditions of 0%,50% and 100% straw mulching,the runoff yield per minute of the rare earth tailing slope reached a steady value at 6 min,31 min and 41 min after runoff initiation,respectively. The total runoff amount decreased in the order of 0% straw mulching >100% straw mulching >50%straw mulching( P < 0. 05),and in the order of 0% straw mulching > 50% straw mulching > 100% straw mulching( P < 0. 01) under rainfall intensities of 60 and 90 mm/h,respectively. When the rainfall intensity was 60 mm/h,50% rice straw mulch reduced the soil erosion by 73. 46% compared to bare soil without mulching,and 100% rice straw mulch delayed the runoff initiation time by 84. 53 %.When the rainfall intensity was 90 mm/h,the reduction rates of the soil erosion induced by 50% and 100% rice straw mulch were 54. 83%and 72. 14%,respectively. The results indicated that straw mulching measures effectively reduced the runoff and sediment yields of the soil slopes in the mining area.
Biological mulching measures can significantly reduce soil erosion for sensitive and vulnerable zones and exposed slopes and have the characteristics of low cost and quick effect,which are favorable qualities for application in mining areas. Simulated rainfall experiments were conducted to compare the surface runoff and sediment yields of rare earth tailings under different intensities of rainfall( 60 and 90 mm/h) and rice straw mulching( 0%,50% and 100%). The simulated rainfall experiments were carried out in the Soil and Water Conservation Eco-Technology Garden of Jiangxi,which is located in De' an County,Jiujiang City,northern Jiangxi Province.A QYJY-503 artificial simulated rainfall system designed by Qingyuan Xi'an Measurement and Control Technology Co.,Ltd. was used to produce the different rainfall intensities. The results showed that straw mulch resulted in reduced runoff and soil losses compared to bare soil. When the rainfall intensity was 60 mm/h,the runoff initiation time was delayed by 46% under 50% rice straw mulching compared to that under no mulching treatment,and by 91% under 100% rice straw mulching. When the rainfall intensity was 90 mm/h,the delay rates of the runoff initiation time for 50% and 100% of rice straw mulching were 3. 0 and 4. 8 times,respectively. Under the conditions of 0%,50% and 100% straw mulching,the runoff yield per minute of the rare earth tailing slope reached a steady value at 6 min,31 min and 41 min after runoff initiation,respectively. The total runoff amount decreased in the order of 0% straw mulching >100% straw mulching >50%straw mulching( P < 0. 05),and in the order of 0% straw mulching > 50% straw mulching > 100% straw mulching( P < 0. 01) under rainfall intensities of 60 and 90 mm/h,respectively. When the rainfall intensity was 60 mm/h,50% rice straw mulch reduced the soil erosion by 73. 46% compared to bare soil without mulching,and 100% rice straw mulch delayed the runoff initiation time by 84. 53 %.When the rainfall intensity was 90 mm/h,the reduction rates of the soil erosion induced by 50% and 100% rice straw mulch were 54. 83%and 72. 14%,respectively. The results indicated that straw mulching measures effectively reduced the runoff and sediment yields of the soil slopes in the mining area.
引文
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[14]徐锡蒙,郑粉莉,覃超,等.沟蚀发育的黄土坡面上秸秆覆盖防蚀效果研究[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(8):130-137.XU Ximeng,ZHENG Fenli,QIN Chao,et al.Erosion control effects of cornstalk mulching on loess hillslope with gully[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(8):130-137.
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[17]RAO Zhongxiu,HUANG Daoyou,ZHU Huahua,et al.Effect of rice straw mulching on migration and transportation of Cd,Cu,Zn,and Ni in surface runoff under simulated rainfall[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2016,16(8):2021-2029.
[18]GARCIA-MORENO J,GORDILLO-RIVEROAJ,ZAVALA L M,et al.Mulch application in fruit orchards increases the persistence of soil water repellency during a 15-years period[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2013,130(6):62-68.
[19]PROSDOCIMI M,JORDAN A,TAROLLI P,et al.The immediate effectiveness of barley straw mulch in reducing soil erodibility and surface runoff generation in Mediterranean vineyards[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,547:323-330.
[20]刘柳松,史学正,任红艳,等.秸秆覆盖对干态和湿态土壤产流过程的影响[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(4):6-9.LIU Liusong,SHI Xuezheng,REN Hongyan,et al.Effect of straw mulch on runoff yield process of driest and wettest soil[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(4):6-9.
[21]GILLEY J E,GLENDON W G,BAUER A,et al.Runoff and erosion characteristics of surface-mined sites in western North Dakota[J].Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1977,20(4):697-700.
[22]SHI Z H,YUE B J,WANG L,et al.Effects of mulch cover rate on interrill erosion processes and the size selectivity of eroded sediment on steep slopes[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2013,77(1):257-267.
[23]NISHIGAKI T,SUGIHARA S,KILASARA M,et al.Effect of mulching with vegetative residues on soil water erosion and water balance in an oxisol cropped by cassava in East Cameroon[J].Land Degradation&Development,2017,28(2):682-690.
[24]WANG Juan,HUANG Jun,ZHAO Xining,et al.Simulated study on effects of ground managements on soil water and available nutrients in jujube orchards[J].Land Degradation&Development,2016,27(1):35-42.
[25]JIN K,CORNELIS W M,GABRIELS D,et al.Residue cover and rainfall intensity effects on runoff soil organic carbon losses[J].Catena,2009,78(1):81-86.
[26]PROSDOCIMI M,TAROLLI P,CERDA.Mulching practices for reducing soil water erosion:a review[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2016,161:191-203.
[27]SMETS T,POESEN J,BHATTACHARYYA R,et al.Evaluation of biological geotextiles for reducing runoff and soil loss under various environmental conditions using laboratory and field plot data[J].Land Degradation&Development,2011,22:480-498.
[28]MULUMBA L N,LAL R.Mulching effects on selected soil physical properties[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2008,98(1):106-111.
[29]FERNANDEZ C,VEGA J A.Are erosion barriers and straw mulching effective for controlling soil erosion after a high severity wildfire in NW Spain?[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,87:132-138.
[30]POESEN J W A,LAVEE H.Effects of size and incorporation of synthetic mulch on runoff and sediment yield from interrills in a laboratory study with simulated rainfall[J].Soil and Tillage Research,1991,21:209-223.
[2]卢慧中,梁音,曹龙熹,等.赣南稀土尾矿堆积区水土流失规律初探[J].土壤,2015,47(2):387-393.LU Huizhong,LIANG Yin,CAO Longxi,et al.Water and soil loss research in rare earth tailing heap in southern Jiangxi[J].Soils,2015,47(2):387-393.
[3]ZHENG Taihui,YANG Jie,HUANG Pengfei,et al.Comparison of trace element pollution,sequential extraction,and risk level in different depths of tailings with different accumulation age from a rare earth mine in Jiangxi Province,China[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2018,18(3):992-1002.
[4]彭冬水.赣南稀土矿水土流失特点及防治技术[J].亚热带水土保持,2005,17(3):14-15.PENG Dongshui.Characteristics and control techniques of soil erosion in rare-earth minerals in South Jiangxi[J].Subtropical Soil and Water Conservation,2005,17(3):14-15.
[5]BHATT R,KHERA K L.Effect of tillage and mode of straw mulch application on soil erosion in the submontaneous tract of Punjab,India[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2006,88(1/2):107-115.
[6]ADEKALU K O,OLORUNFEMI I A,OSUNBITAN J A.Grass mulching effect on infiltration,surface runoff and soil loss of three agricultural soils in Nigeria[J].Bioresource Technology,2007,98(4):912-917.
[7]SMETS T,POESEN J,KNAPEN A.Spatial scale effects on the effectiveness of organic mulches in reducing soil erosion by water[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2008,89(1):1-12.
[8]JORDAN A,ZAVALA L M,GIL J.Effects of mulching on soil physical properties and runoff under semi-arid conditions in southern Spain[J].Catena,2010,81(1):77-85.
[9]DORING T F,BRANDT M,HESJ.Effects of straw mulch on soil nitrate dynamics,weeds,yield and soil erosion in organically grown potatoes[J].Field Crops Research,2005,94(2/3):238-249.
[10]GHOLAMI L,SADEGHI S H R,HOMAEE M.Straw mulching effect on splash erosion,runoff and sediment yield from eroded plots[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2013,77(77):268-278.
[11]BLANCO-CANQUI H,LAL R.Impacts of long-term wheat straw management on soil hydraulic properties under no-tillage[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,71(4):1166-1173.
[12]CERDAA,GONZALEZ-PELAYO O,GIMEENEZ-MORERA A,et al.The use of barley straw residues to avoid high erosion and runoff rates on persimmon plantations in eastern Spain under low frequency-high magnitude simulated rainfalls[J].Soil Research,2016,54(2):154-165.
[13]EDWARDS L,BURNEY J R,RICHTER G,et al.Evaluation of compost and straw mulching on soil-loss characteristics in erosion plots of potatoes in Prince Edward Island,Canada[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2000,81(3):217-222.
[14]徐锡蒙,郑粉莉,覃超,等.沟蚀发育的黄土坡面上秸秆覆盖防蚀效果研究[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(8):130-137.XU Ximeng,ZHENG Fenli,QIN Chao,et al.Erosion control effects of cornstalk mulching on loess hillslope with gully[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(8):130-137.
[15]朱坚,纪雄辉,田发祥,等.秸秆还田对双季稻产量及氮磷径流损失的影响[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(11):1626-1634.ZHU Jian,JI Xionghui,TIAN Faxiang,et al.Effects of strawreturning on double cropping rice yield and runoff loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in paddy fields[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(11):1626-1634.
[16]张翼夫,李洪文,何进,等.玉米秸秆覆盖对坡面产流产沙过程的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(7):118-124.ZHANG Yifu,LI Hongwen,HE Jin,et al.Effects of maize straw mulching on runoff and sediment process of slope[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(7):118-124.
[17]RAO Zhongxiu,HUANG Daoyou,ZHU Huahua,et al.Effect of rice straw mulching on migration and transportation of Cd,Cu,Zn,and Ni in surface runoff under simulated rainfall[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2016,16(8):2021-2029.
[18]GARCIA-MORENO J,GORDILLO-RIVEROAJ,ZAVALA L M,et al.Mulch application in fruit orchards increases the persistence of soil water repellency during a 15-years period[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2013,130(6):62-68.
[19]PROSDOCIMI M,JORDAN A,TAROLLI P,et al.The immediate effectiveness of barley straw mulch in reducing soil erodibility and surface runoff generation in Mediterranean vineyards[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,547:323-330.
[20]刘柳松,史学正,任红艳,等.秸秆覆盖对干态和湿态土壤产流过程的影响[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(4):6-9.LIU Liusong,SHI Xuezheng,REN Hongyan,et al.Effect of straw mulch on runoff yield process of driest and wettest soil[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(4):6-9.
[21]GILLEY J E,GLENDON W G,BAUER A,et al.Runoff and erosion characteristics of surface-mined sites in western North Dakota[J].Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1977,20(4):697-700.
[22]SHI Z H,YUE B J,WANG L,et al.Effects of mulch cover rate on interrill erosion processes and the size selectivity of eroded sediment on steep slopes[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2013,77(1):257-267.
[23]NISHIGAKI T,SUGIHARA S,KILASARA M,et al.Effect of mulching with vegetative residues on soil water erosion and water balance in an oxisol cropped by cassava in East Cameroon[J].Land Degradation&Development,2017,28(2):682-690.
[24]WANG Juan,HUANG Jun,ZHAO Xining,et al.Simulated study on effects of ground managements on soil water and available nutrients in jujube orchards[J].Land Degradation&Development,2016,27(1):35-42.
[25]JIN K,CORNELIS W M,GABRIELS D,et al.Residue cover and rainfall intensity effects on runoff soil organic carbon losses[J].Catena,2009,78(1):81-86.
[26]PROSDOCIMI M,TAROLLI P,CERDA.Mulching practices for reducing soil water erosion:a review[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2016,161:191-203.
[27]SMETS T,POESEN J,BHATTACHARYYA R,et al.Evaluation of biological geotextiles for reducing runoff and soil loss under various environmental conditions using laboratory and field plot data[J].Land Degradation&Development,2011,22:480-498.
[28]MULUMBA L N,LAL R.Mulching effects on selected soil physical properties[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2008,98(1):106-111.
[29]FERNANDEZ C,VEGA J A.Are erosion barriers and straw mulching effective for controlling soil erosion after a high severity wildfire in NW Spain?[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,87:132-138.
[30]POESEN J W A,LAVEE H.Effects of size and incorporation of synthetic mulch on runoff and sediment yield from interrills in a laboratory study with simulated rainfall[J].Soil and Tillage Research,1991,21:209-223.