道路植被结构对大气可吸入颗粒物扩散影响的模拟与验证
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摘要
为了研究道路植被结构对城市内可吸入颗粒物(简称PM10)扩散的影响,该文设计不同道路绿化布局模式,在夏季和冬季不同的风向条件下,利用三维微气候模型(ENVI-met模型)模拟大气颗粒物扩散的规律;另外,该文选择百子湾路、林大北路、交道口东大街、东直门北小街、农展馆南路6条不同绿化布局的道路作为北京市街区道路的典型案例,监测夏季和冬季不同绿化布局道路的可吸入颗粒物浓度,并与ENVI-met模型模拟结果进行对比。结果表明:在高宽比一定的情况下,乔灌草的布局方式对PM10浓度降低作用最明显,其次是乔灌组合方式,乔木对降低PM10浓度的作用较弱,灌木对降低PM10浓度的作用最弱;在植被布局相同的情况下,街道高宽比值越小,PM10浓度降低的越明显。实测和模拟结果对比发现:两者相对误差分布在10%以下的占全部的71%,相对误差分布在10%至20%占全部的22%,相对误差分布在20%以上的仅占全部的7%;模拟值和实测值拟合的决定系数R2为0.9894,RMSE为8.399μg/m3,说明模拟结果精度较高,因此ENVI-met模型能够合理模拟道路植被结构对大气颗粒物扩散的影响,对PM10浓度降低作用角度考虑乔灌草的布局方式最优。
As the city is developing continuously recently, frequently occurred haze has increasingly raised residents' concerns about the urban ecological problems. Motor vehicle exhaust gas is one of the major sources of atmospheric particulates. The road green system, an important ecological measurement, which plays a significant role in preventing the motor vehicle exhaust gas diffusion, is of great significance to improve urban air quality and residents' life quality and the living environment. For the purpose of urban road greening plan, we used high resolution remote sensing images and street views to compile the road information tables so as to select six roads(Baiziwan Road, Linda North Road, Jiaodaokou East Avenue, Dongzhimen North Street, and Nongzhanguan South Road) in Beijing city as the sample set which represent different road green systems, green configurations and street aspect ratios. For the simulation experiment in this paper, we used three-dimensional microclimate software ENVI-met, which was based on fluid and thermodynamics(the calculation of the basic law of the fluid dynamics model), to simulate the interaction processes among ground, vegetation, building and atmosphere in a small-scale urban space. We constructed three-dimensional main model area and set main characteristic parameters of the sample places, such as building, greening and underlying surface structure, and achieved the numerical simulation of interactions among ground, vegetation, building and atmosphere by using the weather prediction subprogram to analyze governing equation. We conducted field experiment in order to compare it with the numerical simulation results. The monitoring points were set on the roadside and behind the tree respectively. Each experiment street was set with one monitoring section which has two monitoring points at the height of 1.5 meters. We selected PM10 as the monitoring item and measure meteorological factors such as wind speed, wind direction and temperature at the same time. We set the results of the non-vegetation particulate matter as background value and superposed it with the diffusion of that under different green configurations to analyze the law of particulate matter diffusion of different green configurations. The simulation results showed that, under the same condition of wind speed and wind direction, the changes of PM10 concentration on the leeward side of monitoring point were higher than that on its windward side, which proved that the motion of airflow caused the particulate matter accumulation on the leeward side and the spreading of particulate matter over the road as air flow rising, so the concentration of particles on the leeward side was the largest, and then gradually decreased as the building height increasing. Under the same condition of aspect ratio, the effect of arbor--shrub-grass configuration on reducing PM10 concentration was the most obvious, followed by the arbor--shrub configuration. The effect of arbor on reducing PM10 concentration was weak and the effect of shrub on that was the weakest. Under the same condition of green configurations, the smaller the street's aspect ratio(the wider the street) was, the greater decrease in the concentration of PM10, which indicated that the wider street was favorable for ventilation and had the lower the concentration of pollutants and vice versa. Comparing the measured data with the numerical simulation data, the coefficient between the measured value and the simulated value was 0.9894, and the correlation between the simulated results and the field observation results was pretty high, so it could be proved that the convection-diffusion model that ENVI-met used was available for simulating the diffusion of atmosphere particulate matter and can give reasonable calculation results of the law of the diffusion of atmosphere particles.
As the city is developing continuously recently, frequently occurred haze has increasingly raised residents' concerns about the urban ecological problems. Motor vehicle exhaust gas is one of the major sources of atmospheric particulates. The road green system, an important ecological measurement, which plays a significant role in preventing the motor vehicle exhaust gas diffusion, is of great significance to improve urban air quality and residents' life quality and the living environment. For the purpose of urban road greening plan, we used high resolution remote sensing images and street views to compile the road information tables so as to select six roads(Baiziwan Road, Linda North Road, Jiaodaokou East Avenue, Dongzhimen North Street, and Nongzhanguan South Road) in Beijing city as the sample set which represent different road green systems, green configurations and street aspect ratios. For the simulation experiment in this paper, we used three-dimensional microclimate software ENVI-met, which was based on fluid and thermodynamics(the calculation of the basic law of the fluid dynamics model), to simulate the interaction processes among ground, vegetation, building and atmosphere in a small-scale urban space. We constructed three-dimensional main model area and set main characteristic parameters of the sample places, such as building, greening and underlying surface structure, and achieved the numerical simulation of interactions among ground, vegetation, building and atmosphere by using the weather prediction subprogram to analyze governing equation. We conducted field experiment in order to compare it with the numerical simulation results. The monitoring points were set on the roadside and behind the tree respectively. Each experiment street was set with one monitoring section which has two monitoring points at the height of 1.5 meters. We selected PM10 as the monitoring item and measure meteorological factors such as wind speed, wind direction and temperature at the same time. We set the results of the non-vegetation particulate matter as background value and superposed it with the diffusion of that under different green configurations to analyze the law of particulate matter diffusion of different green configurations. The simulation results showed that, under the same condition of wind speed and wind direction, the changes of PM10 concentration on the leeward side of monitoring point were higher than that on its windward side, which proved that the motion of airflow caused the particulate matter accumulation on the leeward side and the spreading of particulate matter over the road as air flow rising, so the concentration of particles on the leeward side was the largest, and then gradually decreased as the building height increasing. Under the same condition of aspect ratio, the effect of arbor--shrub-grass configuration on reducing PM10 concentration was the most obvious, followed by the arbor--shrub configuration. The effect of arbor on reducing PM10 concentration was weak and the effect of shrub on that was the weakest. Under the same condition of green configurations, the smaller the street's aspect ratio(the wider the street) was, the greater decrease in the concentration of PM10, which indicated that the wider street was favorable for ventilation and had the lower the concentration of pollutants and vice versa. Comparing the measured data with the numerical simulation data, the coefficient between the measured value and the simulated value was 0.9894, and the correlation between the simulated results and the field observation results was pretty high, so it could be proved that the convection-diffusion model that ENVI-met used was available for simulating the diffusion of atmosphere particulate matter and can give reasonable calculation results of the law of the diffusion of atmosphere particles.
引文
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[18]桑建国,刘辉志,王保民,等.街谷环流和热力结构的数值模拟[J].应用气象学报,2002(S1):69-81.Sang Jianguo,Liu Huizhi,Wang Baomin,et al.Numerical simulation of the flow field and thermal structure over a street canyon[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science2002(S1):69-81.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]杨小山.室外微气候对建筑空调能耗影响的模拟方法研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2012.Yang Xiaoshan.A Simulation Method for the Effects of Urban Microclimate on Building Cooling Energy Use[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]赵丹平.城市街道峡谷内的气流运动与污染扩散研究[D].上海:东华大学,2010.Zhao Danping.Numerical Simulation of the Flow Field and Pollution on centration Field in Street Canyon[D].Shanghai:Donghua University,2010.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]赵静.基于多孔介质方法的城市街区汽车污染物对流扩散数值模拟研究[D].济南:山东建筑大学,2012.Zhao Jing.Numerical Analysis of Pollutant Dispersion in Street Canyon Based on Porous Medium Model[D].Jinan:Shandong Jianzhu University,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]詹慧娟.应用ENVI-met模型模拟三维植被场景温度分布[J].北京林业大学学报,2014,36(4):64-74.Zhan Huijuan.Simulated three-dimensional application of ENVI-met scene vegetation temperature distribution model[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2014,36(4):64-74.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]齐飞艳.道路大气颗粒物的分布特征及绿化带的滞留作用[D].郑州:河南农业大学,2009.Qi Feiyan.Distribution Characteristics of Atmospheric Particles from Highways and the Retaining Effect of Greenbelts[D].Zhengzhou:Henan Agricultural University,2009.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]刘宝章.澳门荷兰园街汽车尾气扩散规律实验研究[J].环境科学学报,2000(S1):27-33.Liu Baozhang.Experimental study on the diffusion law of automobile flux at the street rua de campos in Macau[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2000(S1):27-33.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]穆珍珍.西安市雁塔区冬季可吸入颗粒物时空变化研究[J].环境科学学报,2011,31(7):1509-1516.Mu Zhenzhen.Vertical and temporal variation of PM10 in Yanta District,Xi’an during winter[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2011,31(7):1509-1516.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]赵晴.北京及周边地区夏季大气颗粒物区域污染特征[J].环境科学,2009,30(7):1873-1880.Zhao Qing.Regional PM pollution in Beijing and surrounding area during summertime[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(7):1873-1880.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]Wania A,Bruse M,Blond N,et al.Analysing the influence of different street vegetation on traffic-induced particle dispersion using microscale simulations[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2012,94(1):91-101
[28]王宇.北京市典型道路空气中挥发性有机物污染特征与模拟[D].北京:北京林业大学,2014.Wang Yu.Beijing Typically Volatile Organic Compounds in Air Pollution Road Characteristics and Simulation[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]崔健.江苏省能见度时空分布特征及其影响因子分析[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2015.Cui Jian.Temporal-spatial Variations of Visibility in Jiansu and Influencing Factors[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]张新献,古润泽,陈自新,等.北京城市居住区绿地的滞尘效益[J].北京林业大学学报,1997(4):14-19.Zhang Xinxian,Gu Runze,Chen Zixin,et al.Dust removal by green areas in the residential quarters of Beijing[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,1997(4):14-19.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[32]冯朝阳,高吉喜,田美荣,等.京西门头沟区自然植被滞尘能力及效益研究[J].环境科学研究,2007,20(5):155-159.Feng Chaoyang,Gao Jixi,Tian Meirong,et al.Research on dust absorption ability and efficiency of natural vegetation in Mentougou District,Beijing[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2007,20(5):155-159.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]Morawska L,Thomas S,Gilbert D,et al.A study of the horizontal and vertical profile of sub micrometer particles in relation to a busy road[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33:1261-1274.
[3]Tripath R.Mi,Vinod Kumar A,Manikandan S.T,et al.Vertical distribution of atmospheric tracemetals and their sources at Mumbai,India[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38:135-146.
[4]Chan L Y,Kwok W S.Vertical dispersion of suspended particulates in urban area of Hong Kong[J].Atmospheric Environment,2000,34:4403-4412.
[5]Micallef A,Colls J J.Measuring and modeling the airborne particulate mailer environment:model overview and evaluation[J].Science of the Total Environment,1999,235(1/2/3):199-210.
[6]Le Bhand O.Application of dispersion modeling for analysis of particle pollution sources in a street canyon[J].Water Air&Soil Pollution Focus,2002,2(5/6):395-404.
[7]Ariel F.Street level air pollution in Cordoba city[J].Atmospheric Environment,1996,30(20):3491-3495.
[8]赵晓红.兰州市交通要道颗粒物污染状况及其致突变活性的研究[J].环境科学学报,2001(4):444-447.Zhao Xiaohong.Pollution status and mutagenicity of particles in heavy traffic road of Lanzhou[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2001(4):444-447.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]刘大锰,黄杰,高少鹏,等.北京市区春季交通源大气颗粒物污染水平及其影响因素[J].地学前缘,2006(2):228-233.Liu Dameng,Huang Jie,Gao Shaopeng,et al.The pollution level and influencing factors of atmospheric particulates from traffic in Beijing city during spring[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2006(2):228-233.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Lee I Y,Park H M.Parameterization of the pollutant transport and dispersion in urban street canyons[J].Atmos Environ,1994,28(17):2343-2349.
[11]Assimakopoulos V,Ehrhard J,Theodoridis G,et al.Assessing the influence of near wall treatment on the wind and dispersion characteristics in urban areas[J].Sixth International Conference on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes,France,1999.
[12]何泽能,高阳华,李永华,等.城市街道峡谷对称性对内部气流场的影响研究[J].气象与环境学报,2008(2):62-67.He Zeneng,Gao Yanghua,Li Yonghua,et al.Effects of symmetry of urban street canyons on their inner airflow fields[J].Journal of Meteorology and Environment,2008(2):62-67.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]张颖慧.有高架的城市街道峡谷内颗粒物扩散的数值模拟研究[D].济南:山东大学,2016.Zhang Yinghui.Numerical Simulation of Particle Dispersion in Urban Street Canyon with Elevated Road[D].Jinan:Shandong University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]朱蕾.城市商业街区可吸入颗粒物扩散模拟与街区空间布局优化研究[D].沈阳:沈阳建筑大学,2015.Zhu Lei.The Study of Respirable Particulate Matter Dispersion Modeling of City Commercial Street and Neighborhood Space Layout Optimization[D].Shengyang:Shenyang Jianzhu University,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]郭伟.城市绿地滞尘作用机理和规律的研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(6):1465-1470.Guo Wei.Research progress of city mechanisms and rules of dust retention[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(6):1465-1470.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]郭振宇.城市街道峡谷内机动车尾气排放的PM2.5的对流扩散规律研究[D].济南:山东建筑大学,2013.Guo Zhenyu.Numerical Simulation on PM2.5 Dispersion in Street Canyons[D].Jinan:Shandong Jianzhu University,2013.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Bruse M,Fleer H.Simulating surface-plant-air interactions inside urban environments with a three dimensional numerical mode[J].Environmental Modelling and Software,1998,13:373-384.
[18]桑建国,刘辉志,王保民,等.街谷环流和热力结构的数值模拟[J].应用气象学报,2002(S1):69-81.Sang Jianguo,Liu Huizhi,Wang Baomin,et al.Numerical simulation of the flow field and thermal structure over a street canyon[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science2002(S1):69-81.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]杨小山.室外微气候对建筑空调能耗影响的模拟方法研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2012.Yang Xiaoshan.A Simulation Method for the Effects of Urban Microclimate on Building Cooling Energy Use[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]赵丹平.城市街道峡谷内的气流运动与污染扩散研究[D].上海:东华大学,2010.Zhao Danping.Numerical Simulation of the Flow Field and Pollution on centration Field in Street Canyon[D].Shanghai:Donghua University,2010.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]赵静.基于多孔介质方法的城市街区汽车污染物对流扩散数值模拟研究[D].济南:山东建筑大学,2012.Zhao Jing.Numerical Analysis of Pollutant Dispersion in Street Canyon Based on Porous Medium Model[D].Jinan:Shandong Jianzhu University,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]詹慧娟.应用ENVI-met模型模拟三维植被场景温度分布[J].北京林业大学学报,2014,36(4):64-74.Zhan Huijuan.Simulated three-dimensional application of ENVI-met scene vegetation temperature distribution model[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2014,36(4):64-74.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]齐飞艳.道路大气颗粒物的分布特征及绿化带的滞留作用[D].郑州:河南农业大学,2009.Qi Feiyan.Distribution Characteristics of Atmospheric Particles from Highways and the Retaining Effect of Greenbelts[D].Zhengzhou:Henan Agricultural University,2009.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]刘宝章.澳门荷兰园街汽车尾气扩散规律实验研究[J].环境科学学报,2000(S1):27-33.Liu Baozhang.Experimental study on the diffusion law of automobile flux at the street rua de campos in Macau[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2000(S1):27-33.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]穆珍珍.西安市雁塔区冬季可吸入颗粒物时空变化研究[J].环境科学学报,2011,31(7):1509-1516.Mu Zhenzhen.Vertical and temporal variation of PM10 in Yanta District,Xi’an during winter[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2011,31(7):1509-1516.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]赵晴.北京及周边地区夏季大气颗粒物区域污染特征[J].环境科学,2009,30(7):1873-1880.Zhao Qing.Regional PM pollution in Beijing and surrounding area during summertime[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(7):1873-1880.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]Wania A,Bruse M,Blond N,et al.Analysing the influence of different street vegetation on traffic-induced particle dispersion using microscale simulations[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2012,94(1):91-101
[28]王宇.北京市典型道路空气中挥发性有机物污染特征与模拟[D].北京:北京林业大学,2014.Wang Yu.Beijing Typically Volatile Organic Compounds in Air Pollution Road Characteristics and Simulation[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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