铅黄铜合金在不同液体介质中的超声空蚀行为及机理
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摘要
目的探讨铅黄铜合金在不同液体介质中的超声空蚀行为及机理。方法利用超声波振动空蚀装置,分别研究铅黄铜材料在去离子水、自来水以及3.5%NaCl溶液中的超声空蚀行为,借助金相显微镜、体视显微镜、扫描电子显微镜以及显微硬度计检测空蚀后的材料表面参数。结果经过300 min空蚀作用后,铅黄铜试样在自来水中的累计质量损失最大,在3.5%NaCl溶液中的累计质量损失最小,在去离子水中的累计质量损失居中。铅黄铜在去离子水和自来水中空蚀初期主要表现为大量的塑性变形,裂纹在晶界处萌生并沿横向和纵向不断扩展,蚀坑细小且形状不规则。在3.5%NaCl溶液中,铅黄铜空蚀初期的塑性变形和裂纹发展不明显,但有明显的选择性空蚀倾向,蚀坑形状以唇状为主,蚀坑口径更大,深度更深。铅黄铜在3种液体介质中空蚀后都产生了几百微米的加工硬化层,其中,在3.5%NaCl溶液中空蚀后的硬化层最厚,最大硬度值增幅达13.6%。随着空蚀时间的延长,材料近表层逐渐软化。结论铅黄铜在3种液体介质中的抗空蚀性能高低顺序为3.5%NaCl溶液>去离子水>自来水。
The work aims to explore ultrasonic cavitation erosion behavior and mechanism of Pb-Brass alloy in different liquid media. Ultrasonic cavitation erosion behavior of brass in deionized water, tap water and 3.5% Na Cl solution was studied respectively with an ultrasonic vibration cavitation experimental rig. Surface parameters of eroded material were measured with metallographic microscope, stereomicroscope, scanning electron microscope and microhardness tester. After 300 min of cavitation erosion, the lead brass specimen had maximum cumulative mass loss in tap water, minimum cumulative mass loss in 3.5% Na Cl solution, and intermediate cumulative mass loss in deionized water. In the initial stage, the cavitation erosion of Pb-brass mainly appeared as gross plastic deformation in deionized water and tap water. The cracks of the Pb-brass alloy appeared at grain boundary and then developed along the horizontal and vertical directions. Cavitation erosion pits were small and irregular. However, in the 3.5% Na Cl solution, the cracks and plastic deformation developed slightly in early stage, but showed obvious tendency of selective cavitation erosion. The cavitation erosion pits were mainly lip-type, and of larger diameter and depth. The Pb-brass alloy produced hundreds of microns thick work-hardened layer subject to cavitation erosion in the three liquids. The hardened layer was the thickest in the 3.5% Na Cl solution, and the maximum hardness increased by 13.6%. As cavitation erosion prolonged, material was gradually softened beneath the material surface. Cavitation resistance of the Pb-brass alloy in the three liquids, from high to low, is in the sequence of 3.5% Na Cl solution, deionized water, tap water.
The work aims to explore ultrasonic cavitation erosion behavior and mechanism of Pb-Brass alloy in different liquid media. Ultrasonic cavitation erosion behavior of brass in deionized water, tap water and 3.5% Na Cl solution was studied respectively with an ultrasonic vibration cavitation experimental rig. Surface parameters of eroded material were measured with metallographic microscope, stereomicroscope, scanning electron microscope and microhardness tester. After 300 min of cavitation erosion, the lead brass specimen had maximum cumulative mass loss in tap water, minimum cumulative mass loss in 3.5% Na Cl solution, and intermediate cumulative mass loss in deionized water. In the initial stage, the cavitation erosion of Pb-brass mainly appeared as gross plastic deformation in deionized water and tap water. The cracks of the Pb-brass alloy appeared at grain boundary and then developed along the horizontal and vertical directions. Cavitation erosion pits were small and irregular. However, in the 3.5% Na Cl solution, the cracks and plastic deformation developed slightly in early stage, but showed obvious tendency of selective cavitation erosion. The cavitation erosion pits were mainly lip-type, and of larger diameter and depth. The Pb-brass alloy produced hundreds of microns thick work-hardened layer subject to cavitation erosion in the three liquids. The hardened layer was the thickest in the 3.5% Na Cl solution, and the maximum hardness increased by 13.6%. As cavitation erosion prolonged, material was gradually softened beneath the material surface. Cavitation resistance of the Pb-brass alloy in the three liquids, from high to low, is in the sequence of 3.5% Na Cl solution, deionized water, tap water.
引文
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[14]雷玉成,秦敏明,徐桂芳,等.Cr-Ni-Co奥氏体堆焊材料的空泡腐蚀行为[J].焊接学报,2011,32(6):21-24.LEI Yu-cheng,QIN Min-ming,XU Gui-fang,et al.Cavitation Erosion Behavior of Cr-Ni-Co Austenite Deposited Metal[J].Transactions of the China Welding Institution,2011,32(6):21-24.
[2]JASIONOWSKI R,PRZETAKIEWICZ W,PRZETAKIEWICZ W,et al.The Influence of Heat Treatments on Cavitation Erosion Resistance of BA1055 Alloy[J].Archives of Foundry Engineering,2009,9(4):64-68.
[3]HANKE S,FISCHER A,BEYER M,et al.Cavitation Erosion of Ni Al-bronze Layers Generated by Friction Surfacing[J].Wear,2011,273(1):32-37.
[4]MITELEA I,OANC?O,BORDEA?U I,et al.Cavitation Erosion of Cermet-coated Aluminium Bronzes[J].Materials,2016,9(3):204.
[5]TANG C H,CHENG F T,MAN H C.Improvement in Cavitation Erosion Resistance of a Copper-based Propeller Alloy by Laser Surface Melting[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2004,182(2-3):300-307.
[6]周青,刘成龙,廖志康,等.空蚀与冲蚀交互作用下锡黄铜的材料流失及力学性能研究[J].润滑与密封,2014,39(8):81-85.ZHOU Qing,LIU Cheng-long,LIAO Zhi-kang,et al.Research on the Variation of Weight Loss and Mechanical Property of Tin Brass Caused by Cavitation and Erosion[J].Lubrication Engineering,2014,39(8):81-85.
[7]刘海霞,李秀阁,张桃,等.射流压力对淹没水射流冲击与空蚀效果的影响[J].表面技术,2016,45(12):104-110.LIU Hai-xia,LI Xiu-ge,ZHANG Tao,et al.Effects of Jet Pressure on Impingement and Cavitation Erosion Effects of Submerged Water Jet[J].Surface Technology,2016,45(12):104-110.
[8]HUCI?SKA J,G?OWACK M.Cavitation Erosion of Copper and Copper-based Alloys[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,2001,32(6):1325-1333.
[9]SONG Q N,ZHENG Y G,NI D R,et al.Corrosion and Cavitation Erosion Behaviors of Friction Stir Processed Ni-Al Bronze:Effect of Processing Parameters and Position in the Stirred Zone[J].Corrosion,2014,70(3):261-270.
[10]TOULFATZIS A I,PANTAZOPOULOS G A,PAIPETIS A S.Fracture Behavior and Characterization of Lead-free Brass Alloys for Machining Applications[J].Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2014,23(9):3193-3206.
[11]ASTM G32—2010,Standard Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus[S].
[12]KIM K H,CHAHINE G,FRANCE J P,et al.Advanced Experimental and Numerical Techniques for Cavitation Erosion Prediction[J].Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications,2014,106:3-18.
[13]陈卫.几种海洋工程常用金属的空泡腐蚀性能[J].热加工工艺,2015(8):17-20.CHEN Wei.Cavitation Corrosion Performance of Several Oceaneering Metals[J].Hot Working Technology,2015(8):17-20.
[14]雷玉成,秦敏明,徐桂芳,等.Cr-Ni-Co奥氏体堆焊材料的空泡腐蚀行为[J].焊接学报,2011,32(6):21-24.LEI Yu-cheng,QIN Min-ming,XU Gui-fang,et al.Cavitation Erosion Behavior of Cr-Ni-Co Austenite Deposited Metal[J].Transactions of the China Welding Institution,2011,32(6):21-24.