多相流作用下锡黄铜的空蚀-冲蚀行为
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摘要
采用空蚀-冲蚀联合作用试验机测试和扫描电镜(SEM)分析相结合研究了锡黄铜的空蚀-冲蚀行为,考察了水流速度和沙粒对铜合金空蚀-冲蚀行为的影响.研究表明:锡黄铜的抗空蚀能力随水流速度增加而降低,当水流速度增加到一定值时,合金的抗空蚀能力降低幅度减缓,这归因于水流的冲击导致的材料表面硬化;通过铜合金质量损失率曲线分析可知:本文试验条件下锡黄铜在不同流速下的空蚀过程主要包含孕育期、上升期和稳定期;固体颗粒(沙粒)对锡黄铜的抗空蚀能力有不利影响,铜合金在含沙水中的质量损失显著高于同等条件自来水中,这主要是由于在空蚀过程中沙粒的冲击破坏所造成.观察试验后样品表面形貌,发现合金表面有由空蚀/冲蚀作用所造成的唇片、凹坑和沟槽等特征形貌.
The influence of flow rate and particle on cavitation and erosion of tin brass in multiphase flow was investigated by using a scanning electron microscopy and a rotating disk system. Results show that the cavitation resistance decreased with increasing liquid flow rate, but magnitude of decrease reduced after a threshold liquid velocity due to surface hardening induced by impact of the current. The cavitation erosion process can be divided into three stages, i.e. incubation, accumulation and steady periods, through analysis of the curve of quality loss rate. Mass loss was significantly higher in liquid-solid flow than in water showing negative effect of particle on the cavitation erosion resistance. Some characteristic morphologies produced by cavitation and erosion, e.g. pits, shear lips, groove were observed by carefully analyzing the tested surface.
The influence of flow rate and particle on cavitation and erosion of tin brass in multiphase flow was investigated by using a scanning electron microscopy and a rotating disk system. Results show that the cavitation resistance decreased with increasing liquid flow rate, but magnitude of decrease reduced after a threshold liquid velocity due to surface hardening induced by impact of the current. The cavitation erosion process can be divided into three stages, i.e. incubation, accumulation and steady periods, through analysis of the curve of quality loss rate. Mass loss was significantly higher in liquid-solid flow than in water showing negative effect of particle on the cavitation erosion resistance. Some characteristic morphologies produced by cavitation and erosion, e.g. pits, shear lips, groove were observed by carefully analyzing the tested surface.
引文
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[20]Huang Weijiu,Li Zhijun,Wang Junjun,et al.Investigation of erosion mechanism of tin brass in 3.5%Na Cl liquid-solid two phase flow[J].Tribology,2016,36(1):27-33(in Chinese)[黄伟九,李志均,王军军,等.锡黄铜在3.5%Na Cl中的液固两相流冲蚀机理研究[J].摩擦学学报,2016,36(1):27-33].doi:10.16078/j.tribology.2016.01.005.
[21]Liu Jianguo,Ba Ke Da Shi Wulan,Li Zili,et al.Effect of flow velocity on erosion-corrosion of 90-degree horizontal elbow[J].Wear,2017,376-377:516-525.doi:10.1016/j.wear.2016.11.015.
[22]Chen Huahui,Wang Chunyang,Zhao Fu,et al.Corrosion-erosion behavior and mechanisms of in-situ transformed Cf/Al2O3Composite[J].Wear,2017,376-377:384-392.doi:10.1016/j.wear.2017.01.017.
[23]Liang Liang,Pang Youxia,Tang Yong,et al.A comparative study between erosive wears and interactive wear[J].Tribology,2012,32(4):338-344(in Chinese)[梁亮,庞佑霞,唐勇,等.冲蚀磨损与冲蚀、空蚀交互磨损的对比研究[J].摩擦学学报,2012,32(4):338-344].doi:10.16078/j.tribology.2012.04.014.
[2]Ezanno A,Doudard C.Validation of a high-cycle fatigue model via calculation/test comparisons at structural scale:Application to copper alloy sand-cast ship propellers[J].International Journal of Fatigue,2015,74:38-45.doi:10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2014.12.008.
[3]Mazdak P,Kamyar N,Fardis N,et al.A comprehensive review of solid particle erosion modeling for oil and gas wells and pipelines applications[J].Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,2014,21:850-873.doi:10.1016/j.jngse.2014.10.001.
[4]Deng You.Cavitation behavior of two typical copper alloys[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2007(in Chinese)[邓友.两种典型铜合金的空蚀行为研究[D].天津:天津大学,2007].
[5]Hattori S,Yada H,Kurachi H,et al.Effect of liquid metal composition and hydrodynamic parameters on cavitation erosion[J].Wear,2009,267(11):2033-2038.doi:10.1016/j.wear.2009.08.002.
[6]Chen H S,Liu S H.Inelastic damages by stress wave on steel surface at the incubation stage of vibration cavitation erosion[J].Wear,2009,266:69-75.doi:10.1016/j.wear.2008.05.011.
[7]Li Jian,Zhang Yongzhen,Peng Engao,et al.Expermiental study on cavitations erosion[J].Tribology,2006,26(2):164-168(in Chinese)[李建,张永振,彭恩高,等.冲蚀与气蚀复合磨损试验研究[J].摩擦学学报,2006,26(2):164-168].doi:10.3321/j.issn:1004-0595.2006.02.015.
[8]Liu wei,Zheng Yugui,Liu Changsheng,et al.Cavitation-abrasion behaviors of 20Si Mn and 0Cr13Ni5Mo steels in multiphase flow[J].Chinese Journal of Materials Research,2002,16(6):585-589(in Chinese)[柳伟,郑玉贵,刘常升,等.20Si Mn低合金钢和0Cr13Ni5Mo不锈钢的多相流损伤行为[J].材料研究学报,2002,16(6):585-589].doi:10.3321/j.issn:1005-3093.2002.06.006.
[9]Chang jinshi.Cavitation and cavitation erosion of water pump and turbine in muddy water[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering,2010,28(2):93-97(in Chinese)[常近时.工质为浑水时水泵与水轮机的空化与空蚀[J].排灌机械工程学报,2010,28(2):93-97].
[10]Tian Liyan,Ding Tong,Chen Jiafan,et al.The experimental study of the hollow bubble collapse of the sediment[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,1991,(1):68-73(in Chinese)[田立言,丁彤,陈嘉范,等.挟沙水流中空泡溃灭的试验研究[J].水力发电学报,1991,(1):68-73].
[11]Cheng Zejiu.Experimental study on the critical sediment concentration in cavitation and abrasion[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,1990,(2):57-63(in Chinese)[程则久.空化和磨蚀中临界含沙量的试验研究[J].水利水电技术,1990,(2):57-63].
[12]Deng Jun,Yang Yongquan,Shen Huanrong,et al.The influence to abrasion of sediment concentration[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2000,(4):65-68(in Chinese)[邓军,杨永全,沈焕荣,等.水流含沙量对磨蚀的影响[J].泥沙研究,2000,(4):65-68].doi:10 .3321/j.issn:0468-155X.2000.04.015.
[13]Liu Wei,Zheng Yugui,Yao Zhiming,et al.Research progress on cavitation erosion of metallic materials[J].Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and Protection,2001,21(4):250-255(in Chinese)[柳伟,郑玉贵,姚治铭,等.金属材料的空蚀研究进展[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报,2001,21(4):250-255].doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-4537.2001.04.012.
[14]Tang C H,Cheng F T,Man H C.Improvement in cavitation erosion resistance of a copper-based propeller alloy by laser surface melting[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2004,182(2-3):300-307.doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.08.048.
[15]Wang Jihui,Deng You.Cavitation erosion behavior of QA19-4aluminum brone in 3.5%Na Cl solution[J].Ordnance Material Science and Engineering,2008,31(2):5-9(in Chinese)[王吉会,邓友.QA19-4铝青铜在3.5%Na Cl溶液中的空蚀行为[J].兵器材料科学与工程,2008,31(2):5-9].doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-244X.2008.02.002.
[16]Li X Y,Yan Y G,Ma L.Cavitation erosion and corrosion behavior of copper-manganese-aluminum alloy weldment[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2004,382:82-89.doi:10.1016/j.msea.2004.04.032.
[17]Thapliyal S,Dwivedi D K.On cavitation erosion behavior of friction stir processed surface of cast nickel aluminium bronze[J].Wear,2017,376-377:1030-1042.doi:10.1016/j.wear.2017.01.030.
[18]Trethewey K R,Haley T J,Clark C C.Effect of ultrasonically induced cavitation on corrosion behaviour of a copper-manganesealuminium alloy[J].British Corrosion Journal,2013,23(1):55-60.
[19]Wang Junjun,Li Zhijun,Huang Weijiu.Effect of particle size and electrochemical potential on erosion behavior of brass in liquid-solid solution[J].Tribology,2016,36(4):406-412(in Chinese)[王军军,李志均,黄伟九.沙粒粒径和外电位对黄铜腐蚀磨损的影响[J].摩擦学学报,2016,36(4):406-412].doi:10.16078/j.tribology.2016.04.002.
[20]Huang Weijiu,Li Zhijun,Wang Junjun,et al.Investigation of erosion mechanism of tin brass in 3.5%Na Cl liquid-solid two phase flow[J].Tribology,2016,36(1):27-33(in Chinese)[黄伟九,李志均,王军军,等.锡黄铜在3.5%Na Cl中的液固两相流冲蚀机理研究[J].摩擦学学报,2016,36(1):27-33].doi:10.16078/j.tribology.2016.01.005.
[21]Liu Jianguo,Ba Ke Da Shi Wulan,Li Zili,et al.Effect of flow velocity on erosion-corrosion of 90-degree horizontal elbow[J].Wear,2017,376-377:516-525.doi:10.1016/j.wear.2016.11.015.
[22]Chen Huahui,Wang Chunyang,Zhao Fu,et al.Corrosion-erosion behavior and mechanisms of in-situ transformed Cf/Al2O3Composite[J].Wear,2017,376-377:384-392.doi:10.1016/j.wear.2017.01.017.
[23]Liang Liang,Pang Youxia,Tang Yong,et al.A comparative study between erosive wears and interactive wear[J].Tribology,2012,32(4):338-344(in Chinese)[梁亮,庞佑霞,唐勇,等.冲蚀磨损与冲蚀、空蚀交互磨损的对比研究[J].摩擦学学报,2012,32(4):338-344].doi:10.16078/j.tribology.2012.04.014.