打印/扫描过程中数字水印图像的失真及还原
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摘要
数字水印图像的鲁棒性和稳定性与打印/扫描过程中的失真密切相关。打印是数字图像向半色调图像转换的过程,会对水印图像造成低通滤波攻击、半色调攻击和几何攻击;扫描是打印的逆过程,是半色调图像向数字图像转换的过程,会对水印图像引入低通滤波攻击和几何攻击。低通滤波攻击和半色调攻击会对数字水印图像造成非线性像素值失真,几何攻击则会引起几何失真。非线性像素值失真的校正对策有:对打印机或扫描仪的分辨率进行最优化设置,对gamma值进行校正,使用空间低通滤波去除高斯噪声等;几何失真的校正对策有:通过周期性的冗余嵌入克服几何异步攻击,进行模版嵌入设计实现同步等。
The robustness and stability of digital watermarking image is closely related to the distortion caused by the print-scan process. Printing is the conversion process between digital images and halftone images, and causes low-pass filtering attack, halftone attack and geometric attack into the watermarking image; scanning is the reverse process of printing, which leads into low pass filtering attack and geometric attack. Thereinto, nonlinear distortion of pixel values on digital watermarking image is caused by low pass filtering attack and halftone attack, while geometric attack causes the geometric distortion. The correction countermeasures for the nonlinear distortion of pixel value include optimally setting the resolution of printer or scanner, correcting the gamma value, using the spatial low-pass filter to remove Gauss noise, etc while the reductive countermeasures for geometric distortion consists of overcoming geometric asynchronous attacks by embedding the cyclical redundancy , designing template embedding to achieve synchronization, and so on.
The robustness and stability of digital watermarking image is closely related to the distortion caused by the print-scan process. Printing is the conversion process between digital images and halftone images, and causes low-pass filtering attack, halftone attack and geometric attack into the watermarking image; scanning is the reverse process of printing, which leads into low pass filtering attack and geometric attack. Thereinto, nonlinear distortion of pixel values on digital watermarking image is caused by low pass filtering attack and halftone attack, while geometric attack causes the geometric distortion. The correction countermeasures for the nonlinear distortion of pixel value include optimally setting the resolution of printer or scanner, correcting the gamma value, using the spatial low-pass filter to remove Gauss noise, etc while the reductive countermeasures for geometric distortion consists of overcoming geometric asynchronous attacks by embedding the cyclical redundancy , designing template embedding to achieve synchronization, and so on.
引文
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[2]Thrasyvoulos N Pappas.Printer Models and Color Halftoning[C]//Proceedings-Icassp,IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing.Minnesota:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,1993:333-336.
[3]刘永利.激光打印机的基本结构和工作原理:上[J].家电检修技术,2012,6(2):23-24.Liu Yongli.The Basic Structure and Working Principle of Laser Printer:One[J].Technology for Overhauling Electrical Home Appliance,2012,6(2):23-24.
[4]刘永利.激光打印机的基本结构和工作原理:下[J].家电检修技术,2012,6(3):23-24.Liu Yongli.The Basic Structure and Working Principle of Laser Printer:Two[J].Technology for Overhauling Electrical Home Appliance,2012,6(3):23-24.
[5]舒南飞.抗打印扫描数字水印算法设计与研究[D].北京:北京邮电大学,2010.Shu Nanfei.The Design and Research of Print-Scan Resistant Watermarking Algorithm[D].Beijing:Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications,2010.
[6]冀芊茜.抗打印扫描数字水印算法研究及其在证件防伪中的应用[D].吉林:吉林大学,2007.Ji Qianqian.Research on Digital Watermarking Algorithm for Print-and-Scan Process and Application in Certificate Anti-Counterfeit[D].Jilin:Jilin University,2007.
[7]葛云露.抗打印扫描数字水印系统分析与算法研究[D].吉林:吉林大学,2007.Ge Yunlu.The Systems Analysis and Algorithm Research on Digital Watermarking Techniques for Image Print-Scan Process[D].Jilin:Jilin University,2007.
[8]Solanki K,Madhow U,Manjunath B S,et al.Estimating and Undoing Rotation for Print-Scan Resilient Data Hiding[C]//Image Processing,ICIP International Conference.Singapore:IEEE Signal Processing Society,Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,2004:39-42.
[9]Glenn David Blatner,Roth Fleishma Steve.扫描与半色调处理[M].2版.刘慧洁,潘文林,毛鹤祥,等译.北京:清华大学出版社,2000:157-211.Glenn David Blatner,Roth Fleishma Steve.Scanning and Halftone Processing[M].2nd ed.Liu Huijie,Pan Wenlin,Mao Hexiang,et al Translated.Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2000:157-211.
[10]年桂君.抗同步攻击鲁棒性数字水印技术研究[D].吉林:吉林大学,2008.Nian Guijun.Digital Watermarking Robust Against Syschronization Attacks[D].Jilin:Jilin University,2008.
[11]庞建新.图像质量客观评价的研究[D].北京:中国科学技术大学,2008.Pang Jianxin.Research on Image Objective Quality Assess-ment[D].Beijing:University of Science and Technology of China,2008.
[12]张丽强.印刷图像数字水印技术研究[D].长沙:国防科学技术大学,2005.Zhang Liqiang.Research on Digital Watermark Available for Printed Images[D].Changsha:National University of Defense Technology,2005.
[13]陈萍.鲁棒的印刷图像水印研究[D].北京:北京交通大学,2006.Chen Ping.Research on Robust Watermark for Printed Images[D].Beijing:Beijing Jiaotong University,2006.
[14]Zheng Dong,Liu Yan,Zhao Jiying,et al.A Survey of RST Invariant Image Watermarking Algorithms[J].ACM Computing Surveys(CSUR),2007,39(2):doi10.1145/1242471.1242473.
[15]Voloshynovskiy S,Degullaume F,Pun T.Content Adaptive Watermarking Base on a Stochastic Multiresolution Image Modeling[C]//Eusipco2000,European Signal Processing Conference.Tampere:TTKK-Paino,2000:1953-1956.
[16]Bas P,Chassery J M,Macq B.Geometrically Invariant Watermarking Using Feature Points[J].IEEE Trans.Image Process,2002,11(9):1014-1028.