批判性旅游研究范式转型的回顾与展望
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摘要
批判转向是20世纪70年代以来影响整个西方人文社会科学的范式转型,在此影响下,批判性旅游研究逐渐成为西方旅游研究的重要范式。文章回顾了批判理论的发展、特征和内容,归纳出批判性旅游研究的逻辑、脉络与内容,梳理了批判性旅游研究的视角、方法和议题,并探讨了批判性旅游研究对批判理论的响应以及知识溢出的可能性,旨在呼应国内旅游研究范式转型和推动旅游学科进一步发展。批判性旅游研究可从宏观的政治经济分析和微观的文化政治分析两个视角开展,主要采用质性研究方法,通过理论上和概念上的评价来深刻分析、理解社会发展的过程和多种主体性的世界观。批判性旅游研究不是反对旅游发展,而是要将隐藏在旅游发展背后的话语和权力关系揭示出来,理解不同行动者特别是弱势群体、失语人群的价值观和信仰,以及他们基于地方知识与资本、政府等其他强权行动者的冲突协商,最终目的是启蒙和解放,寻求什么样的世界才是更好的。
Since the 1970s, the critical turn has been a paradigm transformation in the Western humanities and social science. Under this influence, the critical tourism studies has gradually become an important paradigm in Western tourism research. Based on a review of critical theory's development, feature and contents in social science, this paper tries to make the critical tourism studies clear about their development logic and concrete contents and give a direction to the future critical tourism studies about their research perspectives, approaches and agendas. It also discusses the response of critical tourism studies to critical theory and the possibility of knowledge spillover. In a word, this article aims to promote the paradigm transformation of tourism research and tourism discipline development in China. The critical tourism studies can be conducted from two perspectives.The first one is macro political economy analysis, which emphasizes on the capitalist economic attribute and capital accumulation process of tourism development, seeing it as a part of capitalist production system. The second one is micro cultural politics analysis, which underlines the cultural and social nature of tourism, seeing it as a means of individual identity and class division. By means of qualitative research, it analizes and understands the process of social development and various subjective world views through theoretical and conceptual evaluation. Finally, we think that here are some main topics should be put on the agenda in critical tourism studies: To understand the development of tourism as a highly politicized phenomenon, the operation logic and institutional arrangements of government power. Especially, clarify the impact of relationship network between government and non-government social actors on the formulation of tourism development policies at different scales; To understand tourism as a diversified form of capital accumulation in tourism production system and tourism consumption system, which the body and the living conditions of tourism labor, creation of tourism and leisure space need to be paid more attention; Focus on minority groups and vulnerable groups, such as local community, women and ethnic minorities, understanding their local knowledge, discourse, values and beliefs, as well as their different understandings and special meanings to tourism development, so as to avoid the deviation in tourism knowledge production because of the limited perspectives. Through solid empirical case study, based on its practical disciplinary feature and value, tourism research can play an important role in revealing the unfair and uneven during the process of tourism development, which to some extent responses to critical theory to encourage social change, realize liberation and improve people's dignity, human rights and justice.Critical tourism studies are not against tourism development. Rather, it is necessary to uncover the discourse and power relationships hidden behind tourism development, to understand different actors,especially the vulnerable groups about their believes and value as well as their conflict and negotiation with the government and capital based on the local knowledge. The final goal of critical tourism studies aims at enlightening and emancipating, making the world more hopeful.
Since the 1970s, the critical turn has been a paradigm transformation in the Western humanities and social science. Under this influence, the critical tourism studies has gradually become an important paradigm in Western tourism research. Based on a review of critical theory's development, feature and contents in social science, this paper tries to make the critical tourism studies clear about their development logic and concrete contents and give a direction to the future critical tourism studies about their research perspectives, approaches and agendas. It also discusses the response of critical tourism studies to critical theory and the possibility of knowledge spillover. In a word, this article aims to promote the paradigm transformation of tourism research and tourism discipline development in China. The critical tourism studies can be conducted from two perspectives.The first one is macro political economy analysis, which emphasizes on the capitalist economic attribute and capital accumulation process of tourism development, seeing it as a part of capitalist production system. The second one is micro cultural politics analysis, which underlines the cultural and social nature of tourism, seeing it as a means of individual identity and class division. By means of qualitative research, it analizes and understands the process of social development and various subjective world views through theoretical and conceptual evaluation. Finally, we think that here are some main topics should be put on the agenda in critical tourism studies: To understand the development of tourism as a highly politicized phenomenon, the operation logic and institutional arrangements of government power. Especially, clarify the impact of relationship network between government and non-government social actors on the formulation of tourism development policies at different scales; To understand tourism as a diversified form of capital accumulation in tourism production system and tourism consumption system, which the body and the living conditions of tourism labor, creation of tourism and leisure space need to be paid more attention; Focus on minority groups and vulnerable groups, such as local community, women and ethnic minorities, understanding their local knowledge, discourse, values and beliefs, as well as their different understandings and special meanings to tourism development, so as to avoid the deviation in tourism knowledge production because of the limited perspectives. Through solid empirical case study, based on its practical disciplinary feature and value, tourism research can play an important role in revealing the unfair and uneven during the process of tourism development, which to some extent responses to critical theory to encourage social change, realize liberation and improve people's dignity, human rights and justice.Critical tourism studies are not against tourism development. Rather, it is necessary to uncover the discourse and power relationships hidden behind tourism development, to understand different actors,especially the vulnerable groups about their believes and value as well as their conflict and negotiation with the government and capital based on the local knowledge. The final goal of critical tourism studies aims at enlightening and emancipating, making the world more hopeful.
引文
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[8]BIANCHI R V.The“critical turn”in tourism studies:A radical critique[J].Tourism Geographies,2009,11(4):484-504.
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[20]TRIBE J.Critical tourism:Rules and resistance[C]//The Critical Turn in Tourism Studies:Innovative Research Methodologies.Oxford:Elsevier,2007:29-40.
[21]BRITTON S G.Tourism,capital,and place:Towards a critical geography of tourism[J].Environment and Planning D:Society and Space,1991,9(4):451-478.
[22]BRITTON S G.The political economy of tourism in the third world[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1982,9(3):331-359.
[23]GARNHAM R W.Tourism:Globalisation and Uneven Development[D].Auckland:Massey University,1998.
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[25]BIANCHI R.The political economy of tourism development:Acritical review[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2018,(70):88-102.
[26]YRIGOY I.The production of tourist spaces as a spatial fix[J].Tourism Geographies,2014,16(4):636-652.
[27]SU X.Urban entrepreneurialism and the commodification of heritage in China[J].Urban Studies,2015,52(15):2874-2889.
[28]GILLEN J.Entrepreneurialism and Tourism in Contemporary Vietnam[M].Lanham:Lexington Books,2016:1-117.
[29]FOUCAULT M.Power/knowledge[M].Brighton:Harvester,1980:1-282.
[30]CHEONG S,MILLER M L.Power and tourism:A Foucauldian observation[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2000,(27):371-390.
[31]EDENSOR T.Mundane mobilities,performances and spaces of tourism[J].Social&Cultural Geography,2007,8(2):199-215.
[32]CHAMBERS D.Critical consideration on gender and tourism:A postscript[J].Tourism,Culture&Communication,2018,(18):81-84.
[33]ATELJEVIC I,PRITCHARD A,MORGAN N.The Critical Turn in Tourism Studies:Innovative Research Methodologies[M].Oxford:Elsevier,2007:1-10.
[34]SMALL J.Women’s“beach body”in Australian women’s magazines[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2017,63:23-33.
[35]NIELSEN N,WILSON E.From invisible to indigenous-driven:A critical typology of research in indigenous tourism[J].Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management,2012,19(1):67-75.
[36]SU X.‘It is my home.I will die here’:Tourism development and the politics of place in Lijiang,China[J].Geografiska Annaler:Series B,Human Geography,2012,94(1):31-45.
[37]COLE S.A political ecology of water equity and tourism:A case study from Bali[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2012,39(2):1221-1241.
[38]LIU Jun.Tourism space justice,whose justice[J].Tourism Tribune,2017,32(3):8-9.[刘俊.旅游空间正义,谁的正义?[J].旅游学刊,2017,32(3):8-9.]
[39]CHEN J,CHEN N.Beyond the everyday?Rethinking place meanings in tourism[J].Tourism Geographies,2017,19(1):9-26.
[40]QIAN Junxi,ZHANG Han.Imagination,performance and power:The construction of otherness in Tibetan tourism[J].Tourism Tribune,2016,31(6):82-93.[钱俊希,张瀚.想象,展演与权力:西藏旅游过程中的“他者性”建构[J].旅游学刊,2016,31(6):82-93.]
[41]AITCHISON C C.The critical and the cultural:Explaining the divergent paths of leisure studies and tourism studies[J].Leisure Studies,2006,25(4):417-422.
[42]BIANCHI R V.Tourism restructuring and the politics of sustainability:A critical view from the European periphery(The Canary Islands)[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2004,12(6):495-529.
[43]RAINER G.Producing nature for tourism:A political ecology angle[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2018(71):62-63.
[44]HAZBUN W.Images of openness,spaces of control:The politics of tourism development in Tunisia[J].The Arab Studies Journal,2007,15(2/1):10-35.
[45]CARTER J,DYER P,SHARMA B.Dis-placed voices:Sense of place and place-identity on the Sunshine Coast[J].Social&Cultural Geography,2007,8(5):755-773.
[46]MA Liqin.The Main Theorists and Scholars of Sociological Theory[M].Taipei:Wunan Book Publishing co.Ltd,2013:215-226.[马立秦.社会学理论主要理论学家及学派[M].台北:五南图书出版股份有限公司,2013:215-226.]
[47]SUN Jiuxia,BAO Jigang.On tourism anthropology involving community participation:A case study of the Yulong River in Yangshuo[J].Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities:Philosophy and Social Science Edition,2005,27(1):85-92.[孙九霞,保继刚.社区参与的旅游人类学研究:阳朔遇龙河案例[J].广西民族学院学报:哲学社会科学版,2005,27(1):85-92.]
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[2]GIBSON C.Geographies of tourism:Critical research on capitalism and local livelihoods[J].Progress in Human Geography,2009,33(4):527-534.
[3]SHAW G,WILLIAMS A M.Critical Issues in Tourism:AGeographical Perspective(the 2ndEdition)[M].Oxford:Blackwell,2002:1-392.
[4]WILSON E,SMALL J,HARRIS C.Editorial introduction:Beyond the margins?The relevance of critical tourism and hospitality studies[J].Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management,2012,19(1):48-51.
[5]BRAMWELL B,BERNARD L.The“critical turn”and its implications for sustainable tourism research[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2014,22(1):1-8.
[6]TRIBE J.Tourism:A critical business[J].Journal of Travel Research,2008,46(3):245-255.
[7]WILSON E,HARRIS C,SMALL J.Furthering critical approaches in tourism and hospitality studies:Perspectives from Australia and New Zealand[J].Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management,2008,15(1):15-18.
[8]BIANCHI R V.The“critical turn”in tourism studies:A radical critique[J].Tourism Geographies,2009,11(4):484-504.
[9]SU Xiaobo.Reflection on tourism space justice[J].Tourism Tribune,2017,32(3):7-8.[苏晓波.反思旅游空间正义[J].旅游学刊,2017,32(3):7-8.]
[10]BAO Jigang.The research norms:The basic premise of China.s tourism academic research[J].Tourism Tribune,2005,20(3):7.[保继刚.研究规范--中国旅游学术研究的基本前提[J].旅游学刊,2005,20(3):7.]
[11]BAO Jigang.On the lack of the research questions concerning China.s tourism geography science and our rethinking[J].Tourism Tribune,2010,25(10):13-17.[保继刚.中国旅游地理学研究问题缺失的现状与反思[J].旅游学刊,2010,25(10):13-17.]
[12]MA Ling.On the paradigm of constructivism in tourism social science[J].Tourism Tribune,2011,26(1):31-37.[马凌.旅游社会科学中的建构主义范式[J].旅游学刊,2011,26(1):31-37.]
[13]ZHU Feng,BAO Jigang,XIANG Yixian.Actor-network-theory(ANT)and paradigm innovation for tourism research[J].Tourism Tribune,2012,27(11):24-31.[朱峰,保继刚,项怡娴.行动者网络理论(ANT)与旅游研究范式创新[J].旅游学刊,2012,27(11):24-31.]
[14]CHEN Likun.Applying“paradigm contending”to tourism research:Taking“authenticity”tourism research as an example[J].Tourism Tribune,2013,28(1):30-38.[陈丽坤.“范式争鸣”在旅游研究中的应用--以“本真性”旅游研究为例[J].旅游学刊,2013,28(1):30-38.]
[15]BAO Jigang,ZHANG Jie,XU Honggang,et al.Tourism geography in China:Between hometown and alien land[J].Geographical Research,2017,36(5):803-823.[保继刚,张捷,徐红罡,等.中国旅游地理研究:在他乡与故乡之间[J].地理研究,2017,36(5):803-823.
[16]ZENG Yiguo.Critical theory,cultural industry and media development:From Frankfurt School’s critical theory to today.s critical theory[J].Journalism and Communication,2016,(1):26-40.[曾一果.批判理论,文化工业与媒体发展--从法兰克福学派到今日批判理论[J].新闻与传播研究,2016,(1):26-40.]
[17]YAN Jing.The Frankfurt School critical theory in IR:Origins and academic route[J].Journal of Teaching and Research,2009,(9):70-78.[阎静.国际关系法兰克福学派批判理论的思想来源及研究理路[J].教学与研究,2009,(9):70-78.]
[18]BLOMLEY N.Uncritical critical geography?[J].Progress in Human Geography,2006,30(1):87-94.
[19]CHAMBERS D.Interrogating the‘critical’in critical approaches to tourism research[C]//The Critical Turn in Tourism Studies:Innovative Research Methodologies.Oxford:Elsevier,2007:105-120.
[20]TRIBE J.Critical tourism:Rules and resistance[C]//The Critical Turn in Tourism Studies:Innovative Research Methodologies.Oxford:Elsevier,2007:29-40.
[21]BRITTON S G.Tourism,capital,and place:Towards a critical geography of tourism[J].Environment and Planning D:Society and Space,1991,9(4):451-478.
[22]BRITTON S G.The political economy of tourism in the third world[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1982,9(3):331-359.
[23]GARNHAM R W.Tourism:Globalisation and Uneven Development[D].Auckland:Massey University,1998.
[24]TORRES R M,MOMSEN J D.Gringolandia:The construction of a new tourist space in Mexico[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2005,95(2):314-335.
[25]BIANCHI R.The political economy of tourism development:Acritical review[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2018,(70):88-102.
[26]YRIGOY I.The production of tourist spaces as a spatial fix[J].Tourism Geographies,2014,16(4):636-652.
[27]SU X.Urban entrepreneurialism and the commodification of heritage in China[J].Urban Studies,2015,52(15):2874-2889.
[28]GILLEN J.Entrepreneurialism and Tourism in Contemporary Vietnam[M].Lanham:Lexington Books,2016:1-117.
[29]FOUCAULT M.Power/knowledge[M].Brighton:Harvester,1980:1-282.
[30]CHEONG S,MILLER M L.Power and tourism:A Foucauldian observation[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2000,(27):371-390.
[31]EDENSOR T.Mundane mobilities,performances and spaces of tourism[J].Social&Cultural Geography,2007,8(2):199-215.
[32]CHAMBERS D.Critical consideration on gender and tourism:A postscript[J].Tourism,Culture&Communication,2018,(18):81-84.
[33]ATELJEVIC I,PRITCHARD A,MORGAN N.The Critical Turn in Tourism Studies:Innovative Research Methodologies[M].Oxford:Elsevier,2007:1-10.
[34]SMALL J.Women’s“beach body”in Australian women’s magazines[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2017,63:23-33.
[35]NIELSEN N,WILSON E.From invisible to indigenous-driven:A critical typology of research in indigenous tourism[J].Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management,2012,19(1):67-75.
[36]SU X.‘It is my home.I will die here’:Tourism development and the politics of place in Lijiang,China[J].Geografiska Annaler:Series B,Human Geography,2012,94(1):31-45.
[37]COLE S.A political ecology of water equity and tourism:A case study from Bali[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2012,39(2):1221-1241.
[38]LIU Jun.Tourism space justice,whose justice[J].Tourism Tribune,2017,32(3):8-9.[刘俊.旅游空间正义,谁的正义?[J].旅游学刊,2017,32(3):8-9.]
[39]CHEN J,CHEN N.Beyond the everyday?Rethinking place meanings in tourism[J].Tourism Geographies,2017,19(1):9-26.
[40]QIAN Junxi,ZHANG Han.Imagination,performance and power:The construction of otherness in Tibetan tourism[J].Tourism Tribune,2016,31(6):82-93.[钱俊希,张瀚.想象,展演与权力:西藏旅游过程中的“他者性”建构[J].旅游学刊,2016,31(6):82-93.]
[41]AITCHISON C C.The critical and the cultural:Explaining the divergent paths of leisure studies and tourism studies[J].Leisure Studies,2006,25(4):417-422.
[42]BIANCHI R V.Tourism restructuring and the politics of sustainability:A critical view from the European periphery(The Canary Islands)[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2004,12(6):495-529.
[43]RAINER G.Producing nature for tourism:A political ecology angle[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2018(71):62-63.
[44]HAZBUN W.Images of openness,spaces of control:The politics of tourism development in Tunisia[J].The Arab Studies Journal,2007,15(2/1):10-35.
[45]CARTER J,DYER P,SHARMA B.Dis-placed voices:Sense of place and place-identity on the Sunshine Coast[J].Social&Cultural Geography,2007,8(5):755-773.
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