天然源面波勘探台阵对比试验
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摘要
为了对比天然源面波勘探不同台阵布局的探测效果,筛选出探测成果可靠、效率高和便于野外施工的天然源面波勘探台阵阵形,在天水市黄土覆盖区的同一场地分别用4种常见的阵形进行数据采集试验,并对各种阵形数据使用空间自相关法或扩展空间自相关法提取相应的频散曲线,通过反演得到了试验点地下的浅层速度结构模型.分析对比试验结果表明:4种台阵提取的频散曲线数值很相近;频散谱能量集中度较高的是嵌套式等边三角形和圆形台阵,L形和直线形台阵相对分散;L形台阵低频段(4—8Hz)比直线形台阵差,其高频段(8—40Hz)比直线形台阵好.针对直线形台阵在高频段信噪比较低的情况,在确保探测成果可靠性的前提下,为了提高探测效率,提出了在同一直线形台阵开展天然源与人工源面波联合勘探的数据采集方法.实验结果证实,这种联合勘探方法不仅可弥补直线形台阵高频段的不足,确保探测精度和结果的可靠性,而且还能实现"高低"频兼顾,即"深浅"兼顾.
In order to select the array layout with high efficiency and convenience for surface wave exploration using natural sources,four tests for data acquisition with different layout are carried out in the same field.Then we perform comparative analysis of the dispersion curves extracted by using SPAC and ESPAC for different array layout.And then the velocity structure of the shallow layer is obtained by inversion.Test results show that the dispersion curves extracted from the four arrays are very similar,and spectrum energy in the frequency domain is more concentrated for the nested equilateral triangle and circular arrays than that for the linear and L-shape arrays.The dispersion curve extracted from the L-shape array is better than the linear array in the high frequency band(8—40Hz),while worse in the low frequency band(4—8Hz).Since worse dispersion appears at high frequencies for the linear array,ajoint exploration with both artificial and natural sources is proposed.The test result proves that the joint method can not only improve the quality of dispersion curve in the high frequency band to ensure the reliability of the detection precision,but also achieve dispersion data in a much broader frequency range.Consequently both shallow and deeper structure can be obtained in the inversion.
In order to select the array layout with high efficiency and convenience for surface wave exploration using natural sources,four tests for data acquisition with different layout are carried out in the same field.Then we perform comparative analysis of the dispersion curves extracted by using SPAC and ESPAC for different array layout.And then the velocity structure of the shallow layer is obtained by inversion.Test results show that the dispersion curves extracted from the four arrays are very similar,and spectrum energy in the frequency domain is more concentrated for the nested equilateral triangle and circular arrays than that for the linear and L-shape arrays.The dispersion curve extracted from the L-shape array is better than the linear array in the high frequency band(8—40Hz),while worse in the low frequency band(4—8Hz).Since worse dispersion appears at high frequencies for the linear array,ajoint exploration with both artificial and natural sources is proposed.The test result proves that the joint method can not only improve the quality of dispersion curve in the high frequency band to ensure the reliability of the detection precision,but also achieve dispersion data in a much broader frequency range.Consequently both shallow and deeper structure can be obtained in the inversion.
引文
付微,徐佩芬,凌苏群,侍文.2012.微动勘探方法在地热勘查中的应用[J].上海国土资源,33(3):71--75.Fu W,Xu P F,Ling S Q,Shi W.2012.Application of the microtremor survey method to geothermal exploration[J].Shanghai Land&Resources,33(3):71--75(in Chinese).
何正勤,丁志峰,贾辉,叶太兰.2007.用微动中的面波信息探测地壳浅部的速度结构[J].地球物理学报,50(2):492 --498.He Z Q,Ding Z F,Jia H,Ye T L.2007.To determine the velocity structure of shallow crust with surface wave information in microtremors[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,50(2):492--498(in Chinese).
李建军.2008.天然源面波勘探方法研究[D].桂林:桂林工学院地球探测与信息技术系:6--8.Li J J.2008.Research on the Natural Source Surface Wave Exploration Method[D].Guilin:Department of Earth Detecting and Information Technology,Guilin Institute of Technology:6--8(in Chinese).
李庆春,邵广周,刘金兰,梁志强.2006.瑞雷面波勘探的过去、现在和未来[J].地球科学与环境学报,28(3):74--77.Li Q C,Shao G Z,Liu J L,Liang Z Q.2006.Past,present and future of Rayleigh surface wave exploration[J].Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,28(3):74--77(in Chinese).
廖成旺,邓涛,丁炜,王浩,谭耀银,陈卫民.2007.微动观测台阵定位方式研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,27(6):61 --64.Liao C W,Deng T,Ding W,Wang H,Tan Y Y,Chen W M.2007.On positioning way for array microtremor observation[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,27(6):61--64(in Chinese).
刘康和,魏树满.2010.瞬态面波勘探及应用[J].水利水电工程设计,20(2):31--33.Liu K H,Wei S M.2010.Transient surface wave exploration and application[J].Design of Water Resources&Hydroelectric Engineering,20(2):31--33(in Chinese).
刘云祯,王振东.1996.瞬态面波法的数据采集处理系统及其应用实例[J].物探与化探,20(1):28--34.Liu Y Z,Wang Z D.1996.Data collection and processing system of transient surface wave method and examples of its application[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,20(1):28--34(in Chinese).
冉伟彦,王振东.1994.长波微动法及其新进展[J].物探与化探,18(1):28--34.Ran W Y,Wang Z D.1994.The long-wave microtremors method and its advances[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,18(1):28--34(in Chinese).
陶夏新,刘曾武,郭明珠,师黎静,董连成.2001.工程场地条件评定中的地脉动研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,21(4):18--23.Tao X X,Liu Z W,Guo M Z,Shi L J,Dong L C.2001.A review of microtremor study in engineering site rating[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,21(4):18--23(in Chinese).
万建华.2007.面波勘探技术在浅层地震勘探中的应用及问题[J].今日科苑,(16):123.Wan J H.2007.Surface wave exploration technique in the application and problems of shallow seismic exploration[J].Modern Sciences,(16):123(in Chinese).
王建文,孙秀容,王宏科,夏学礼,崔若飞.2010.双源面波地震勘探在煤层采空区探测中的应用[J].工程地球物理学报,7(4):403--407.Wang J W,Sun X R,Wang H K,Xia X L,Cui R F.2010.Application of double-source surface wave prospecting in coal mined-out area[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,7(4):403--407(in Chinese).
王振东.1990.微动应用技术讲座(第一讲)[J].国外地质勘探技术,(4):12--16.Wang Z D.1990.The lecture on microtremor application technology(chapter one)[J].Foreign Geoexploration Technology,(4):12--16(in Chinese).
王振东.1998.双源面波勘探构想[J].中国地质,(4):47--48.Wang Z D.1998.Double source surface wave exploration[J].Geology in China,(4):47--48(in Chinese).
毋光荣,余凯,马若龙.2013.天然源面波勘探技术在工程中的应用研究[J].工程地球物理学报,10(3):279--285.Wu G R,Yu K,Ma R L.2013.The application of natural source surface wave method to engineering project[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,10(3):279--285(in Chinese).
杨成林.1989.瑞雷波法勘探原理及其应用[J].物探与化探,13(6):465--468.Yang C L.1989.The principle and application of Rayleigh wave exploration method[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,13(6):465--468(in Chinese).
叶太兰.2004.微动台阵探测技术及其应用研究[J].中国地震,20(1):47--52.Ye T L.2004.The exploration technique for microtremor array and its application[J].Earthquake Research in China,20 (1):47--52(in Chinese).
余凯,毋光荣.2012.天然源面波勘探技术[C]∥中国水利电力物探科技信息网2012年学术年会论文集.北京:中国水力发电工程学会:352--355.Yu K,Wu G R.2012.The natural source surface wave exploration technique[C]∥Geophysical Prospecting of Hydraulic and Electric Engineering,Science and Technology Information Network of 2012 Academic Essays.Beijing:Hydropower Engineering Society of China:352--355(in Chinese).
曾立峰,吴志坚,陈拓,霍元坤.2012.天水黄土地区覆盖层厚度的反演研究[J].岩土力学,33(6):1914--1915.Zeng L F,Wu Z J,Chen T,Huo Y K.2012.Inversing study of overburden thickness in loess area of Tianshui[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,33(6):1914--1915(in Chinese).
张维,何正勤,胡刚,叶太兰.2012.用人工源和天然源面波联合探测浅层速度结构[J].震灾防御技术,7(1):26--36.Zhang W,He Z Q,Hu G,Ye T L.2012.Detect the velocity structure of shallow crust with artificial and nature source Rayleigh wave technology[J].Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention,7(1):26--36(in Chinese).
张维,何正勤,胡刚,李俊.2013.用面波联合勘探技术探测浅部速度结构[J].地球物理学进展,28(4):2199--2206.Zhang W,He Z Q,Hu G,Li J.2013.Detection of the shallow velocity structure with surface wave prospection method[J].Progress in Geophysics,28(4):2199--2206(in Chinese).
张志龙.2003.天水湿陷性黄土的工程特征[J].岩土工程界,6(9):71--73.Zhang Z L.2003.The engineering characteristics of collapsible loess in Tianshui[J].Geotechnical Engineering World,6(9):71--73(in Chinese).
赵东,王光杰,王兴泰,孙仁国.1995.用遗传算法进行瑞利波反演[J].物探与化探,19(3):178--185.Zhao D,Wang G J,Wang X T,Sun R G.1995.The application of genetic algorithm to Rayleigh wave inversion[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,19(3):178--185(in Chinese).
赵东.2010.被动源面波勘探方法与应用[J].物探与化探,34(6):759--764.Zhao D.2010.Passive surface waves:Methods and applications[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,34(6):759 --764(in Chinese).
赵明.1996.瑞利波法在工程勘察中的应用[J].勘察科学技术,(5):54--57.Zhao M.1996.The application of Rayleigh wave method in engineering investigation[J].Site Investigation Science and Technology,(5):54--57(in Chinese).
Aki K.l957.Space and time spectra of stationary stochastic waves with special reference to microtremors[J].Bull Earthq Res Inst Univ Tokyo,35:415--456.
Arai H,Tokimatsu K.2004.S-wave velocity profiling by inversion of microtremor H/Vspectrum[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,94(1):53--63.
Capon J.1969a.High-resolution frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis[J].Proc IEEE,57(8):1408--1418.
Capon J.1969b.Investigation of long-period noise at the large aperture seismic array[J].J Geophys Res,74(12):3182--3194.
Capon J,Greenfield R J,Lacoss R T.1969.Long-period signal processing results for the large aperture seismic array[J].Geophysics,34(3):305--329.
Estrella H F,Gonzalez J A.2003.SPAC:An alternative method to estimate earthquake site effects in Mexico City[J].Geofis Int,42(2):227--236.
Ling S,Okada H.1993.An extended use of the spatial autocorrelation method for the estimation of the geological structures using microtremors[C]∥Proceedings of the 89th SEGJ Conference.Nagoya:Society of Exploration Geophysicists of Japan:44--48.
Liu H P,Boore D M,Joyner W B,Oppenheimer D H,Warrick R E,Zhang W B,Hamilton J C,Brown L T.2000.Comparison of phase velocities from array measurements of Rayleigh waves associated with microtremor and results calculated from borehole shear-wave velocity profiles[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,90(3):666--678.
Okada H,Matsushima T,Moriya T,Sasatani T.1990.An exploration technique using long-period microtremors for determination of deep geological structures under urbanized areas[J].Butsuri Tansa,43:402--417.
Okada H.1998.Microtremors as an exploration method:Geo-exploration handbook[J].Soc Explor Geophys Jpn,2:203--211.
Satoh T,Kawase H,Iwata T,Higashi S,Sato T,Irikura K,Huang H C.2001.S-wave velocity structure of the Taichung basin,Taiwan,estimated from array and single-station records of microtremors[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,91(5):1267--1282.
Scherbaum F,Hinzen K G,Ohrnberger M.2003.Determination of shallow shear wave velocity profiles in the Cologne,Germany area using ambient vibrations[J].Geophys J Int,152(3):597--612.
何正勤,丁志峰,贾辉,叶太兰.2007.用微动中的面波信息探测地壳浅部的速度结构[J].地球物理学报,50(2):492 --498.He Z Q,Ding Z F,Jia H,Ye T L.2007.To determine the velocity structure of shallow crust with surface wave information in microtremors[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,50(2):492--498(in Chinese).
李建军.2008.天然源面波勘探方法研究[D].桂林:桂林工学院地球探测与信息技术系:6--8.Li J J.2008.Research on the Natural Source Surface Wave Exploration Method[D].Guilin:Department of Earth Detecting and Information Technology,Guilin Institute of Technology:6--8(in Chinese).
李庆春,邵广周,刘金兰,梁志强.2006.瑞雷面波勘探的过去、现在和未来[J].地球科学与环境学报,28(3):74--77.Li Q C,Shao G Z,Liu J L,Liang Z Q.2006.Past,present and future of Rayleigh surface wave exploration[J].Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,28(3):74--77(in Chinese).
廖成旺,邓涛,丁炜,王浩,谭耀银,陈卫民.2007.微动观测台阵定位方式研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,27(6):61 --64.Liao C W,Deng T,Ding W,Wang H,Tan Y Y,Chen W M.2007.On positioning way for array microtremor observation[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,27(6):61--64(in Chinese).
刘康和,魏树满.2010.瞬态面波勘探及应用[J].水利水电工程设计,20(2):31--33.Liu K H,Wei S M.2010.Transient surface wave exploration and application[J].Design of Water Resources&Hydroelectric Engineering,20(2):31--33(in Chinese).
刘云祯,王振东.1996.瞬态面波法的数据采集处理系统及其应用实例[J].物探与化探,20(1):28--34.Liu Y Z,Wang Z D.1996.Data collection and processing system of transient surface wave method and examples of its application[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,20(1):28--34(in Chinese).
冉伟彦,王振东.1994.长波微动法及其新进展[J].物探与化探,18(1):28--34.Ran W Y,Wang Z D.1994.The long-wave microtremors method and its advances[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,18(1):28--34(in Chinese).
陶夏新,刘曾武,郭明珠,师黎静,董连成.2001.工程场地条件评定中的地脉动研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,21(4):18--23.Tao X X,Liu Z W,Guo M Z,Shi L J,Dong L C.2001.A review of microtremor study in engineering site rating[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,21(4):18--23(in Chinese).
万建华.2007.面波勘探技术在浅层地震勘探中的应用及问题[J].今日科苑,(16):123.Wan J H.2007.Surface wave exploration technique in the application and problems of shallow seismic exploration[J].Modern Sciences,(16):123(in Chinese).
王建文,孙秀容,王宏科,夏学礼,崔若飞.2010.双源面波地震勘探在煤层采空区探测中的应用[J].工程地球物理学报,7(4):403--407.Wang J W,Sun X R,Wang H K,Xia X L,Cui R F.2010.Application of double-source surface wave prospecting in coal mined-out area[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,7(4):403--407(in Chinese).
王振东.1990.微动应用技术讲座(第一讲)[J].国外地质勘探技术,(4):12--16.Wang Z D.1990.The lecture on microtremor application technology(chapter one)[J].Foreign Geoexploration Technology,(4):12--16(in Chinese).
王振东.1998.双源面波勘探构想[J].中国地质,(4):47--48.Wang Z D.1998.Double source surface wave exploration[J].Geology in China,(4):47--48(in Chinese).
毋光荣,余凯,马若龙.2013.天然源面波勘探技术在工程中的应用研究[J].工程地球物理学报,10(3):279--285.Wu G R,Yu K,Ma R L.2013.The application of natural source surface wave method to engineering project[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,10(3):279--285(in Chinese).
杨成林.1989.瑞雷波法勘探原理及其应用[J].物探与化探,13(6):465--468.Yang C L.1989.The principle and application of Rayleigh wave exploration method[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,13(6):465--468(in Chinese).
叶太兰.2004.微动台阵探测技术及其应用研究[J].中国地震,20(1):47--52.Ye T L.2004.The exploration technique for microtremor array and its application[J].Earthquake Research in China,20 (1):47--52(in Chinese).
余凯,毋光荣.2012.天然源面波勘探技术[C]∥中国水利电力物探科技信息网2012年学术年会论文集.北京:中国水力发电工程学会:352--355.Yu K,Wu G R.2012.The natural source surface wave exploration technique[C]∥Geophysical Prospecting of Hydraulic and Electric Engineering,Science and Technology Information Network of 2012 Academic Essays.Beijing:Hydropower Engineering Society of China:352--355(in Chinese).
曾立峰,吴志坚,陈拓,霍元坤.2012.天水黄土地区覆盖层厚度的反演研究[J].岩土力学,33(6):1914--1915.Zeng L F,Wu Z J,Chen T,Huo Y K.2012.Inversing study of overburden thickness in loess area of Tianshui[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,33(6):1914--1915(in Chinese).
张维,何正勤,胡刚,叶太兰.2012.用人工源和天然源面波联合探测浅层速度结构[J].震灾防御技术,7(1):26--36.Zhang W,He Z Q,Hu G,Ye T L.2012.Detect the velocity structure of shallow crust with artificial and nature source Rayleigh wave technology[J].Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention,7(1):26--36(in Chinese).
张维,何正勤,胡刚,李俊.2013.用面波联合勘探技术探测浅部速度结构[J].地球物理学进展,28(4):2199--2206.Zhang W,He Z Q,Hu G,Li J.2013.Detection of the shallow velocity structure with surface wave prospection method[J].Progress in Geophysics,28(4):2199--2206(in Chinese).
张志龙.2003.天水湿陷性黄土的工程特征[J].岩土工程界,6(9):71--73.Zhang Z L.2003.The engineering characteristics of collapsible loess in Tianshui[J].Geotechnical Engineering World,6(9):71--73(in Chinese).
赵东,王光杰,王兴泰,孙仁国.1995.用遗传算法进行瑞利波反演[J].物探与化探,19(3):178--185.Zhao D,Wang G J,Wang X T,Sun R G.1995.The application of genetic algorithm to Rayleigh wave inversion[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,19(3):178--185(in Chinese).
赵东.2010.被动源面波勘探方法与应用[J].物探与化探,34(6):759--764.Zhao D.2010.Passive surface waves:Methods and applications[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,34(6):759 --764(in Chinese).
赵明.1996.瑞利波法在工程勘察中的应用[J].勘察科学技术,(5):54--57.Zhao M.1996.The application of Rayleigh wave method in engineering investigation[J].Site Investigation Science and Technology,(5):54--57(in Chinese).
Aki K.l957.Space and time spectra of stationary stochastic waves with special reference to microtremors[J].Bull Earthq Res Inst Univ Tokyo,35:415--456.
Arai H,Tokimatsu K.2004.S-wave velocity profiling by inversion of microtremor H/Vspectrum[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,94(1):53--63.
Capon J.1969a.High-resolution frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis[J].Proc IEEE,57(8):1408--1418.
Capon J.1969b.Investigation of long-period noise at the large aperture seismic array[J].J Geophys Res,74(12):3182--3194.
Capon J,Greenfield R J,Lacoss R T.1969.Long-period signal processing results for the large aperture seismic array[J].Geophysics,34(3):305--329.
Estrella H F,Gonzalez J A.2003.SPAC:An alternative method to estimate earthquake site effects in Mexico City[J].Geofis Int,42(2):227--236.
Ling S,Okada H.1993.An extended use of the spatial autocorrelation method for the estimation of the geological structures using microtremors[C]∥Proceedings of the 89th SEGJ Conference.Nagoya:Society of Exploration Geophysicists of Japan:44--48.
Liu H P,Boore D M,Joyner W B,Oppenheimer D H,Warrick R E,Zhang W B,Hamilton J C,Brown L T.2000.Comparison of phase velocities from array measurements of Rayleigh waves associated with microtremor and results calculated from borehole shear-wave velocity profiles[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,90(3):666--678.
Okada H,Matsushima T,Moriya T,Sasatani T.1990.An exploration technique using long-period microtremors for determination of deep geological structures under urbanized areas[J].Butsuri Tansa,43:402--417.
Okada H.1998.Microtremors as an exploration method:Geo-exploration handbook[J].Soc Explor Geophys Jpn,2:203--211.
Satoh T,Kawase H,Iwata T,Higashi S,Sato T,Irikura K,Huang H C.2001.S-wave velocity structure of the Taichung basin,Taiwan,estimated from array and single-station records of microtremors[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,91(5):1267--1282.
Scherbaum F,Hinzen K G,Ohrnberger M.2003.Determination of shallow shear wave velocity profiles in the Cologne,Germany area using ambient vibrations[J].Geophys J Int,152(3):597--612.