成人空间视角采择的自动性
|
摘要
设计新的空间视角采择任务,考察成人空间视角采择的自动性。结果发现:(1)在other任务中,随着人偶与被试的角度差异增加,反应时和错误率升高。(2)在self任务中,空间关系一致时正确率高于不一致时,且150°-180°间的一致性效应不显著;随着角度差异增加,反应时升高;小球与人偶的空间关系和空间关系的一致性交互作用不显著。本研究结果表明:本实验任务对成人而言是一个有效的空间视角采择任务;成人可以自动地做空间视角采择;人偶与被试的角度差异影响成人空间视角采择的自动性;小球与人偶的空间关系不影响成人空间视角采择的自动性。本研究首次证明了成人可以自动做空间视角采择。
In this study, we designed a new spatial perspective-taking task to examine the automaticity of adults' spatial perspective-taking.The results showed that in the other task, as the angular disparity between the doll and the subject increased, the response time and error rate increased. In the self task, the correct rate was higher when the spatial relationship was consistent than when the spatial relationship was inconsistent, and the consistency effect between 150° and 180° was not significant. Besides, in the self task, as the angular disparity between the doll and the subject increased, the response time increased. At the same time, the interaction between the spatial relationship between the ball and the doll and the consistency of the spatial relationship was not significant. These results indicate that this spatial perspective-taking task is effective for adults. Besides, adults can take the spatial perspective automatically.Finally, the angular disparity between the doll and the subjects influences the automaticity of adults' spatial perspective-taking, and the spatial relationship between the ball and the doll doesn't influence the automaticity of adults' spatial perspective-taking. The results above prove that the spatial perspective can be processed automatically for the first time.
In this study, we designed a new spatial perspective-taking task to examine the automaticity of adults' spatial perspective-taking.The results showed that in the other task, as the angular disparity between the doll and the subject increased, the response time and error rate increased. In the self task, the correct rate was higher when the spatial relationship was consistent than when the spatial relationship was inconsistent, and the consistency effect between 150° and 180° was not significant. Besides, in the self task, as the angular disparity between the doll and the subject increased, the response time increased. At the same time, the interaction between the spatial relationship between the ball and the doll and the consistency of the spatial relationship was not significant. These results indicate that this spatial perspective-taking task is effective for adults. Besides, adults can take the spatial perspective automatically.Finally, the angular disparity between the doll and the subjects influences the automaticity of adults' spatial perspective-taking, and the spatial relationship between the ball and the doll doesn't influence the automaticity of adults' spatial perspective-taking. The results above prove that the spatial perspective can be processed automatically for the first time.
引文
Bukowski,H.,Hietanen,J.K.,&Samson,D.(2015).From gaze cueing to perspective taking:Revisiting the claim that we automatically compute where or what other people are looking at.Visual Cognition,23(8),1020-1042.
Cohen,A.S.,&German,T.C.(2009).Encoding of others’beliefs without overt instruction.Cognition,111(3),356-363.
Dijkerman,H.C.,&Smit,M.C.(2007).Interference of grasping observation during prehension,a behavioural study.Experimental Brain Research,176(2),387-396.
Flavell,J.H.,Everett,B.A.,Croft,K.,&Flavell,E.R.(1981).Young children's knowledge about visual perception:Further evidence for the Level 1-Level 2 distinction.Developmental Psychology,17(1),99-103.
Flavell,J.H.,Flavell,E.R.,Green,F.L.,&Wilcox,S.A.(1981).The development of three spatial perspective-taking rules.Child Development,52,356-358.
Graf,R.(1994).Self-rotation and spatial reference:The psychology of partner-centred localisations.Frankfurt:Peter Lang.
Graf,R.(1996).Mentale rotation und Blickpunkttransformation.Sprache&Kognition,15(4),178-202.
Herrmann,T.,Graf,R.,&Helmecke,E.(1991).“Rechts”und“links”unter variablen Betrachtungswinkeln:Nicht-Shepardsche Rotation(Arbeiten aus dem Sonderforschungsbereich 245,Vol.37).Heidelberg/Mannheim:Universit?t.
Huttenlocher,J.,&Presson,C.C.(1973).Mental rotation and the perspective problem.Cognitive Psychology,4(2),277-299.
Janczyk,M.(2013).Level 2 perspective taking entails two processes:Evidence from PRP experiments.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,39(6),1878-1887.
Keehner,M.,Guerin,S.A.,Miller,M.B.,Turk,D.J.,&Hegarty,M.(2006).Modulation of neural activity by angle of rotation during imagined spatial transformations.Neuro Image,33(1),391-398.
Kessler,K.,&Thomson,L.A.(2010).The embodied nature of spatial perspective taking:Embodied transformation versus sensorimotor interference.Cognition,114(1),72-88.
Kilner,J.M.,Paulignan,Y.,&Blakemore,S.J.(2003).An interference effect of observed biological movement on action.Current Biology,13(6),522-525.
Kovács,á.M.,Téglás,E.,&Endress,A.D.(2010).The social sense:Susceptibility to others’beliefs in human infants and adults.Science,330(6012),1830-1834.
Kozhevnikov,M.,&Hegarty,M.(2001).A dissociation between object manipulation spatial ability and spatial orientation ability.Memory&Cognition,29(5),745-756.
Lefevre,J.A.,Bisanz,J.,&Mrkonjic,L.(1988).Cognitive arithmetic:Evidence for obligatory activation of arithmetic facts.Memory&Cognition,16(1),45-53.
Lempers,J.D.,Flavell,E.R.,&Flavell,J.H.(1977).The development in very young children of tacit knowledge concerning visual perception.Genetic Psychology Monographs,95,3-53.
Mainwaring,S.D.,Tversky,B.,Ohgishi,M.,&Schiano,D.J.(2003).Descriptions of simple spatial scenes in English and Japanese.Spatial Cognition and Computation,3(1),3-42.
Masangkay,Z.S.,Mc Cluskey,K.A.,Mc Intyre,C.W.,Sims-Knight,J.,Vaughn,B.E.,&Flavell,J.H.(1974).The early development of inferences about the visual percepts of others.Child Development,45,357-366.
Michelon,P.,&Zacks,J.M.(2006).Two kinds of visual perspective taking.Perception&Psychophysics,68(2),327-337.
Moors,A.,&De Houwer,J.(2006).Automaticity:A theoretical and conceptual analysis.Psychological Bulletin,132(2),297-326.
Popescu,S.T.,&Wexler,M.(2012).Spontaneous body movements in spatial cognition.Frontiers in Psychology,3,136.
Qureshi,A.W.,Apperly,I.A.,&Samson,D.(2010).Executive function is necessary for perspective selection,not Level-1 visual perspective calculation:Evidence from a dual-task study of adults.Cognition,117(2),230-236.
Samson,D.,Apperly,I.A.,Braithwaite,J.J.,Andrews,B.J.,&Bodley Scott,S.E.(2010).Seeing it their way:Evidence for rapid and involuntary computation of what other people see.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,36(5),1255-1266.
Schober,M.F.(1993).Spatial perspective-taking in conversation.Cognition,47(1),1-24.
Schober,M.F.(1995).Speakers,addressees,and frames of reference:Whose effort is minimized in conversations about locations?.Discourse Processes,20(2),219-247.
Surtees,A.D.R.,&Apperly,I.A.(2012).Egocentrism and automatic perspective taking in children and adults.Child Development,83(2),452-460.
Surtees,A.,Apperly,I.,&Samson,D.(2013).Similarities and differences in visual and spatial perspective-taking processes.Cognition,129(2),426-438.
Surtees,A.D.R.,Butterfill,S.A.,&Apperly,I.A.(2012).Direct and indirect measures of level-2 perspective-taking in children and adults.British Journal of Developmental Psychology,30(1),75-86.
Tversky,B.,&Hard,B.M.(2009).Embodied and disembodied cognition:Spatial perspective-taking.Cognition,110(1),124-129.
Vander Heyden,K.M.,Huizinga,M.,Raijmakers,M.E.J.,&Jolles,J.(2017).Children’s representations of another person’s spatial perspective:Different strategies for different viewpoints?.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,153,57-73.
Zacks,J.M.,&Michelon,P.(2005).Transformations of visuospatial images.Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews,4(2),96-118.
Cohen,A.S.,&German,T.C.(2009).Encoding of others’beliefs without overt instruction.Cognition,111(3),356-363.
Dijkerman,H.C.,&Smit,M.C.(2007).Interference of grasping observation during prehension,a behavioural study.Experimental Brain Research,176(2),387-396.
Flavell,J.H.,Everett,B.A.,Croft,K.,&Flavell,E.R.(1981).Young children's knowledge about visual perception:Further evidence for the Level 1-Level 2 distinction.Developmental Psychology,17(1),99-103.
Flavell,J.H.,Flavell,E.R.,Green,F.L.,&Wilcox,S.A.(1981).The development of three spatial perspective-taking rules.Child Development,52,356-358.
Graf,R.(1994).Self-rotation and spatial reference:The psychology of partner-centred localisations.Frankfurt:Peter Lang.
Graf,R.(1996).Mentale rotation und Blickpunkttransformation.Sprache&Kognition,15(4),178-202.
Herrmann,T.,Graf,R.,&Helmecke,E.(1991).“Rechts”und“links”unter variablen Betrachtungswinkeln:Nicht-Shepardsche Rotation(Arbeiten aus dem Sonderforschungsbereich 245,Vol.37).Heidelberg/Mannheim:Universit?t.
Huttenlocher,J.,&Presson,C.C.(1973).Mental rotation and the perspective problem.Cognitive Psychology,4(2),277-299.
Janczyk,M.(2013).Level 2 perspective taking entails two processes:Evidence from PRP experiments.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,39(6),1878-1887.
Keehner,M.,Guerin,S.A.,Miller,M.B.,Turk,D.J.,&Hegarty,M.(2006).Modulation of neural activity by angle of rotation during imagined spatial transformations.Neuro Image,33(1),391-398.
Kessler,K.,&Thomson,L.A.(2010).The embodied nature of spatial perspective taking:Embodied transformation versus sensorimotor interference.Cognition,114(1),72-88.
Kilner,J.M.,Paulignan,Y.,&Blakemore,S.J.(2003).An interference effect of observed biological movement on action.Current Biology,13(6),522-525.
Kovács,á.M.,Téglás,E.,&Endress,A.D.(2010).The social sense:Susceptibility to others’beliefs in human infants and adults.Science,330(6012),1830-1834.
Kozhevnikov,M.,&Hegarty,M.(2001).A dissociation between object manipulation spatial ability and spatial orientation ability.Memory&Cognition,29(5),745-756.
Lefevre,J.A.,Bisanz,J.,&Mrkonjic,L.(1988).Cognitive arithmetic:Evidence for obligatory activation of arithmetic facts.Memory&Cognition,16(1),45-53.
Lempers,J.D.,Flavell,E.R.,&Flavell,J.H.(1977).The development in very young children of tacit knowledge concerning visual perception.Genetic Psychology Monographs,95,3-53.
Mainwaring,S.D.,Tversky,B.,Ohgishi,M.,&Schiano,D.J.(2003).Descriptions of simple spatial scenes in English and Japanese.Spatial Cognition and Computation,3(1),3-42.
Masangkay,Z.S.,Mc Cluskey,K.A.,Mc Intyre,C.W.,Sims-Knight,J.,Vaughn,B.E.,&Flavell,J.H.(1974).The early development of inferences about the visual percepts of others.Child Development,45,357-366.
Michelon,P.,&Zacks,J.M.(2006).Two kinds of visual perspective taking.Perception&Psychophysics,68(2),327-337.
Moors,A.,&De Houwer,J.(2006).Automaticity:A theoretical and conceptual analysis.Psychological Bulletin,132(2),297-326.
Popescu,S.T.,&Wexler,M.(2012).Spontaneous body movements in spatial cognition.Frontiers in Psychology,3,136.
Qureshi,A.W.,Apperly,I.A.,&Samson,D.(2010).Executive function is necessary for perspective selection,not Level-1 visual perspective calculation:Evidence from a dual-task study of adults.Cognition,117(2),230-236.
Samson,D.,Apperly,I.A.,Braithwaite,J.J.,Andrews,B.J.,&Bodley Scott,S.E.(2010).Seeing it their way:Evidence for rapid and involuntary computation of what other people see.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,36(5),1255-1266.
Schober,M.F.(1993).Spatial perspective-taking in conversation.Cognition,47(1),1-24.
Schober,M.F.(1995).Speakers,addressees,and frames of reference:Whose effort is minimized in conversations about locations?.Discourse Processes,20(2),219-247.
Surtees,A.D.R.,&Apperly,I.A.(2012).Egocentrism and automatic perspective taking in children and adults.Child Development,83(2),452-460.
Surtees,A.,Apperly,I.,&Samson,D.(2013).Similarities and differences in visual and spatial perspective-taking processes.Cognition,129(2),426-438.
Surtees,A.D.R.,Butterfill,S.A.,&Apperly,I.A.(2012).Direct and indirect measures of level-2 perspective-taking in children and adults.British Journal of Developmental Psychology,30(1),75-86.
Tversky,B.,&Hard,B.M.(2009).Embodied and disembodied cognition:Spatial perspective-taking.Cognition,110(1),124-129.
Vander Heyden,K.M.,Huizinga,M.,Raijmakers,M.E.J.,&Jolles,J.(2017).Children’s representations of another person’s spatial perspective:Different strategies for different viewpoints?.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,153,57-73.
Zacks,J.M.,&Michelon,P.(2005).Transformations of visuospatial images.Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews,4(2),96-118.