大城市空间转型视角的职住分离——基于上海2015年1%人口抽样调查数据
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摘要
职住关系变化既是城市空间转型的结果,也是城市空间转型的题中之义。利用首次增设了就业人口工作地登记项目的上海市2015年1%人口抽样调查数据,对大城市空间转型中的职住分离与人口分布、人户分离、人才流动之间的关联和过剩通勤问题进行分析后可以发现,我国大城市空间转型中职住分离的形成机制、结构性问题,具有显著的区别于国际大都市的中国转型特征,特别表现为多中心结构的虚化、不同步改革的分离以及各阶层取向的差异。促进我国大城市的职住平衡,要以"看得见"与"看不见"的"双手"协同作用机制为重要抓手,以加快构建"宜居"与"宜业"的"双宜"多中心城市结构为重要载体,以不断完善旨在"顺流"与"减流"相结合的公共服务供给模式为重要保证。
The changes of relationship between the job and housing are not only the results of urban spatial transitions, but also the important elements of spatial transition in urban area. This paper conducts an empirical analysis using the 1% National Population Sampling Survey which set up some questions about the employment area for the first time and explores the relationships between the jobhousing separation and population distribution, separation between the household register and population, talents flow, as well as the excess commuting in the background of urban spatial transitions. The results show the mechanisms of formation and the structure in jobhousing separation in China's urban spatial transitions are remarkably different from other cosmopolis, especially in the weak function of polycentric structure, the separation from out of sync reforms, as well as the different preferences between cohorts. The synergic mechanism of the invisible hand and the visible hand are the critical driving factors of the balancing of job-housing in Chinese metropolis. The vital mechanisms objective of job-housing balance is accelerating the construction of livable polycentric city with good working conditions.Moreover, the reduction of excess commuting and the increase of public service are the important guarantees.
The changes of relationship between the job and housing are not only the results of urban spatial transitions, but also the important elements of spatial transition in urban area. This paper conducts an empirical analysis using the 1% National Population Sampling Survey which set up some questions about the employment area for the first time and explores the relationships between the jobhousing separation and population distribution, separation between the household register and population, talents flow, as well as the excess commuting in the background of urban spatial transitions. The results show the mechanisms of formation and the structure in jobhousing separation in China's urban spatial transitions are remarkably different from other cosmopolis, especially in the weak function of polycentric structure, the separation from out of sync reforms, as well as the different preferences between cohorts. The synergic mechanism of the invisible hand and the visible hand are the critical driving factors of the balancing of job-housing in Chinese metropolis. The vital mechanisms objective of job-housing balance is accelerating the construction of livable polycentric city with good working conditions.Moreover, the reduction of excess commuting and the increase of public service are the important guarantees.
引文
[1]Wu,F.Emerging Chinese Cities:Implications for Global Urban Studies.Professional Geographer,2016,68(2):338-48.
[2][5][9]柴彦威、张艳、刘志林.职住分离的空间差异性及其影响因素研究.地理学报,2011(2).
[3][11]Zhao,P.,Lue,B.,De Roo G.Impact of the jobshousing balance on urban commuting in Beijing in the transformation era.Journal of Transport Geography,2011,19(1):59-69;Sun,B.,Ermagun,A.,Dan,B.Built environmental impacts on commuting mode choice and distance:Evidence from Shanghai.Transportation Research Part D-Transport and Environment,2017,52:441-53.
[4]吴瑞君、朱宝树、古荭欢.上海市就业人口的职住分离和结构分异.中国人口科学,2017(3).
[6]Zhang,P.,Zhou,J.,Zhang,T.Quantifying and visualizing jobs-housing balance with big data:A case study of Shanghai.Cities,2017,66:10-22.
[7]钮心毅、丁亮、宋小冬.基于职住空间关系分析上海郊区新城发展状况.城市规划,2017(8).
[8]赵渺希.多中心城市就业-居住的非完全结构匹配模型.地理研究,2017(8).
[10]张艳、刘志林.市场转型背景下北京市中低收入居民的住房机会与职住分离研究.地理科学,2018(1).
[12]Logan,J.R.,Molotch,H.Urban Fortunes:The Political Economy of Place.With a New Preface.University of California Press,2007.
[13]孙斌栋.构建上海多中心城市新格局.东方早报,2015.
[14]柴攀峰、黄中伟.基于协同发展的长三角城市群空间格局研究.经济地理,2014(6).
(1)华东师范大学古荭欢对本文有重要贡献,特此致谢。
(2)据上海市2015年1%人口抽样调查资料推算,全市具有大专及以上学历的就业人员为460.61万人(居住和工作)。据上海市人才发展“十三五”规划,2015年底按“党政人才、经营管理人才和专业技术人才”口径统计的上海市人才总量为476.39万人,其中,具有大专及以上学历或者中级及以上职称的343.22万人。
[2][5][9]柴彦威、张艳、刘志林.职住分离的空间差异性及其影响因素研究.地理学报,2011(2).
[3][11]Zhao,P.,Lue,B.,De Roo G.Impact of the jobshousing balance on urban commuting in Beijing in the transformation era.Journal of Transport Geography,2011,19(1):59-69;Sun,B.,Ermagun,A.,Dan,B.Built environmental impacts on commuting mode choice and distance:Evidence from Shanghai.Transportation Research Part D-Transport and Environment,2017,52:441-53.
[4]吴瑞君、朱宝树、古荭欢.上海市就业人口的职住分离和结构分异.中国人口科学,2017(3).
[6]Zhang,P.,Zhou,J.,Zhang,T.Quantifying and visualizing jobs-housing balance with big data:A case study of Shanghai.Cities,2017,66:10-22.
[7]钮心毅、丁亮、宋小冬.基于职住空间关系分析上海郊区新城发展状况.城市规划,2017(8).
[8]赵渺希.多中心城市就业-居住的非完全结构匹配模型.地理研究,2017(8).
[10]张艳、刘志林.市场转型背景下北京市中低收入居民的住房机会与职住分离研究.地理科学,2018(1).
[12]Logan,J.R.,Molotch,H.Urban Fortunes:The Political Economy of Place.With a New Preface.University of California Press,2007.
[13]孙斌栋.构建上海多中心城市新格局.东方早报,2015.
[14]柴攀峰、黄中伟.基于协同发展的长三角城市群空间格局研究.经济地理,2014(6).
(1)华东师范大学古荭欢对本文有重要贡献,特此致谢。
(2)据上海市2015年1%人口抽样调查资料推算,全市具有大专及以上学历的就业人员为460.61万人(居住和工作)。据上海市人才发展“十三五”规划,2015年底按“党政人才、经营管理人才和专业技术人才”口径统计的上海市人才总量为476.39万人,其中,具有大专及以上学历或者中级及以上职称的343.22万人。