价值重建:新闻业的结构转型与数字新闻生产理论建构
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摘要
文章基于对美国、英国和瑞士三个国家共106位一线新闻从业者的深度访谈,以扎根理论方法提出包括文本、机构、生产者和文化四个维度的分析框架,对新闻业在数字时代的结构转型进行归纳和分析。文章认为上述转型过程导致了新闻业的三重危机:新闻内容因液态趋向而逐渐难以凝结社会共识,人文话语在新闻实践中衰落并带来潜在的伦理风险,以及新闻业的民主化角色受到价值极化的侵蚀。文章进而提出数字时代的新闻生产理论建构应当以"重建价值"为核心理念。
Based on in-depth interviews with 106 journalists and news editors in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland, and through theoretical grounding, this research proposes an analytical framework for digital journalism studies that includes four dimensions: text, institutions, producers, and culture. It also summarizes and analyzes the structural transformation that journalism has been through in the digital age. In the meantime, this research puts forward that the above transformation process has led to the triple crisis of journalism: news content is gradually difficult to consolidate social consensus due to its liquidity trend; discourse of humanities declines in news practice and brings potential ethical risks; and the democratization role of journalism no longer has self-evident legitimacy. The research further proposes that the construction of news production theory in the digital age should focus on "rebuilding value".
Based on in-depth interviews with 106 journalists and news editors in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland, and through theoretical grounding, this research proposes an analytical framework for digital journalism studies that includes four dimensions: text, institutions, producers, and culture. It also summarizes and analyzes the structural transformation that journalism has been through in the digital age. In the meantime, this research puts forward that the above transformation process has led to the triple crisis of journalism: news content is gradually difficult to consolidate social consensus due to its liquidity trend; discourse of humanities declines in news practice and brings potential ethical risks; and the democratization role of journalism no longer has self-evident legitimacy. The research further proposes that the construction of news production theory in the digital age should focus on "rebuilding value".
引文
[1]Broersman M.J,Peters C.Rethinking journalism:the structural transformation of a public good[C]//C.Peters,M.J.Broersma.Rethinking Journalism:Trust and Participation in a Transformed News Landscape.Oxon:Routledge,2013:2.
[2]Domingo D.Inventing online journalism:a constructivist approach to the development of online news[C]//C.Paterson,D.Domingo.The Ethnography of New Media Produce.New York:Peter Lang,2008:15-28.
[3]Anderson C.W.Journalistic networks and the diffusion of local news[J].Political Communication,2010,27(3):289-309.
[4]Steensen S,AHVA L.Theories of journalism in a digital age:an exploration and introduction[J].Digital Journalism,2015,3(1):1-18.
[5]Anderson C.W.News ecosystem[C]//T.Witschge,et al.The SAGE Handbook of Digital Journalism.Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage Publications,2016:410.
[6]Hermida A.Twittering the news:the emergence of ambient journalism[J].Journalism Practice,2010,4(3):297-208.
[7]Russell A.Networked:A Contemporary History of News in Transition[M].Cambridge,MA:Polity Press,2011.
[8]Cottle S.TV News,Urban Conflict and the Inner City[M].Leicester:Leicester University Press,1993.
[9]Bijker W.E.Of Bicycle,Bakelites,and Bulbs:Toward a Theory of Sociotechnical Change[M].Cambridge:MIT Press,1995.
[10]Pavlik J.The impact of technology on journalism[J].Journalism Studies,2000,1(2):229-237.
[11]Thurman N,Lupton B.Convergence calls:multimedia storytelling at British news websites[J].Convergence:The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies,2008,14(4):439-455.
[12]Papacharissi Z,Oliveira M.Affective news and networked publics:the rhythms of news storytelling on Egypt[J].Journal of Communication,2012,62(2):266-282.
[13]常江.导演新闻:浸入式新闻与全球主流编辑理念转型[J].编辑之友,2018(3):72.
[14]Bird S,Dardenne L.Myth,chronicle and story[C]//J.W.Carey.Media,Myth and Narratives:Television and Press,Newbury Park,CA:Sage,1988:67-86,69.
[15]Johnson-Cartee K.S.News Narratives and News Framing:Constructing Political Reality[M].Lanham,MD:Rowman&Littlefield,2005.
[16]Wahl-Jorgensen K.Subjectivity and story-telling in journalism:examining expressions of affect,judgement and appreciation in Pulitzer Prize-winning stories[J].Journalism Studies,2013,14(3):305-320.
[17]See Taibbi M.“Objective journalism”is an illusion[EB/OL].[2015-08-06].https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2015/08/06/did-jon-stewart-have-aserious-lesson-for-journalists/objective-journalism-isan-illusion.
[18]Polleta F,Callahan J.Deep stories,nostalgia narratives,and fake news:storytelling in the trump era[C]//J.Mast,J.Alexander.Politics of Meaning/Meaning of Politics,Palgrave Macmillan,2019:55-73.
[19]常江,徐帅.亨利·詹金斯:社会的发展最终落脚于人民的选择--数字时代的叙事、文化与社会变革[J].新闻界,2018(12):6.
[20]See Shoemaker P,Reese S.Mediating the Message in the21st Century:A Media Sociology Perspective[M].New York:Routledge,2013.
[21]常江.新闻生产社交化与新闻理论的重建[J].湖北大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2017(6):144.
[22]常江.多屏化视界:数字时代的电视新闻编辑室生态转型[J].编辑之友,2018(9)):77.
[23]Domingo D,Masip P,Meijer I.C.Tracing digital news networks:towards an integrated framework of dynamics of news production,circulation and use[J].Digital Journalism,2015,3(1):53-67.
[24]Primo A,Zago G.Who and what do journalism?An actornetwork perspective[J].Digital Journalism,2015,3(1):38-52.
[25]Kammer A.The mediatization of journalism[J].MediaKultur:Journal of Media and Communication Research,2013,29(54):141-158.
[26]Himelboim I,Mccreery S.New technology,old practices:examining news websites from a professional perspective[J].Convergence:The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies,2012,18(4):427-444.
[27]常江.图绘新闻:信息可视化与编辑室内的理念冲突[J].编辑之友,2018(5):71-77.
[28]See Clerwall C.Enter the robot journalist:users'perceptions of automated content[J].Journalism Practice,2014,8(5):519-531.
[29]Creech B,Mendelson A.L.Imagining the journalist of the future:technological visions of journalism education and newswork[J].The Communication Review,2015,18(2):142-165.
[30]Dorr K.N,Hollnbuchner K.Ethical challenges of algorithmic journalism[J].Digital Journalism,2017,5(4):404-419.
[31]Mcnair B.Cultural Chaos:Journalism,News and Power in a Globalized World[M].London:Routledge,2006.
[32]Peters C,Witschge T.From grand narratives of democracy to small expectations of participation:audiences,citizenship,and interactive tools in digital journalism[J].Journalism Practice,2015,9(1):19-34.
[33]常江.策略化逃避:门户新闻网站在人工智能时代的实践理念转型[J].编辑之友,2018(12):61.
[34]Morozov E.The Net Delusion:The Dark Side of Internet Freedom[M].New York:Public Affairs,2011.
[35]Huges T,Ginsberg J.The biggest risk to American journalism isn't posed by Trump[EB/OL].[2018-01-19].The Guardian,https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jan/19/american-journalism-fake-news-trump.
(1)相关专题论文,已陆续发表在2018年《编辑之友》第2-5期、第9-12期.
[2]Domingo D.Inventing online journalism:a constructivist approach to the development of online news[C]//C.Paterson,D.Domingo.The Ethnography of New Media Produce.New York:Peter Lang,2008:15-28.
[3]Anderson C.W.Journalistic networks and the diffusion of local news[J].Political Communication,2010,27(3):289-309.
[4]Steensen S,AHVA L.Theories of journalism in a digital age:an exploration and introduction[J].Digital Journalism,2015,3(1):1-18.
[5]Anderson C.W.News ecosystem[C]//T.Witschge,et al.The SAGE Handbook of Digital Journalism.Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage Publications,2016:410.
[6]Hermida A.Twittering the news:the emergence of ambient journalism[J].Journalism Practice,2010,4(3):297-208.
[7]Russell A.Networked:A Contemporary History of News in Transition[M].Cambridge,MA:Polity Press,2011.
[8]Cottle S.TV News,Urban Conflict and the Inner City[M].Leicester:Leicester University Press,1993.
[9]Bijker W.E.Of Bicycle,Bakelites,and Bulbs:Toward a Theory of Sociotechnical Change[M].Cambridge:MIT Press,1995.
[10]Pavlik J.The impact of technology on journalism[J].Journalism Studies,2000,1(2):229-237.
[11]Thurman N,Lupton B.Convergence calls:multimedia storytelling at British news websites[J].Convergence:The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies,2008,14(4):439-455.
[12]Papacharissi Z,Oliveira M.Affective news and networked publics:the rhythms of news storytelling on Egypt[J].Journal of Communication,2012,62(2):266-282.
[13]常江.导演新闻:浸入式新闻与全球主流编辑理念转型[J].编辑之友,2018(3):72.
[14]Bird S,Dardenne L.Myth,chronicle and story[C]//J.W.Carey.Media,Myth and Narratives:Television and Press,Newbury Park,CA:Sage,1988:67-86,69.
[15]Johnson-Cartee K.S.News Narratives and News Framing:Constructing Political Reality[M].Lanham,MD:Rowman&Littlefield,2005.
[16]Wahl-Jorgensen K.Subjectivity and story-telling in journalism:examining expressions of affect,judgement and appreciation in Pulitzer Prize-winning stories[J].Journalism Studies,2013,14(3):305-320.
[17]See Taibbi M.“Objective journalism”is an illusion[EB/OL].[2015-08-06].https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2015/08/06/did-jon-stewart-have-aserious-lesson-for-journalists/objective-journalism-isan-illusion.
[18]Polleta F,Callahan J.Deep stories,nostalgia narratives,and fake news:storytelling in the trump era[C]//J.Mast,J.Alexander.Politics of Meaning/Meaning of Politics,Palgrave Macmillan,2019:55-73.
[19]常江,徐帅.亨利·詹金斯:社会的发展最终落脚于人民的选择--数字时代的叙事、文化与社会变革[J].新闻界,2018(12):6.
[20]See Shoemaker P,Reese S.Mediating the Message in the21st Century:A Media Sociology Perspective[M].New York:Routledge,2013.
[21]常江.新闻生产社交化与新闻理论的重建[J].湖北大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2017(6):144.
[22]常江.多屏化视界:数字时代的电视新闻编辑室生态转型[J].编辑之友,2018(9)):77.
[23]Domingo D,Masip P,Meijer I.C.Tracing digital news networks:towards an integrated framework of dynamics of news production,circulation and use[J].Digital Journalism,2015,3(1):53-67.
[24]Primo A,Zago G.Who and what do journalism?An actornetwork perspective[J].Digital Journalism,2015,3(1):38-52.
[25]Kammer A.The mediatization of journalism[J].MediaKultur:Journal of Media and Communication Research,2013,29(54):141-158.
[26]Himelboim I,Mccreery S.New technology,old practices:examining news websites from a professional perspective[J].Convergence:The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies,2012,18(4):427-444.
[27]常江.图绘新闻:信息可视化与编辑室内的理念冲突[J].编辑之友,2018(5):71-77.
[28]See Clerwall C.Enter the robot journalist:users'perceptions of automated content[J].Journalism Practice,2014,8(5):519-531.
[29]Creech B,Mendelson A.L.Imagining the journalist of the future:technological visions of journalism education and newswork[J].The Communication Review,2015,18(2):142-165.
[30]Dorr K.N,Hollnbuchner K.Ethical challenges of algorithmic journalism[J].Digital Journalism,2017,5(4):404-419.
[31]Mcnair B.Cultural Chaos:Journalism,News and Power in a Globalized World[M].London:Routledge,2006.
[32]Peters C,Witschge T.From grand narratives of democracy to small expectations of participation:audiences,citizenship,and interactive tools in digital journalism[J].Journalism Practice,2015,9(1):19-34.
[33]常江.策略化逃避:门户新闻网站在人工智能时代的实践理念转型[J].编辑之友,2018(12):61.
[34]Morozov E.The Net Delusion:The Dark Side of Internet Freedom[M].New York:Public Affairs,2011.
[35]Huges T,Ginsberg J.The biggest risk to American journalism isn't posed by Trump[EB/OL].[2018-01-19].The Guardian,https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jan/19/american-journalism-fake-news-trump.
(1)相关专题论文,已陆续发表在2018年《编辑之友》第2-5期、第9-12期.