竖向地震动衰减模型新进展及其对四川地区预测能力分析
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摘要
竖向地震动对长、大工程结构具有重要影响,在2017年召开的16WCEE上,出现了多篇涉及竖向地震动衰减关系、工程特征、数值模拟等方面的研究。本文聚焦于竖向地震动衰减关系,在总结其研究新进展基础上,探讨了目前最新的NGA-West2竖向模型对我国四川地区地震动的预测能力。基于四川地区中强震的距离200 km以内的竖向强震记录,比较了模型预测值与观测值的差异,通过残差分析方法研究了事件间残差、事件内残差的分布特征。结果表明:总体而言,NGA-West2模型高估了四川地区长周期加速度反应谱,而预测短周期加速度反应谱的误差相对较小;NGA-West2模型的震级项、场地项与四川地区实际观测数据表现出的规律存在差别,距离项与实际地震动随距离的衰减规律较为吻合。因此,直接利用NGA-West2模型预测四川地区竖向地震动存在一定局限性,需要根据实际观测数据对震级项和场地项进一步修订。
Vertical ground motion is a significant factor affecting the large-span or large-scale engineering structures. There are some papers involved in the attenuation relationship,engineering features,numerical simulation and other aspects for vertical ground motion in the proceeding of the 16WCEE in 2017. This paper focuses on the attenuation relationship for vertical ground motion and summarizes its new progress to discuss the prediction applicability of latest NGA-West2 models to ground motion in Sichuan region. By using vertical strong motion recordings within rupture distance less than 200 km from moderate to strong earthquake in Sichuan region,we compare the results predicted by NGA-West2 models and observed values. Then the distribution characteristics of inter-event and intra-event residuals is studied through residuals analysis method. Results indicate that the NGA-West2 models significantly overestimate the long period vertical spectra acceleration,and the prediction error of short period vertical spectra acceleration is relatively smaller. The magnitude scaling and site effect term of NGA-West2 models differsignificantly from the result of ground motion observation. The distance scaling can relatively well reflect the attenuation tendency of the observed ground motion with distance. Therefore using NGA-West2 models to predict vertical ground motion in Sichuan region is improper. Appropriate correction on magnitude scaling and site effect term through observed regional ground motion should be made before getting more reliable prediction by NGA-West2 models.
Vertical ground motion is a significant factor affecting the large-span or large-scale engineering structures. There are some papers involved in the attenuation relationship,engineering features,numerical simulation and other aspects for vertical ground motion in the proceeding of the 16WCEE in 2017. This paper focuses on the attenuation relationship for vertical ground motion and summarizes its new progress to discuss the prediction applicability of latest NGA-West2 models to ground motion in Sichuan region. By using vertical strong motion recordings within rupture distance less than 200 km from moderate to strong earthquake in Sichuan region,we compare the results predicted by NGA-West2 models and observed values. Then the distribution characteristics of inter-event and intra-event residuals is studied through residuals analysis method. Results indicate that the NGA-West2 models significantly overestimate the long period vertical spectra acceleration,and the prediction error of short period vertical spectra acceleration is relatively smaller. The magnitude scaling and site effect term of NGA-West2 models differsignificantly from the result of ground motion observation. The distance scaling can relatively well reflect the attenuation tendency of the observed ground motion with distance. Therefore using NGA-West2 models to predict vertical ground motion in Sichuan region is improper. Appropriate correction on magnitude scaling and site effect term through observed regional ground motion should be made before getting more reliable prediction by NGA-West2 models.
引文
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[10]Tsai C C,Liu H W.Amplification behavior of vertical motion observed from downhole arrays[C]∥16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Santiago,2017,Paper No.24.
[11]Cao Z L,Tao X X.Direction-dependent analysis of parameters for stochastic synthesis of vertical ground motion[C]∥16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Santiago,2017,Paper No.658.
[12]Bozorgnia Y,Campbell K.NGA-west2 Ground motion model for V/H response spectra[C]∥16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Santiago,2017,Paper No.4224.
[13]周正华,周雍年,卢滔,等.竖向地震动特征研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2003,23(3):25-29.ZHOU Zhenghua,ZHOU Yongnian,LU Tao,et al.Study on characteristics of vertical ground motion[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics,2003,23(3):25-29.(in Chinese)
[14]韩建平,周伟.汶川地震竖向地震动特征初步分析[J].工程力学,2012,29(12):211-219.HAN Jianping,ZHOU Wei.Preliminary investigation on characteristics of vertical ground motion during Wenchuan earthquake[J].Engineering Mechanics,2012,29(12):211-219.(in Chinese)
[15]Ohno S.Ground motion prediction equation applicable to mega earthquakes considering strong-motion generation areas[C]∥16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Santiago,2017,Paper No.2685.
[16]Hamada T,Itoi T,Sekimura N.Statistical analysis of seismic motion based on Hierarchical Bayesian Models[C]∥16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Santiago,2017,Paper No.389.
[17]Garcia F M,Gehl P,Jimenez M J,et al.Pan-European representative GMPE model.[C]∥16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Santiago,2017,Paper No.2056.
[18]Rezaeian S,Lenon C,Pei S,et al.Validation of near-fault ground motion simulations with directivity pulses for use in engineering applications[C]∥16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Santiago,2017,Paper No.1020.
[19]Sabetta F,Pugliese A.Estimation of response spectra and simulation of nonstationary earthquake ground motions[J].Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering,1996,98(2):337-352.
[20]Ambraseys N N,Simpson K.A The prediction of vertical response spectra in Europe[J].Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics,1996,25(4):401-412.
[21]Kalkan E,Gülkan P.Empirical attenuation equations for vertical ground motion in Turkey[J].Earthquake Spectra.2004,20(3):853-882.
[22]Bragato P L,Slejko D.Empirical ground-motion relations forthe Eastern Alps in the magnitude range 2.5–6.3[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.,2005,95(1):252-276.
[23]Morasca P,Zolezzi F,Spallarossa D,et al.Ground motion models for the Molise region(southern Italy)[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2008,28(3):198-211.
[24]Lussou P,Bard P Y,Cotton F,et al.Seismic design regulation codes:Contributions of K-Net data to site effect evaluations[J].Jounal of Earthquake Engineering,2001,5(1):1-13.
[25]Ambraseys N N,Douglas J.Near-field horizontal and vertical earthquake ground motions[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2003,23(1):1-18.
[26]肖亮,俞言祥.美国西部竖向基岩强地面运动参数衰减关系研究[J].振动与冲击,2014,33(9):179-184.XIAO Liang,YU Yanxiang.Attenuation relationships among vertical strong ground-motion parameters of rock sites in Western US[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2014,33(9):179-184.(in Chinese)
[27]Bindi D,Parloai H,Grosser C,et al.Empirical ground-motion prediction equation for northwestern Turkey using the aftershocks of the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2007,34(8):L08305.
[28]Cauzzi C,Faccioli E.Broadband(0.05 to 20 s)prediction of displacement response based on worldwide digital records[J].Journal of Seismology,2008,12(4):453-475.
[29]Ambraseys N N,Douglas J,Smit P,et al.Equations for the estimation of strong ground motions from shallow crustal earthquakes using data from Europe and the Middle East:Horizontal peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration[J].Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering,2005a,3(1):1-53.
[30]Bindi D,Luzi L,Massa M,et al.Horizontal and vertical ground motion prediction equations derived from the Italian accelerometric archive(ITACA)[J].Bull Earthquake Eng,2010,8(5):1209-1230.
[31]Abrahamson N A,Silva W J.Empirical response spectral attenuation relations for shallow crustal earthquakes[J].Seismological Research Letters,1997,68(1):94-127.
[32]Campbell K W,Bozorgnia Y.Updated near-source ground motion(attenuation)relations for the horizontal and vertical components of peak ground acceleration and acceleration response spectra[J].Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering,2003,93(1):314-331.
[33]Gülerce Z,Kamal R,Abrahamson N A,et al.NGA-West2 ground motion prediction equations for vertical ground motions[R].Berkeley:Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center Headquarters at the University of California,2013.
[34]Hu J J,Zhang Q,Jiang Z J,et al.Characteristics of strong ground motions in the 2014 Ms 6.5 Ludian earthquake,Yunnan,China[J].Journal of Seismology,2016,20(1):361-373.
[35]Hu J J,Zhang W B,Xie L L,et al.Strong motion characteristics of the Mw6.6 Lushan earthquake,Sichuan,China-an insight into the spatial difference of a typical thrust fault earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2015,14(2):203-216.
[36]胡聿贤.地震工程学[M].北京:地震出版社,2006.HU Yuxian.Earthquake engineering[M].Beijing:Seismological Publishing House,2006.(in Chinese)
[37]Bradley B A.Nz-specific pseudo-spectral acceleration ground motion prediction equations based on foreign models[R].New Zealand:Department of Civil Engineering University of Canterbury Chrischurch,2010.
[38]Chiou B S J,Youngs R B.NGA model for average horizontal component of peak ground motion and response spectra[R].Berkeley:Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center Headquarters at the University of California,2008.
[39]Zoback M L.First-and second-order patterns of stress in the lithosphere:The world stress map project[J].Geophysical Research,1992,97(B8):11703-11728.
[40]王勤彩,陈章立,郑斯华.汶川大地震余震序列震源机制的空间分段特征[J].科学通报,2009,54(16):2348-2354.WANG Qincai,CHEN Zhangli,ZHENG Sihua.Spatial segmentation characteristic of focal mechanism of aftershock sequence of Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Chinese Science Bull,2009,54(16):2348-2354.(in Chinese)
[41]喻畑.汶川地震区地震动估计经验模型[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2012.YU Tian.Empirical estimate model for ground motion of Wenchuan earthquake zone[D].Harbin:Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Earthquake Administration,2012.(in Chinese)
[42]Wald D J,Allen T I.Topographic slope as a proxy for seismic site conditions and amplification[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2007,97(5):1379-1395.
[43]Atik L A,Abrahamson N,Bommer J,et al.The variability of ground-motion prediction models and its components[J].Seismological Research Letters,2010,81(5):794-801.
[44]Taheri J S,Naserieh S,Hadi G.A test of the applicability of NGA models to strong Ground-Motion Data in the Iranian Plateau[J].Jounal of Earthquake Engineering,2010,14(2):278-292.
[45]Scasserra G,Stewart J P,Bazzurro P,et al.A comparison of NGA ground-motion prediction equation to Italian data[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2009,99(5):2961-2978.
[2]易伟建,王维一.近场区竖向地震动对钢筋混凝土框架结构抗震性能的影响[J].土木工程学报,2012,45(10):81-88.YI Weijian,WANG Weiyi.Effect of vertical ground motion on seismic behavior of RC frame in near-fault region[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2012,45(10):81-88.(in Chinese)
[3]Kunnath S K,Erduran E,Chai Y H,et al.Effect of near-fault vertical ground motion on seismic response of highway overcrossing[J].Journal of Bridge Engineering,2008,13(3):282-290.
[4]Mazza F,Mazza M,Vulcano A.Effect of the vertical component of near-fault earthquakes on the nonlinear response of R.C.structures retrofitted by different base-isolation systems[C]∥16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Santiago,2017,Paper No.478.
[5]Dailamani S O,Croll J G A.Relative importance of horizontal and vertical components of earthquake motion on the responses of barrel vault cylindrical roof shells[C]∥16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Santiago,2017,Paper No.874.
[6]Kim S Y,Kim S J,Chang C H,et al.Seismic assessment of three-story RC frames considering vertical-to-horizontal peak acceleration ratio[C]∥16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Santiago,2017,Paper No.2639.
[7]Motovali E S M,Mohammadi M,Louren9o P B.Effect of vertical load on acceptance criteria of masonry infilled steel frame for linear procedure[C]∥16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Santiago,2017,Paper No.3119.
[8]Yao G C,Chen W C.Vertical motion effects on suspended ceilings[C]∥16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Santiago,2017,Paper No.3353.
[9]Bas S,Kalkan I,Lee J H,et al.Seismic performance of high-rise R/C structures subjected to vertical earthquake motion[C]∥16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Santiago,2017,Paper No.4428.
[10]Tsai C C,Liu H W.Amplification behavior of vertical motion observed from downhole arrays[C]∥16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Santiago,2017,Paper No.24.
[11]Cao Z L,Tao X X.Direction-dependent analysis of parameters for stochastic synthesis of vertical ground motion[C]∥16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Santiago,2017,Paper No.658.
[12]Bozorgnia Y,Campbell K.NGA-west2 Ground motion model for V/H response spectra[C]∥16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Santiago,2017,Paper No.4224.
[13]周正华,周雍年,卢滔,等.竖向地震动特征研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2003,23(3):25-29.ZHOU Zhenghua,ZHOU Yongnian,LU Tao,et al.Study on characteristics of vertical ground motion[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics,2003,23(3):25-29.(in Chinese)
[14]韩建平,周伟.汶川地震竖向地震动特征初步分析[J].工程力学,2012,29(12):211-219.HAN Jianping,ZHOU Wei.Preliminary investigation on characteristics of vertical ground motion during Wenchuan earthquake[J].Engineering Mechanics,2012,29(12):211-219.(in Chinese)
[15]Ohno S.Ground motion prediction equation applicable to mega earthquakes considering strong-motion generation areas[C]∥16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Santiago,2017,Paper No.2685.
[16]Hamada T,Itoi T,Sekimura N.Statistical analysis of seismic motion based on Hierarchical Bayesian Models[C]∥16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Santiago,2017,Paper No.389.
[17]Garcia F M,Gehl P,Jimenez M J,et al.Pan-European representative GMPE model.[C]∥16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Santiago,2017,Paper No.2056.
[18]Rezaeian S,Lenon C,Pei S,et al.Validation of near-fault ground motion simulations with directivity pulses for use in engineering applications[C]∥16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Santiago,2017,Paper No.1020.
[19]Sabetta F,Pugliese A.Estimation of response spectra and simulation of nonstationary earthquake ground motions[J].Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering,1996,98(2):337-352.
[20]Ambraseys N N,Simpson K.A The prediction of vertical response spectra in Europe[J].Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics,1996,25(4):401-412.
[21]Kalkan E,Gülkan P.Empirical attenuation equations for vertical ground motion in Turkey[J].Earthquake Spectra.2004,20(3):853-882.
[22]Bragato P L,Slejko D.Empirical ground-motion relations forthe Eastern Alps in the magnitude range 2.5–6.3[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.,2005,95(1):252-276.
[23]Morasca P,Zolezzi F,Spallarossa D,et al.Ground motion models for the Molise region(southern Italy)[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2008,28(3):198-211.
[24]Lussou P,Bard P Y,Cotton F,et al.Seismic design regulation codes:Contributions of K-Net data to site effect evaluations[J].Jounal of Earthquake Engineering,2001,5(1):1-13.
[25]Ambraseys N N,Douglas J.Near-field horizontal and vertical earthquake ground motions[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2003,23(1):1-18.
[26]肖亮,俞言祥.美国西部竖向基岩强地面运动参数衰减关系研究[J].振动与冲击,2014,33(9):179-184.XIAO Liang,YU Yanxiang.Attenuation relationships among vertical strong ground-motion parameters of rock sites in Western US[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2014,33(9):179-184.(in Chinese)
[27]Bindi D,Parloai H,Grosser C,et al.Empirical ground-motion prediction equation for northwestern Turkey using the aftershocks of the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2007,34(8):L08305.
[28]Cauzzi C,Faccioli E.Broadband(0.05 to 20 s)prediction of displacement response based on worldwide digital records[J].Journal of Seismology,2008,12(4):453-475.
[29]Ambraseys N N,Douglas J,Smit P,et al.Equations for the estimation of strong ground motions from shallow crustal earthquakes using data from Europe and the Middle East:Horizontal peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration[J].Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering,2005a,3(1):1-53.
[30]Bindi D,Luzi L,Massa M,et al.Horizontal and vertical ground motion prediction equations derived from the Italian accelerometric archive(ITACA)[J].Bull Earthquake Eng,2010,8(5):1209-1230.
[31]Abrahamson N A,Silva W J.Empirical response spectral attenuation relations for shallow crustal earthquakes[J].Seismological Research Letters,1997,68(1):94-127.
[32]Campbell K W,Bozorgnia Y.Updated near-source ground motion(attenuation)relations for the horizontal and vertical components of peak ground acceleration and acceleration response spectra[J].Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering,2003,93(1):314-331.
[33]Gülerce Z,Kamal R,Abrahamson N A,et al.NGA-West2 ground motion prediction equations for vertical ground motions[R].Berkeley:Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center Headquarters at the University of California,2013.
[34]Hu J J,Zhang Q,Jiang Z J,et al.Characteristics of strong ground motions in the 2014 Ms 6.5 Ludian earthquake,Yunnan,China[J].Journal of Seismology,2016,20(1):361-373.
[35]Hu J J,Zhang W B,Xie L L,et al.Strong motion characteristics of the Mw6.6 Lushan earthquake,Sichuan,China-an insight into the spatial difference of a typical thrust fault earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2015,14(2):203-216.
[36]胡聿贤.地震工程学[M].北京:地震出版社,2006.HU Yuxian.Earthquake engineering[M].Beijing:Seismological Publishing House,2006.(in Chinese)
[37]Bradley B A.Nz-specific pseudo-spectral acceleration ground motion prediction equations based on foreign models[R].New Zealand:Department of Civil Engineering University of Canterbury Chrischurch,2010.
[38]Chiou B S J,Youngs R B.NGA model for average horizontal component of peak ground motion and response spectra[R].Berkeley:Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center Headquarters at the University of California,2008.
[39]Zoback M L.First-and second-order patterns of stress in the lithosphere:The world stress map project[J].Geophysical Research,1992,97(B8):11703-11728.
[40]王勤彩,陈章立,郑斯华.汶川大地震余震序列震源机制的空间分段特征[J].科学通报,2009,54(16):2348-2354.WANG Qincai,CHEN Zhangli,ZHENG Sihua.Spatial segmentation characteristic of focal mechanism of aftershock sequence of Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Chinese Science Bull,2009,54(16):2348-2354.(in Chinese)
[41]喻畑.汶川地震区地震动估计经验模型[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2012.YU Tian.Empirical estimate model for ground motion of Wenchuan earthquake zone[D].Harbin:Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Earthquake Administration,2012.(in Chinese)
[42]Wald D J,Allen T I.Topographic slope as a proxy for seismic site conditions and amplification[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2007,97(5):1379-1395.
[43]Atik L A,Abrahamson N,Bommer J,et al.The variability of ground-motion prediction models and its components[J].Seismological Research Letters,2010,81(5):794-801.
[44]Taheri J S,Naserieh S,Hadi G.A test of the applicability of NGA models to strong Ground-Motion Data in the Iranian Plateau[J].Jounal of Earthquake Engineering,2010,14(2):278-292.
[45]Scasserra G,Stewart J P,Bazzurro P,et al.A comparison of NGA ground-motion prediction equation to Italian data[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2009,99(5):2961-2978.