竞争环境下供应链网络生产与外包决策优化
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摘要
为研究生产与外包决策问题,构建了多制造商、多承包商服务于多市场的复杂供应链网络,制造商可内部生产也可选择外包;分析制造商间的Nash-Cournot均衡及承包商间的Bertrand-Nash均衡,建立了碳减排、产量及价格竞争下的供应链网络均衡模型,模型中考虑了碳减排意识与碳税,并引入碳减排声誉成本。为分析产品碳减排的声誉,给出了平均碳减排水平的量化公式,提出均衡模型的求解算法,并通过算例分析了碳减排意识及碳税对制造商生产与外包决策的影响。结果表明,无碳税约束下,随着碳减排意识的提高,承包商减排积极性低于制造商。由于制造商对声誉的重视,其会选择增加内部生产量,减少外包量;在碳税制约下,制造商和承包商均会提高对碳减排的关注,部分制造商为避免支付高额的碳税,会选择减少内部生产量并增加外包量。
To study the production and outsourcing decision problem,a supply chain network including multi-manufacturers,multi-contractors served for multi-markets was proposed.Manufacturers could choose in-house production and outsourcing,and Nash-Cournot equilibrium of firms and Bertrand-Nash equilibrium of contractors were analyzed.On this basis,the supply chain network equilibrium model under carbon emission abatement,production and price competition was developed.The awareness of carbon emission abatement for manufacturers,carbon emission tax and disrepute cost of carbon emission were considered in the model.To analyze the disrepute of carbon emission,aquantitative formula of average carbon emission abatement level was given.Meanwhile,a solution algorithm for the model was proposed.Numerical examples were solved by using the proposed model and algorithm,and the effect of awareness of carbon emission abatement,carbon emission tax on the production and outsourcing of manufacturers were illustrated.The result showed that without carbon emission tax,contractors were less active in reducing carbon emissions than manufacturers with the improvement of awareness for carbon emission abatement.Due to the manufacturers'attention to reputation,they would choose to increase the amount of in-house production and decrease the amount of outsourcing.In addition,if the carbon emission taxes were imposed,manufacturers and contractors would pay more attention to carbon emission abatement.To avoid paying high carbon tax,some manufacturers had chosen to decrease the amount of in-house production and increase the amount of outsourcing.
To study the production and outsourcing decision problem,a supply chain network including multi-manufacturers,multi-contractors served for multi-markets was proposed.Manufacturers could choose in-house production and outsourcing,and Nash-Cournot equilibrium of firms and Bertrand-Nash equilibrium of contractors were analyzed.On this basis,the supply chain network equilibrium model under carbon emission abatement,production and price competition was developed.The awareness of carbon emission abatement for manufacturers,carbon emission tax and disrepute cost of carbon emission were considered in the model.To analyze the disrepute of carbon emission,aquantitative formula of average carbon emission abatement level was given.Meanwhile,a solution algorithm for the model was proposed.Numerical examples were solved by using the proposed model and algorithm,and the effect of awareness of carbon emission abatement,carbon emission tax on the production and outsourcing of manufacturers were illustrated.The result showed that without carbon emission tax,contractors were less active in reducing carbon emissions than manufacturers with the improvement of awareness for carbon emission abatement.Due to the manufacturers'attention to reputation,they would choose to increase the amount of in-house production and decrease the amount of outsourcing.In addition,if the carbon emission taxes were imposed,manufacturers and contractors would pay more attention to carbon emission abatement.To avoid paying high carbon tax,some manufacturers had chosen to decrease the amount of in-house production and increase the amount of outsourcing.
引文
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[16]LUO Ruiling,FAN Tijun,XIA Haiyang.The game analysis of carbon reduction technology investment on supply chain under carbon cap-and-trade rules[J].Chinese Journal of Management Science,2014,22(11):44-53(in Chinese).[骆瑞玲,范体军,夏海洋.碳排放交易政策下供应链碳减排技术投资的博弈分析[J].中国管理科学,2014,22(11):44-53.]
[17]XU Xiaoyan.A make-or-buy decision model for supply chain management[J].Operations Research and Management Science,2002,11(3):106-111(in Chinese).[徐晓燕.供应链管理中加工/外包决策问题的模型[J].运筹与管理,2002,11(3):106-111.]
[18]WANG Liming,LIU Liwen.Analysis of supply chain backward integration,outsourcing and coordination strategies[J].Journal of Management Sciences in China,2008,11(3):78-87(in Chinese).[王立明,刘丽文.供应链上的后向整合外包与协调策略分析[J].管理科学学报,2008,11(3):78-87.]
[19]ZHANG Hanjiang,ZHANG Yuan,LI Junping,et al.The supply chain short-run equilibrium research of integrated downstream enterprise's make-or-buy decision[J].Chinese Journal of Management Science,2011,19(1):42-47(in Chinese).[张汉江,张媛,李俊萍,等.一体化下游企业的零部件自制与外包决策的供应链短期均衡研究[J].中国管理科学,2011,19(1):42-47.]
[20]CHEN K B,XIAO T J.Outsourcing strategy and production disruption of supply chain with demand and capacity allocation uncertainties[J].International Journal of Production E-conomics,2015,170:243-257.
[21]KENYON G N,MEIXELL M J,WEATFALL P H.Production outsourcing and operational performance:an empirical study using secondary data[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2016,171:336-349.
[2]ZENG Wei,WANG Yaochi,ZHOU Hongtao.Study on supply chain operations optimization under carbon cap and trade mechanism[J].Journal of Industrial Engineering/Engineering Management,2015,29(3):199-206(in Chinese).[曾伟,王瑶池,周洪涛.碳限额与交易机制下供应链运作优化研究[J].管理工程学报,2015,29(3):199-206.]
[3]WU Yisheng,BAI Shaobu.Low-carbon supply chain design model and its application analysis based on online shopping[J].Control and Decision,2015,30(4):655-662(in Chinese).[吴义生,白少布.面向网购的低碳供应链设计模型及其应用分析[J].控制与决策,2015,30(4):655-662.]
[4]GAO Juhong,WANG Rui,WANG Haiyan.Closed-loop supply chain network design under carbon subsidies[J].Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems,2015,21(11):3033-3040(in Chinese).[高举红,王瑞,王海燕.碳补贴政策下闭环供应链网络优化[J].计算机集成制造系统,2015,21(11):3033-3040.]
[5]ZAKERI A,DEHGHANIAN F,FAHIMNIA B,et al.Carbon pricing versus emissions trading:a supply chain planning perspective[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2015,164:197-205.
[6]FAHIMNIA B,SARKIS J,CHOUDHARY A,et al.Tactical supply chain planning under a carbon tax policy scheme:a case study[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2015,164:206-215.
[7]ELHEDHLI S,MERRICK R.Green supply chain network design to reduce carbon emissions[J].Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,2012,17(5):370-379.
[8]FAHIMINIA B,SARKIS J,FARZAD D,et al.The impact of carbon pricing on a closed-loop supply chain:an Australian case study[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2013,59(18):210-225.
[9]MARTI J M,TANCREZ J,SEIFERT R W.Carbon footprint and responsiveness trade-offs in supply chain network design[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2015,166:129-142.
[10]VARSEI M,POLYAKOVSKIY S.Sustainable supply chain network design:a case of the wine industry in Australia[J].Omega,2016,66(B):236-247.
[11]ZHANG Baoyin,WANG Bo,WU Yu.Incentive and monitor problems of government based on cycle economy pattern[J].Chinese Journal of Management Science,2006,14(1):136-141(in Chinese).[张保银,汪波,吴煜.基于循环经济模式的政府激励与监督问题[J].中国管理科学,2006,14(1):136-141.]
[12]XU Shichun,HE Zhengxia,LONG Ruyin.Comparative research on environmental policy instruments:enterprise emission abatement perspective[J].Systems Engineering-Theory&Practice,2012,32(11):2351-2362(in Chinese).[许士春,何正霞,龙如银.环境政策工具比较:基于企业减排的视角[J].系统工程理论与实践,2012,32(11):2351-2362.]
[13]CHANG Xiangyun,ZHONG Yongguang,WANG Yixuan,et al..Research of low-carbon policy to promote automotive parts remanufacturing in China:a case study of auto engine remanufacturing[J].Systems Engineering-Theory&Practice,2013,33(11):2811-2821(in Chinese).[常香云,钟永光,王艺璇,等.促进我国汽车零部件再制造的政府低碳引导政策研究---以汽车发动机再制造为例[J].系统工程理论与实践,2013,33(11):2811-2821.]
[14]ZHANG Guoxing,ZHANG Xutao,WANG Yingluo,et al..Analysis of optimal boundary of government subsidies for energy conservation and emission reduction[J].Journal of Management Sciences in China,2014,17(11):129-138(in Chinese).[张国兴,张绪涛,汪应洛,等.节能减排政府补贴的最优边界问题研究[J].管理科学学报,2014,17(11):129-138.]
[15]WANG Pinpeng,ZHAO Daozhi,HE Longfei.Strategies selection and behavioral evolution of carbon-emission-reduction investment in supply chain firms[J].Journal of Industrial Engineering/Engineering Management,2014,28(3):181-189(in Chinese).[王芹鹏,赵道致,何龙飞.供应链企业碳减排投资策略选择与行为演化研究[J].管理工程学报,2014,28(3):181-189.]
[16]LUO Ruiling,FAN Tijun,XIA Haiyang.The game analysis of carbon reduction technology investment on supply chain under carbon cap-and-trade rules[J].Chinese Journal of Management Science,2014,22(11):44-53(in Chinese).[骆瑞玲,范体军,夏海洋.碳排放交易政策下供应链碳减排技术投资的博弈分析[J].中国管理科学,2014,22(11):44-53.]
[17]XU Xiaoyan.A make-or-buy decision model for supply chain management[J].Operations Research and Management Science,2002,11(3):106-111(in Chinese).[徐晓燕.供应链管理中加工/外包决策问题的模型[J].运筹与管理,2002,11(3):106-111.]
[18]WANG Liming,LIU Liwen.Analysis of supply chain backward integration,outsourcing and coordination strategies[J].Journal of Management Sciences in China,2008,11(3):78-87(in Chinese).[王立明,刘丽文.供应链上的后向整合外包与协调策略分析[J].管理科学学报,2008,11(3):78-87.]
[19]ZHANG Hanjiang,ZHANG Yuan,LI Junping,et al.The supply chain short-run equilibrium research of integrated downstream enterprise's make-or-buy decision[J].Chinese Journal of Management Science,2011,19(1):42-47(in Chinese).[张汉江,张媛,李俊萍,等.一体化下游企业的零部件自制与外包决策的供应链短期均衡研究[J].中国管理科学,2011,19(1):42-47.]
[20]CHEN K B,XIAO T J.Outsourcing strategy and production disruption of supply chain with demand and capacity allocation uncertainties[J].International Journal of Production E-conomics,2015,170:243-257.
[21]KENYON G N,MEIXELL M J,WEATFALL P H.Production outsourcing and operational performance:an empirical study using secondary data[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2016,171:336-349.