灯与镜:白求恩事迹与精神的人类学审视
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摘要
20世纪是一个风起云涌的时代。这个世纪几乎改写了人类命运,而且它重塑了今天的政治史、社会史和学术史。在19-20世纪之交,发生了很多人类思想史上的重大事件。其中,人类学思想的兴起和它对人类社会的影响及启迪延续至今。国际主义战士白求恩的精神构成及其思想影响可以被视作这个大时代的一个人文研究个案,包括白求恩思想的形成、发展和完成过程中时代与政治的影响因素及其作用。白求恩出生于宗教家庭,童年生活坎坷。他学医并成为名医的过程也富有戏剧性。白求恩亲身经历了第一次世界大战、西班牙内战及中国抗战,并献身于晋察冀战场,实现了他为国际主义奋斗的诺言。在他身后有着一些众说纷纭的评价,从文化人类学角度对白求恩思想的形成进行立体分析,并借助对白求恩手稿等第一手资料的解读和剖析,有助于我们还原真实的白求恩这一英雄人物的心路历程。
引文
[1]王海龙:《哥伦比亚大学藏毛泽东宋庆龄等抗战书信真迹的发现及解读》,《江苏师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),2018年第2期。
[1]王海龙、何勇:《文化人类学历史导引》,上海学林出版社,1992年版,第41-49、123-138页。
[2]William A.Haviland,Cultural Anthropology,Sixth Edition.Pp.47-51;Holt,Rinehart and Winston,Inc.1990.
[3]王海龙:《人类学入门:文化学理论的深层结构》,广西教育出版社,1989年版,第78-86页。
[4]Michael C.Howard&Janet Dunaif-Hattis,Anthropology,Understanding Human Adaptation,Harper Collins Publishers,1992,pp.609-611;王海龙:《人类学电影》,上海文艺出版社,2002年版,第5-22页。
[1]"BETHUNE,HENRY NORMAN,"Dictionary of Canadian Biography,vol.16;University of Toronto,2011.
[2]Roderick Stewart and Sharon Stewart,Phoenix,the Life of Norman Bethune,P.26,29,36.McGill-Queen's University Press,2011.
[3]Larry Hannant,(ed.)The Politics of Passion:Norman Bethune's Writing and Art.University of Toronto Press,1998.
[4]Paul Weil,"Norman Bethune and the Development of Blood Transfusion Services"Ed.By David A.E.Shephard,Norman Bethune,his time and his legacy.Published by Canadian Public Health Association,1982.
[5]Roderick Stewart,The Mind of Norman Bethune,page 73,Fitzhenry&Whiteside,Canada,1977.
[6]白求恩创建的晋察冀军区卫生学校是共产党八路军最早创办的培训军队医疗人员的学校。它对中国军队和新中国的医疗教育等影响深远。详见http://jdyxb.jlu.edu.cn/xbgk/xbjs.htm.
[1]王海龙:《对阐释人类学的阐释》,《地方性知识:阐释人类学文集》,王海龙、张家瑄译,中央编译出版社,2000年版,第21-23页。
[2]Roderick Stewart and Sharon Stewart,Phoenix,the Life of Norman Bethune,p.382;McGill-Queen's University Press,2011.
[3]Wendell MacLeod,Libbie Park and Stanley Ryerson,Bethune The Montreal Years,An Informal Portrait.James Lorimer&Company,Toronto 1978,pp.29-31,.
[4]Katherine McCuaig,"From'A Social Disease with a Medical Aspect'to'A Medical Disease with a Social Aspect':Fighting the White Plague in Canada,1900-1940",Ed.By David A.E.Shephard,Norman Bethune,his time and his legacy.Published by Canadian Public Health Association,1982.
[1]Anne Burger,The Communist Party of Canada during the Great Depression:Organizing and Class Consciousness.Thesis,Simon Fraser University,2004;Communist Party of Canada(1982).Canada's Party of Socialism.Toronto:Progress Books.pp.29,33,34.
[1]Adrienne Clarkson,Norman Bethune;Extraordinary Canadians.Chapter 7,Published by Penguin Canada,2009.
[2]Roderick Stewart and Sharon Stewart,Phoenix,the Life of Norman Bethune,p.371,453;McGill-Queen's University Press,Canada,2011.
[3]参见其后加拿大电视台制作的纪录片:Bethune.McIntyre Media,National Film Board of Canada.
[1]Larry Hannant,(ed.)The Politics of Passion:Norman Bethune's Writing and Art.P.116;University of Toronto Press,1998.
[2]Roderick Stewart and Sharon Stewart,Phoenix,the Life of Norman Bethune,p.241;McGill-Queen's University Press,Canada,2011.
[3]对比同为加拿大人的不同时代传记作者的传记如Ted Allan and Sydney Gordon,The Scalpel,the sword;the Story of Dr.Norman Bethune,1952和Roderick Stewart and Sharon Stewart,Phoenix,the Life of Norman Bethune,2011;对比不同国家的作者如周而复的《白求恩大夫》(人民文学出版社,1953年版)和白求恩的中国战友回忆他在晋察冀战场的《伟大的国际主义战士白求恩》(1965年中国青年出版社出版)的这样几本书都能看出显著不同,更何况几十年后的今天的读者和作者对白求恩评价当然会有不同。
[1]Roderick Stewart and Sharon Stewart,Phoenix,the Life of Norman Bethune;McGill-Queen's University Press,Canada,2011;Roderick Stewart.The Mind of Norman Bethune/Roderick Stewart.Toronto:Fitzhenry&Whiteside,c1977;Jean Ewen,Canadian Nurse in China,P80;Toronto,McClelland and Stewart,1981
[2]Goldwasser,Janet.Stuart Dowty,Maud Russell.Dr.Norman Bethune(1890-1939):what this Canadian comrade means to the Chinese people.New York:M.Russell,1973;We are the Heirs of Norman Bethune:A Collection of Poems,Stories and Essays from Canada,China,Albania,Palestine,Sudan,Zimbabwe,Namibia,Indonesia,Philippines and India,Norman Bethune Institute,Literature,Modern,1975.
[3]Roderick Stewart and Sharon Stewart,Phoenix,the Life of Norman Bethune,pp.370-371;McGill-Queen's University Press,Canada,2011.
[4]Roderick Stewart and Sharon Stewart,Phoenix,the Life of Norman Bethune,p.452;McGill-Queen's University Press,Canada,2011.
[5]Ted Allan and Sydney Gordon,The Scalpel,the sword;the Story of Dr.Norman Bethune,Boston,Little,Brown,1952.
[1]Roderick Stewart and Sharon Stewart,Phoenix,the Life of Norman Bethune,p374;McGill-Queen's University Press,Canada,2011.
[2]David A.E.Shepherd&Andrée Lévesque,(ed.)Norman Bethune,His Time and His Legacy;Canadian Public Health Association,1982.
[3]Wendell MacLeod,Libbie Park and Stanley Ryerson,Bethune,the Montreal Years:An Informal Portrait.James Lorimer&Company,Publishers,Toronto,1978.
[4]Adrienne Clarkson,Norman Bethune,Extraordinary Canadians,Penguin Canada,2009。在她的《白求恩》一书出版后,伍冰枝接受加拿大广播电台采访时曾经透露,从香港移民到加拿大的她在童年时曾读到过关于白求恩的介绍,而她的父亲居然禁止她读这样的材料。这使她成年后对此十分好奇,后来经过长期研究,她写出了这本“杰出加拿大人系列”中的一个分册即《白求恩传记》。这个故事也从侧面佐证了当年白求恩在加拿大所遭受的际遇。
[1]Roderick Stewart and Sharon Stewart,Phoenix,the Life of Norman Bethune,pp.3-19,p375;McGill-Queen's University Press,Canada,2011.
[2]达米尔神父是比利时传教士兼医生。当时夏威夷岛充斥麻风病。此病为恶性传染病,世人皆惧怕。1873年达米尔神父来到该岛拯救病人,不幸于1884年传染麻风病去世,后被追认为圣徒。
[1]威尔弗雷德·格林费尔医生,英国传教士医生。1887年尚是医学院学生时奔赴北美哈德逊海湾与大西洋之间的拉布拉多半岛并为那里的贫困渔民服务,建立了那里的第一所医院。1912年,建立了格林费尔基金会救助贫民。1927年受封为骑士。
[2]Soog Ching-Ling,"Preface".Ted Allan and Sydney Gordon,The Scalpel,the sword;the Story of Dr.Norman Bethune,Boston,Little,Brown,1973(宋庆龄的这篇纪念白求恩的文章早在1943已写就。后来在Ted Allan and Sydney Gordon出版这本书时被用作序言。用作序言时内容略有改动。此处笔者采用和翻译的是根据宋庆龄原来的手稿版本)
[3]Diana Madgin,"Who Was Kathleen Hall?",Voice of Friendship,2009;No.155&156;Chinese People's Associations for Friendship with Foreign Countries,the PRC.
[4]Jean Ewen,Canadian Nurse in China,162,Toronto,McClelland and Stewart,Limited.1981.
[1]毛泽东:《纪念白求恩》,《毛泽东选集》(第二卷),人民出版社,1967年版,第620-622页。
[1]王海龙、何勇:《文化人类学历史导引》,上海学林出版社,1992年版,第41-49、123-138页。
[2]William A.Haviland,Cultural Anthropology,Sixth Edition.Pp.47-51;Holt,Rinehart and Winston,Inc.1990.
[3]王海龙:《人类学入门:文化学理论的深层结构》,广西教育出版社,1989年版,第78-86页。
[4]Michael C.Howard&Janet Dunaif-Hattis,Anthropology,Understanding Human Adaptation,Harper Collins Publishers,1992,pp.609-611;王海龙:《人类学电影》,上海文艺出版社,2002年版,第5-22页。
[1]"BETHUNE,HENRY NORMAN,"Dictionary of Canadian Biography,vol.16;University of Toronto,2011.
[2]Roderick Stewart and Sharon Stewart,Phoenix,the Life of Norman Bethune,P.26,29,36.McGill-Queen's University Press,2011.
[3]Larry Hannant,(ed.)The Politics of Passion:Norman Bethune's Writing and Art.University of Toronto Press,1998.
[4]Paul Weil,"Norman Bethune and the Development of Blood Transfusion Services"Ed.By David A.E.Shephard,Norman Bethune,his time and his legacy.Published by Canadian Public Health Association,1982.
[5]Roderick Stewart,The Mind of Norman Bethune,page 73,Fitzhenry&Whiteside,Canada,1977.
[6]白求恩创建的晋察冀军区卫生学校是共产党八路军最早创办的培训军队医疗人员的学校。它对中国军队和新中国的医疗教育等影响深远。详见http://jdyxb.jlu.edu.cn/xbgk/xbjs.htm.
[1]王海龙:《对阐释人类学的阐释》,《地方性知识:阐释人类学文集》,王海龙、张家瑄译,中央编译出版社,2000年版,第21-23页。
[2]Roderick Stewart and Sharon Stewart,Phoenix,the Life of Norman Bethune,p.382;McGill-Queen's University Press,2011.
[3]Wendell MacLeod,Libbie Park and Stanley Ryerson,Bethune The Montreal Years,An Informal Portrait.James Lorimer&Company,Toronto 1978,pp.29-31,.
[4]Katherine McCuaig,"From'A Social Disease with a Medical Aspect'to'A Medical Disease with a Social Aspect':Fighting the White Plague in Canada,1900-1940",Ed.By David A.E.Shephard,Norman Bethune,his time and his legacy.Published by Canadian Public Health Association,1982.
[1]Anne Burger,The Communist Party of Canada during the Great Depression:Organizing and Class Consciousness.Thesis,Simon Fraser University,2004;Communist Party of Canada(1982).Canada's Party of Socialism.Toronto:Progress Books.pp.29,33,34.
[1]Adrienne Clarkson,Norman Bethune;Extraordinary Canadians.Chapter 7,Published by Penguin Canada,2009.
[2]Roderick Stewart and Sharon Stewart,Phoenix,the Life of Norman Bethune,p.371,453;McGill-Queen's University Press,Canada,2011.
[3]参见其后加拿大电视台制作的纪录片:Bethune.McIntyre Media,National Film Board of Canada.
[1]Larry Hannant,(ed.)The Politics of Passion:Norman Bethune's Writing and Art.P.116;University of Toronto Press,1998.
[2]Roderick Stewart and Sharon Stewart,Phoenix,the Life of Norman Bethune,p.241;McGill-Queen's University Press,Canada,2011.
[3]对比同为加拿大人的不同时代传记作者的传记如Ted Allan and Sydney Gordon,The Scalpel,the sword;the Story of Dr.Norman Bethune,1952和Roderick Stewart and Sharon Stewart,Phoenix,the Life of Norman Bethune,2011;对比不同国家的作者如周而复的《白求恩大夫》(人民文学出版社,1953年版)和白求恩的中国战友回忆他在晋察冀战场的《伟大的国际主义战士白求恩》(1965年中国青年出版社出版)的这样几本书都能看出显著不同,更何况几十年后的今天的读者和作者对白求恩评价当然会有不同。
[1]Roderick Stewart and Sharon Stewart,Phoenix,the Life of Norman Bethune;McGill-Queen's University Press,Canada,2011;Roderick Stewart.The Mind of Norman Bethune/Roderick Stewart.Toronto:Fitzhenry&Whiteside,c1977;Jean Ewen,Canadian Nurse in China,P80;Toronto,McClelland and Stewart,1981
[2]Goldwasser,Janet.Stuart Dowty,Maud Russell.Dr.Norman Bethune(1890-1939):what this Canadian comrade means to the Chinese people.New York:M.Russell,1973;We are the Heirs of Norman Bethune:A Collection of Poems,Stories and Essays from Canada,China,Albania,Palestine,Sudan,Zimbabwe,Namibia,Indonesia,Philippines and India,Norman Bethune Institute,Literature,Modern,1975.
[3]Roderick Stewart and Sharon Stewart,Phoenix,the Life of Norman Bethune,pp.370-371;McGill-Queen's University Press,Canada,2011.
[4]Roderick Stewart and Sharon Stewart,Phoenix,the Life of Norman Bethune,p.452;McGill-Queen's University Press,Canada,2011.
[5]Ted Allan and Sydney Gordon,The Scalpel,the sword;the Story of Dr.Norman Bethune,Boston,Little,Brown,1952.
[1]Roderick Stewart and Sharon Stewart,Phoenix,the Life of Norman Bethune,p374;McGill-Queen's University Press,Canada,2011.
[2]David A.E.Shepherd&Andrée Lévesque,(ed.)Norman Bethune,His Time and His Legacy;Canadian Public Health Association,1982.
[3]Wendell MacLeod,Libbie Park and Stanley Ryerson,Bethune,the Montreal Years:An Informal Portrait.James Lorimer&Company,Publishers,Toronto,1978.
[4]Adrienne Clarkson,Norman Bethune,Extraordinary Canadians,Penguin Canada,2009。在她的《白求恩》一书出版后,伍冰枝接受加拿大广播电台采访时曾经透露,从香港移民到加拿大的她在童年时曾读到过关于白求恩的介绍,而她的父亲居然禁止她读这样的材料。这使她成年后对此十分好奇,后来经过长期研究,她写出了这本“杰出加拿大人系列”中的一个分册即《白求恩传记》。这个故事也从侧面佐证了当年白求恩在加拿大所遭受的际遇。
[1]Roderick Stewart and Sharon Stewart,Phoenix,the Life of Norman Bethune,pp.3-19,p375;McGill-Queen's University Press,Canada,2011.
[2]达米尔神父是比利时传教士兼医生。当时夏威夷岛充斥麻风病。此病为恶性传染病,世人皆惧怕。1873年达米尔神父来到该岛拯救病人,不幸于1884年传染麻风病去世,后被追认为圣徒。
[1]威尔弗雷德·格林费尔医生,英国传教士医生。1887年尚是医学院学生时奔赴北美哈德逊海湾与大西洋之间的拉布拉多半岛并为那里的贫困渔民服务,建立了那里的第一所医院。1912年,建立了格林费尔基金会救助贫民。1927年受封为骑士。
[2]Soog Ching-Ling,"Preface".Ted Allan and Sydney Gordon,The Scalpel,the sword;the Story of Dr.Norman Bethune,Boston,Little,Brown,1973(宋庆龄的这篇纪念白求恩的文章早在1943已写就。后来在Ted Allan and Sydney Gordon出版这本书时被用作序言。用作序言时内容略有改动。此处笔者采用和翻译的是根据宋庆龄原来的手稿版本)
[3]Diana Madgin,"Who Was Kathleen Hall?",Voice of Friendship,2009;No.155&156;Chinese People's Associations for Friendship with Foreign Countries,the PRC.
[4]Jean Ewen,Canadian Nurse in China,162,Toronto,McClelland and Stewart,Limited.1981.
[1]毛泽东:《纪念白求恩》,《毛泽东选集》(第二卷),人民出版社,1967年版,第620-622页。