白尾地鸦的巢址选择
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摘要
2017年4和5月,在位于新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘的和田地区民丰县对白尾地鸦(Podoces bidduphi)的巢址选择进行研究。共记录白尾地鸦巢12个,测量了巢参数,用Mann-WhitneyU检验分析巢样方与对照样方的差异,用主成分法分析影响白尾地鸦巢址选择的主要因子。结果显示:1)白尾地鸦巢多筑于绿洲边缘的柽柳(Tamarix)灌丛,巢距地面高(109.1±13.2)cm,巢深(8.5±0.5)cm,巢厚(3.8±0.4)cm,内径(13.9±0.9)cm,外径(21.6±1.3)cm;2)巢样方的植被物种数和植被盖度远高于对照样方;3)影响白尾地鸦巢址选择的主要因素为植被物种数及干扰,其中干扰主要指距道路以及距居民点的距离。综上所述,白尾地鸦的巢址选择受食物等生存需求和躲避干扰等安全因素的双重影响,是生存与繁殖权衡的结果。
Nest-site selection plays an important role in avian breeding success. The Xinjiang Ground-Jays(Podoces biddulphi) is endemic to China and distributed restricted to sandy desert, scrub and desert poplar in the Taklamakan Desert in Xinjiang, China. In this study, the nest-site selection of the Xinjiang Ground-Jays was investigated from April to May, 2017. Quadrat method was used with following parameters being investigated: distance to water, distance to path, distance to settlement, distance to graze land, vegetation species number, vegetation density and vegetation cover. A total of 12 nests were found, of which 9 were built in the bush of the Tamarisk(Tamarix) and located at the edge of desert, and one was built on the ground near the road(Fig. 1, Table 1). All the 7 parameters were measured for both the nest sites and control plots. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the difference between nest sites and control plots, and principal component analysis(PCA) was employed to analyze the main factors of the nest site selection of the Xinjiang Ground-Jay. The results showed that: 1) the vegetation species number and vegetation cover were significantly different between nest sites and control plots. The nest site had more vegetation species number and higher vegetation cover(Table 2); 2) vegetation species number, the distance of nest to the nearest road and the distance to water played the key roles in nest-site selection of the Xinjiang Ground-Jay(Table 3, Table 4). In summary, the nest-sites selection of the Xinjiang Ground-Jay was influenced by both the food availability and avoiding the disturbance, as a result of trade-off between survival and reproduction.
Nest-site selection plays an important role in avian breeding success. The Xinjiang Ground-Jays(Podoces biddulphi) is endemic to China and distributed restricted to sandy desert, scrub and desert poplar in the Taklamakan Desert in Xinjiang, China. In this study, the nest-site selection of the Xinjiang Ground-Jays was investigated from April to May, 2017. Quadrat method was used with following parameters being investigated: distance to water, distance to path, distance to settlement, distance to graze land, vegetation species number, vegetation density and vegetation cover. A total of 12 nests were found, of which 9 were built in the bush of the Tamarisk(Tamarix) and located at the edge of desert, and one was built on the ground near the road(Fig. 1, Table 1). All the 7 parameters were measured for both the nest sites and control plots. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the difference between nest sites and control plots, and principal component analysis(PCA) was employed to analyze the main factors of the nest site selection of the Xinjiang Ground-Jay. The results showed that: 1) the vegetation species number and vegetation cover were significantly different between nest sites and control plots. The nest site had more vegetation species number and higher vegetation cover(Table 2); 2) vegetation species number, the distance of nest to the nearest road and the distance to water played the key roles in nest-site selection of the Xinjiang Ground-Jay(Table 3, Table 4). In summary, the nest-sites selection of the Xinjiang Ground-Jay was influenced by both the food availability and avoiding the disturbance, as a result of trade-off between survival and reproduction.
引文
IUCN.2017.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.Version(2016-03).[EB/OL][2017-02-08].http://www.iucnredlist.org/search.
Ma M.2011.Status of the Xinjiang Ground-Jay:population,breeding ecology and conservation.Chinese Birds,2(1):59-62.
Mainwaring M C,Hartley I R.2013.The energetic costs of nest building in birds.Avian Biology Research,6(1):12-17.
Marina M,Juan C A,Luis M B.2010.Nest-site selection by Great Bustards Otis tarda suggests a trade-off between concealment and visibility.Ibis,152(1):77-89.
Martin L C.1981.Habitat selection in birds-The roles of vegetation structure,competitors and productivity.BioScience,31(2):107-113.
Martin L C.1985.Habitat Selection in Birds.New York:Academic Press.
Martin T E,Roper J J.1988.Nest predation and nest site selection of a western population of the hermit Thrush.The Condor,90(1):51-57.
Martin T E,Scott J,Menge C.2000.Nest predation increases with parental activity:separating nest site and parental activity effects.Proceedings of The Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,267(1459):2287-2293.
Radnezhad H,Satei N,Kaboli M,et al.2011.Breeding ecology of the Iranian ground jay(Podoces pleskei).African Journal of Biotechnology,10(21):4494-4500.
Rasekhinia S,Aghanajafizadeh S,Eslami K.2012.Nest Site Selection by Persian Ground Jay(Podoces pleskei)in Bafgh Protected Area,Iran.Proceedings of World Academy of Science,Engineering and Technology.World Academy of Science,Engineering and Technology(WASET),71(1):1873-1875.
Steven T H,Ball I J,Thomas F F.2002.Grassland birds orient nests relative to nearby vegetation.The Wilson Journal of Ornithology,114(4):450-456.
Wysocki D,?ukasz J,Gre?o J L,et al.2015.Factors affecting nest size in a population of Blackbirds Turdus merula.Bird Study,62(2):208-216.
Xu F,Yang W K,Xu W X,et al.2013.The effects of the Taklimakan desert highway on endemic birds Podoces biddulphi.Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,20(1):12-14.
方川,侯文良.2006.民丰县沙漠化现状及其分析.新疆农业科学,43(增刊1):68-69.
高行宜.2005.新疆脊椎动物种和亚种分类与分布名录.乌鲁木齐:新疆科学技术出版社.
胡逸萍,黄佳亮,霍娟,等.2015.新疆阜康地区家麻雀的巢址选择.动物学杂志,50(5):711-715.
马鸣.2001.塔克拉玛干沙漠白尾地鸦的分布与生态习性.干旱区研究,18(3):29-35.
马鸣.2004.塔克拉玛干沙漠特有物种-白尾地鸦.乌鲁木齐:新疆科学技术出版社.
马鸣.2011.新疆鸟类分布名录.北京:科学出版社.
杨维康,钟文勤,高行宜.2000.鸟类栖息地选择研究进展.干旱区研究,17(3):71-78.
杨小农,朱磊,温安祥,等.2015.四川瓦屋山金色林鸲的巢址选择和繁殖记录.动物学杂志,50(5):703-710.
张洪海,王明,陈磊,等.2013.内蒙古达赉湖西岸地区大巢穴特征和巢址选择.生态学报,33(10):3233-3240.
张雁云,张正旺,董路,等.2016.中国鸟类红色名录评估.生物多样性,24(5):568-577.
赵亮,张晓爱,李来兴.2002.角百灵和小云雀的孵化行为.动物学报,48(5):695-699.
郑光美.2017.中国鸟类分类与分布名录.3版.北京:科学出版社.
Ma M.2011.Status of the Xinjiang Ground-Jay:population,breeding ecology and conservation.Chinese Birds,2(1):59-62.
Mainwaring M C,Hartley I R.2013.The energetic costs of nest building in birds.Avian Biology Research,6(1):12-17.
Marina M,Juan C A,Luis M B.2010.Nest-site selection by Great Bustards Otis tarda suggests a trade-off between concealment and visibility.Ibis,152(1):77-89.
Martin L C.1981.Habitat selection in birds-The roles of vegetation structure,competitors and productivity.BioScience,31(2):107-113.
Martin L C.1985.Habitat Selection in Birds.New York:Academic Press.
Martin T E,Roper J J.1988.Nest predation and nest site selection of a western population of the hermit Thrush.The Condor,90(1):51-57.
Martin T E,Scott J,Menge C.2000.Nest predation increases with parental activity:separating nest site and parental activity effects.Proceedings of The Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,267(1459):2287-2293.
Radnezhad H,Satei N,Kaboli M,et al.2011.Breeding ecology of the Iranian ground jay(Podoces pleskei).African Journal of Biotechnology,10(21):4494-4500.
Rasekhinia S,Aghanajafizadeh S,Eslami K.2012.Nest Site Selection by Persian Ground Jay(Podoces pleskei)in Bafgh Protected Area,Iran.Proceedings of World Academy of Science,Engineering and Technology.World Academy of Science,Engineering and Technology(WASET),71(1):1873-1875.
Steven T H,Ball I J,Thomas F F.2002.Grassland birds orient nests relative to nearby vegetation.The Wilson Journal of Ornithology,114(4):450-456.
Wysocki D,?ukasz J,Gre?o J L,et al.2015.Factors affecting nest size in a population of Blackbirds Turdus merula.Bird Study,62(2):208-216.
Xu F,Yang W K,Xu W X,et al.2013.The effects of the Taklimakan desert highway on endemic birds Podoces biddulphi.Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,20(1):12-14.
方川,侯文良.2006.民丰县沙漠化现状及其分析.新疆农业科学,43(增刊1):68-69.
高行宜.2005.新疆脊椎动物种和亚种分类与分布名录.乌鲁木齐:新疆科学技术出版社.
胡逸萍,黄佳亮,霍娟,等.2015.新疆阜康地区家麻雀的巢址选择.动物学杂志,50(5):711-715.
马鸣.2001.塔克拉玛干沙漠白尾地鸦的分布与生态习性.干旱区研究,18(3):29-35.
马鸣.2004.塔克拉玛干沙漠特有物种-白尾地鸦.乌鲁木齐:新疆科学技术出版社.
马鸣.2011.新疆鸟类分布名录.北京:科学出版社.
杨维康,钟文勤,高行宜.2000.鸟类栖息地选择研究进展.干旱区研究,17(3):71-78.
杨小农,朱磊,温安祥,等.2015.四川瓦屋山金色林鸲的巢址选择和繁殖记录.动物学杂志,50(5):703-710.
张洪海,王明,陈磊,等.2013.内蒙古达赉湖西岸地区大巢穴特征和巢址选择.生态学报,33(10):3233-3240.
张雁云,张正旺,董路,等.2016.中国鸟类红色名录评估.生物多样性,24(5):568-577.
赵亮,张晓爱,李来兴.2002.角百灵和小云雀的孵化行为.动物学报,48(5):695-699.
郑光美.2017.中国鸟类分类与分布名录.3版.北京:科学出版社.