哈尔滨市城市化建设对鸟类群落的影响
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摘要
近年来,城市化对鸟类的影响受到生态学家的广泛关注。于2014年3~5月对哈尔滨市区7块城市绿地中鸟类的分布和数量进行了调查,同时选取4个城市化指标以确定影响哈尔滨市区鸟类群落的主要城市化因子,并进一步分析哈尔滨城市化与鸟类群落的关系。调查共记录到鸟类121种隶属于14目38科。在7个样地中,鸟类群落多样性指数显示为:H_(群力湿地公园)>H_(植物园)>H_(太阳岛)>H_(东北林业大学林场)>H_(兆麟公园)>H_(四季上东小区)>H_(儿童公园);均匀性指数E_(群力湿地公园)>E_(植物园)>E_(东北林业大学林场)>E_(太阳岛)>E_(四季上东小区)>E_(兆麟公园)>E_(儿童公园)。4个城市化因子中,建筑指数和距市中心的距离是影响鸟类多样性的最主要因子;人为干扰和平均噪音对鸟类群落的多样性和均匀度无显著影响;距市中心距离与鸟类群落多样性、均匀度呈显著正相关;建筑指数与鸟类群落多样性、物种数呈显著负相关;城市化综合指数与鸟类群落多样性、均匀性呈显著负相关。分析表明,哈尔滨市鸟类群落多样性及均匀性随着城市化程度的增加而减小。
In recent years,the impact of urbanization on birds drew wide attention of ecologists.From March to May in 2014,we studied the distribution and population size of birds in 7 urban green spaces in Harbin to detect the urbanization effects on local birds.Four urbanization indexes such as construction,distance to the city center,human disturbance,and average noise levels were measured and analyzed in order to determine the effects of urbanization on distribution and evenness of the urban bird communities.During field surveys.121 species of birds of 38 families and 14 orders were recorded.In the seven sampled areas,the species diversity indices ranked in descending Order as:H_(Qunli Wetland Park) >H_(Botanic Garden) >H_(Sun Island)>H_(Forest farm of Northeast Forestry University)> H_(Zhaolin Park) >H_(Sijishangdong Village) > H_(The Childern's Park).Evenness indices ranked as:E_(Qunli wetland Park) >E_(Botanic Garden) > E_(Forest farm of Northeast Forestry University) >E_(Sun Island) >E_(Sijishangdong Village) >E_(Zhaolin Park) >E_(The childern's Park_.Among the four urbanization indices,the building index and distance to city center were the main factors affecting bird diversity.Human disturbance and average noise level had no significant effect on species diversity and evenness.Distance to city center was significantly positively correlated with species diversity and evenness.Building index was significantly negatively correlated with species diversity and evenness.The urbanization comprehensive index was significantly negatively related with species diversity and evenness.Species diversity and evenness decreased as the urbanization level increased.
In recent years,the impact of urbanization on birds drew wide attention of ecologists.From March to May in 2014,we studied the distribution and population size of birds in 7 urban green spaces in Harbin to detect the urbanization effects on local birds.Four urbanization indexes such as construction,distance to the city center,human disturbance,and average noise levels were measured and analyzed in order to determine the effects of urbanization on distribution and evenness of the urban bird communities.During field surveys.121 species of birds of 38 families and 14 orders were recorded.In the seven sampled areas,the species diversity indices ranked in descending Order as:H_(Qunli Wetland Park) >H_(Botanic Garden) >H_(Sun Island)>H_(Forest farm of Northeast Forestry University)> H_(Zhaolin Park) >H_(Sijishangdong Village) > H_(The Childern's Park).Evenness indices ranked as:E_(Qunli wetland Park) >E_(Botanic Garden) > E_(Forest farm of Northeast Forestry University) >E_(Sun Island) >E_(Sijishangdong Village) >E_(Zhaolin Park) >E_(The childern's Park_.Among the four urbanization indices,the building index and distance to city center were the main factors affecting bird diversity.Human disturbance and average noise level had no significant effect on species diversity and evenness.Distance to city center was significantly positively correlated with species diversity and evenness.Building index was significantly negatively correlated with species diversity and evenness.The urbanization comprehensive index was significantly negatively related with species diversity and evenness.Species diversity and evenness decreased as the urbanization level increased.
引文
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[30]Wang Y,Cen S,Jiang P,et al.Black-billed magpies(Pica pica)adjust nest characteristics to adapt to urbanization in Hangzhou,China[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology,2008,86(7):676-684.
[31]Bolger D T,Scott T A,Rotenberry J T.Breeding bird abundance in an urbanizing landscape in coastal southern California[J].Conservation Biology,1997,11(2):406-421.
[32]Lim H C,Sodhi N S.Responses of avian guilds to urbanisation in a tropical city[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,66(4):199-215.
[33]Howes J,Bakewell D,Bureau A W.Shorebird studies manual[M].Asian Wetland Bureau,1989:253-272.
[34]约翰·马敬能,卡伦·菲力普斯,何芬奇.中国鸟类野外手册[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,2000.
[35]常家传.东北鸟类图鉴[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,1995.
[36]Vale T R,Vale G R.Suburban bird populations in west-central California[J],Journal of Biogeography,1976,3(2):157—165.
[37]Degraaf R M,Wentworth J M.Avian guild structure and habitat associations in suburban bird communities[J].Urban Ecology,1986,9(3):399-412.
[38]诸葛阳,姜仕仁.杭州鸟类调查[J].杭州大学学报,1983,10:50-64.
[39]Rosenbrg K V,Terrill S B,Rosenberg G H.Value of suburban habitats to desert riparian birds[J].Wilson Bulletin,1987,99(4):642-654.
[40]Crooks K R,Suarez A V,Bolger D T.Avian assemblages along a gradient of urbanization in a highly fragmented landscape[J].Biological Conservation,2004,115(3):451-462.
[41]Lee P F,Ding T S,Hsu F H,et al.Breeding bird species richness in Taiwan:distribution on gradients of elevation,primary productivity and urbanization[J].Journal of Biogeography,2004,31(2):307-314.
[42]Mckinney M L.Effects of urbanization on species richness:a review of plants and animals[J].Urban Ecosystems,2008,11(2):161-176.
[43]Jokimiki J,Suhonen J.Effects of urbanization on the breeding bird species richness in Finland:a biogeographical comparison[J].Ornis Fenn,1993,70:71-77.
[44]郭玉民.黑龙江省西部和中部林栖鸟类迁徒的研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2002.
[45]Fahrig L.Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity[J].Annual Review of Ecology,Evolution,and Systematies,2003,34(6):487-515.
[46]Davis A M,Glick T F.Urban ecosystems and island biogeography[J].Environmental Conservation,1978,5(4):299-304.
[47]Marzluff J M.Island biogeography for an urbanizing world how extinction and colonization may determine biological diversity in human-dominated landscapes[J].Urban Ecology,2005,8(2):157-177.
[2]Concepci6n E D,Moretti M,Altermatt F,et al.Impacts of urbanisation on biodiversity:the role of species mobility,degree of specialisation and spatial scale[J].Oikos,2015.
[3]Lancaster RK,Rees W E.Bird communities and the structure of urban habitats[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology,1979,57(12):2358-2368.
[4]Fang Chuanglin,Lin Xueqin.The eco-environmental guarantee for China's urbanization process[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2009,19(1):95-106.
[5]Fuhlendotf S D,Harrell W C,Engle D M,et al.Should heterogeneity be the basis for conservation?Grassland bird response to fire and grazing[J].Ecological Applications,2006,16(5):1706-1716.
[6]Jetz W,Thomas G H,Joy J B,et al.The global diversity of birds in space and time[J],Nature,2012,491(7424):444-448.
[7]Blair R.The effects of urban sprawl on birds at multiple levels of biological organization[J].Ecology and Society,2004,9(5):2.
[8]Neuschulz E L,Botzat A,Farwig N.Effects of forest modification on bird community composition and seed removal in a heterogeneous landscape in South Africa[J].Oikos,2011,120(9):1371-1379.
[9]O'Connell T J,Jackson L E,Brooks R P.Bird guilds as indicators of ecological condition in the central Appalachians[J].Ecological Applications,2000,10(6):1706-1721.
[10]Angold P,Sadler J P,Hill M O,et al.Biodiversity in urban habitat patches[J].Science of the Total Environment,2006,360(1-3):196-204.
[11]Tscharntke T,Sekercioglu C H,Dietsch T V,et al.Landscape constraints on functional diversity of birds and insects in tropical agroecosystems[J].Ecology,2008,89(4):944-951.
[12]Becker M E,Weisberg P J.Synergistic effects of spring temperatures and land cover on nest survival of urban birds[J].The Condor,2015,117(1):18-30.
[13]Hassall C.The ecology and biodiversity of urban ponds[J].Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews:Water,2014,1(2):187-206.
[14]Melles S,Glenn S,Martin K.Urban bird diversity and landscape complexity:species-environment associations along a multiscale habitat gradient[J].Ecology and Society,2003,7(1):5.
[15]Tilghman N G.Characteristics of urban woodlands affecting breeding bird diversity and abundance[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,1987,14(87):481-495.
[16]Condy M L.Habitat selection in birds[M].Academic Press Inc,1985.
[17]Marzluff J M,Bowman R,Donnelly R.A historical perspective on urban bird research:trends,terms,and approaches[M].Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World,2001:1—17.
[18]Grimm N B,Faeth S H,Golubiewski N E,et al.Global change and the ecology of cities[J].Science,2008,319(5864):756-760.
[19]Emlen J T.An urban bird community in Tucson,Arizona:derivation,structure,regulation[J].Condor,1974,76:184-197.
[20]Degraaf R M,Wenrworth J M.Urban bird communities and habitats in New England[C].Proceedings of the Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference,F,1981.
[21]Beissinger S R,Osborne D R.Effects of urbanization on avian community organization[J].Condor,1982,84:75-83.
[22]陈水华,丁平,郑光美,等.城市化对杭州市湿地水鸟群落的影响研究[J].动物学研究,2000,21(4):279-285.
[23]Blair R B.Land use and avian species diversity along an urban gradient[J].Ecological Applications,1996,6(2):506-519.
[24]Aldrich J W,Coffin R W.Breeding bird populations from forest to suburbia after thirtyeven years[J].American Birds,1980,34(1):3-7.
[25]Bradley C A,Altizer S.Urbanization and the ecology of wildlife diseases[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2007,22(2):95-102.
[26]Magura T,LOvei G L,TOthnerfesz B.Does urbanization decrease diversity in ground beetle(Carabidae)assemblages?[J].Global Ecology and Biogeography,2010,19(1):16-26.
[27]王彦平,陈水华,丁平.杭州城市行道树带的繁殖鸟类及其鸟巢分布[J].动物学研究,2003,24(4):259-264.
[28]Mills G S,Dunning J B,Bates J M.Effects of urbanization on breeding bird community structure in southwestern desert habitats[J].Condor,1989,91:416-428.
[29]Rottenborn S C.Predicting the impacts of urbanization on riparian bird communities[J].Biological Conservation,1999,88(3):289-299.
[30]Wang Y,Cen S,Jiang P,et al.Black-billed magpies(Pica pica)adjust nest characteristics to adapt to urbanization in Hangzhou,China[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology,2008,86(7):676-684.
[31]Bolger D T,Scott T A,Rotenberry J T.Breeding bird abundance in an urbanizing landscape in coastal southern California[J].Conservation Biology,1997,11(2):406-421.
[32]Lim H C,Sodhi N S.Responses of avian guilds to urbanisation in a tropical city[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,66(4):199-215.
[33]Howes J,Bakewell D,Bureau A W.Shorebird studies manual[M].Asian Wetland Bureau,1989:253-272.
[34]约翰·马敬能,卡伦·菲力普斯,何芬奇.中国鸟类野外手册[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,2000.
[35]常家传.东北鸟类图鉴[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,1995.
[36]Vale T R,Vale G R.Suburban bird populations in west-central California[J],Journal of Biogeography,1976,3(2):157—165.
[37]Degraaf R M,Wentworth J M.Avian guild structure and habitat associations in suburban bird communities[J].Urban Ecology,1986,9(3):399-412.
[38]诸葛阳,姜仕仁.杭州鸟类调查[J].杭州大学学报,1983,10:50-64.
[39]Rosenbrg K V,Terrill S B,Rosenberg G H.Value of suburban habitats to desert riparian birds[J].Wilson Bulletin,1987,99(4):642-654.
[40]Crooks K R,Suarez A V,Bolger D T.Avian assemblages along a gradient of urbanization in a highly fragmented landscape[J].Biological Conservation,2004,115(3):451-462.
[41]Lee P F,Ding T S,Hsu F H,et al.Breeding bird species richness in Taiwan:distribution on gradients of elevation,primary productivity and urbanization[J].Journal of Biogeography,2004,31(2):307-314.
[42]Mckinney M L.Effects of urbanization on species richness:a review of plants and animals[J].Urban Ecosystems,2008,11(2):161-176.
[43]Jokimiki J,Suhonen J.Effects of urbanization on the breeding bird species richness in Finland:a biogeographical comparison[J].Ornis Fenn,1993,70:71-77.
[44]郭玉民.黑龙江省西部和中部林栖鸟类迁徒的研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2002.
[45]Fahrig L.Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity[J].Annual Review of Ecology,Evolution,and Systematies,2003,34(6):487-515.
[46]Davis A M,Glick T F.Urban ecosystems and island biogeography[J].Environmental Conservation,1978,5(4):299-304.
[47]Marzluff J M.Island biogeography for an urbanizing world how extinction and colonization may determine biological diversity in human-dominated landscapes[J].Urban Ecology,2005,8(2):157-177.