综合批发市场室内甲醛污染水平研究
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摘要
小商品批发市场售卖的商品由于在加工或生产过程中多数使用了含有甲醛的胶粘剂及含有甲醛的防腐剂和染料等,且市场装修材料也会释放甲醛,再加之场内人员密集、通风较差且较为封闭,故其室内可能存在甲醛污染。为了解该类批发市场内各类商品引起的甲醛污染水平及分布特征,笔者于2017年4月~5月采用INTERSCAN 4160甲醛测试仪对北京市6处小商品批发市场内各商品区甲醛浓度进行了现场测试及深入分析。结果表明:1)5个市场内的甲醛均存在不同程度的污染,日均浓度水平为0.043~0.211 mg/m~3,差异显著,点位超标率为25.65%,且新近装修的市场甲醛污染最重,点位超标率达到了86.90%,但其中1个商场化的市场各测试点位甲醛污染水平均在0.073 mg/m~3以下;2)箱包、鞋类商品区甲醛的平均超标率为51.56%,且文具、化妆品、日用品、洗涤用品等日化产品和内衣针织品、毛绒玩具等由于使用了含有甲醛的防腐剂、胶黏剂和染料等也引起了各区甲醛不同程度的超标,且环境较差、商品分布杂乱且文具占多数的1个市场内的商品区的甲醛浓度全部超出了标准值0.10 mg/m3,另外,各市场下午的甲醛污染水平普遍低于上午。以上结果表明市场商品质量和数量直接影响甲醛散发量的大小,但室内环境和通风情况最终影响甲醛浓度水平和污染状况。
The formaldehyde pollution may exist in the in small commodity wholesale markets due to formaldehydecontained adhesives,preservatives and dyes containing used in majority of goods sold in the market in the process or production,and formaldehyde released from market decoration materials,together with the staff-intensive,poorly ventilated and closed public places. To explore the formaldehyde pollution level and distribution characteristics in the comprehensive wholesale markets,the formaldehyde concentrations were deeply analyzed by the field tests with INTERSCAN 4160 formaldehyde Tester in 6 randomly selected wholesale markets in Beijing from April to May,2017. The results showed that: 1) There were different degrees of formaldehyde pollution in the 5 wholesale markets and the daily average concentration level of formaldehyde ranged from 0. 043 to 0. 211 mg/m3,and there were significant differences in the concentrations in various markets. The most serious pollution with 86. 90% overstandard rate was in the 1 newly renovated market, however, in mall-like market the all formaldehyde concentrations were below 0. 073 mg/m~3; 2) The average rate of exceeding formaldehyde standard value was51. 56% in the luggage and footwear areas,and there were different over-standard rates of formaldehyde in the areas of stationery,cosmetics,daily necessities,washing articles,and other daily chemicals and underwear,knitwear,plush toys and so on due to the use of preservatives,adhesives,and dyes containing formaldehyde. In addition,in a market with poor environment,a jumble of goods and stationery in the majority,the concentrations of formaldehyde all exceeded the standard value of 0. 10 mg/m~3. Meanwhile,the formaldehyde concentration of every market in the afternoon was generally lower than that in the morning. It revealed that the formaldehyde pollution level in the comprehensive wholesale market is directly related to internal product quality and quantity,and the internal environment and ventilation can effectively reduce the formaldehyde concentration.
The formaldehyde pollution may exist in the in small commodity wholesale markets due to formaldehydecontained adhesives,preservatives and dyes containing used in majority of goods sold in the market in the process or production,and formaldehyde released from market decoration materials,together with the staff-intensive,poorly ventilated and closed public places. To explore the formaldehyde pollution level and distribution characteristics in the comprehensive wholesale markets,the formaldehyde concentrations were deeply analyzed by the field tests with INTERSCAN 4160 formaldehyde Tester in 6 randomly selected wholesale markets in Beijing from April to May,2017. The results showed that: 1) There were different degrees of formaldehyde pollution in the 5 wholesale markets and the daily average concentration level of formaldehyde ranged from 0. 043 to 0. 211 mg/m3,and there were significant differences in the concentrations in various markets. The most serious pollution with 86. 90% overstandard rate was in the 1 newly renovated market, however, in mall-like market the all formaldehyde concentrations were below 0. 073 mg/m~3; 2) The average rate of exceeding formaldehyde standard value was51. 56% in the luggage and footwear areas,and there were different over-standard rates of formaldehyde in the areas of stationery,cosmetics,daily necessities,washing articles,and other daily chemicals and underwear,knitwear,plush toys and so on due to the use of preservatives,adhesives,and dyes containing formaldehyde. In addition,in a market with poor environment,a jumble of goods and stationery in the majority,the concentrations of formaldehyde all exceeded the standard value of 0. 10 mg/m~3. Meanwhile,the formaldehyde concentration of every market in the afternoon was generally lower than that in the morning. It revealed that the formaldehyde pollution level in the comprehensive wholesale market is directly related to internal product quality and quantity,and the internal environment and ventilation can effectively reduce the formaldehyde concentration.
引文
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[2]王一涵.室内空气中甲醛的危害与治理[J].承德石油高等专科学校学报,2010,12(3):28-30
[3]江浩芝,赵婉君.室内甲醛的危害及其污染现状[J].广东化工,2016,43(11):189-189
[4]Nielsen G D,Larsen S T,Wolkoff P.Re-evaluation of the WHO(2010)formaldehyde indoor air quality guideline for cancer risk assessment:[J].Archives of Toxicology,2017,91(1):1-27
[5]吕鸥,张美云,孙晓冰.北京朝阳区公共场所空气中甲醛污染状况监测分析[J].慢性病学杂志,2017,(01):5-7
[6]张金萍,陈文军,杜鹏宇.北京市公共场所室内甲醛浓度水平分析[J].环境污染与防治,2015,37(7):40-45
[7]张金萍,于水静,宋梦堃.家具和服装市场室内甲醛和PM 2.5污染水平的测试研究[J].建筑科学,2016,32(6):21-26
[8]干雅平,申秀英,姚超英.杭州某高校室内空气质量状况调查分析[J].环境污染与防治,2013,35(2):78-81
[9]童金柱.纺织工业中的甲醛问题[J].纺织导报,2003,(3):94-96
[10]钟小丽.纤维制品甲醛含量有“标准”[J].标准计量与质量,2003,(1):11