因为红杉——20世纪60年代美国红杉国家公园设立之争
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摘要
20世纪60年代,美国加州红杉在木材商的过度砍伐下面临严重危机。因此,以塞拉俱乐部和保护红杉联盟为首的环保组织倡议设立红杉国家公园以保护红杉。然而,这一倡议却引发两大环保组织内部因公园法案分歧所导致的巨大争议和来自木材商的激烈反对,公园立法举步维艰。在此情形下,以总统林登·约翰逊和内政部长斯图尔特·尤德尔为首的联邦政府明确表态大力支持红杉公园保护,通过不断敦促国会修改提案积极促使各方明智妥协,《1968年红杉国家公园法》终获通过,红杉国家公园得以设立。红杉国家公园设立之争体现了各方的不同诉求。就政府而言,考虑多方面利益,允许争议并在争议中求同存异,才有可能实现可持续环保目标,这或许是20世纪60年代美国红杉国家公园设立之争的最大启示。
引文
(1)Bryce Nelson,“The Coast Redwoods:Struggle over National Park Proposals”,Science,New Series,vol.153,no.3744,1966,p.1620.
(2)有关美国红杉国家公园的研究主要由红杉所在地的加州本地学者引领。由于红杉在植物属性、历史文化、社会意义上均有较大的研究价值,现有的红杉研究丰富并横跨多种学科。其中,在红杉国家公园建设问题上,苏珊·施雷弗的《为保卫红杉而战:一段环境改革史,1917-1978》(Susan R.Schrepfer,The Fight to Save the Redwoods:A History of the Environmental Reform,1917-1978,Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1983)是迄今最全面的研究。该书叙述了自1917年到1978年红杉国家公园的相关史实,着重论述了保护红杉联盟的思想渊源,并对保护红杉联盟和塞拉俱乐部在保护红杉问题上的分歧做了分析与评述。达伦·斯皮斯的《捍卫巨树:河源森林的战斗与美国环境政治的转向,1850-1999》(Darren Frederick Speece,“Defending Giants:The Battle over Headwaters Forest and the Transformation of American Environmental Politics,1850-1999”,Thesis(Ph.D.),University of Maryland,2010)基于前者的研究成果拓宽了红杉国家公园问题的视界,该书主要关注上世纪80、90年代的红杉公园新问题。里德·诺斯主编的《红杉森林:历史、生态和海岸红杉保护》(Reed F.Noss,ed.,The Redwood Forest:History,Ecology,and Conservation of the Coast Redwoods,Washington,D.C.:Island Press,2000)是保护红杉联盟出版的文集,几十位研究人员的成果构成了一本综合性强,覆盖红杉历史、文化、生态等多方面问题的学术科普作品。此外还有杰德·法默的《天堂中的树:一部加州史》(Jaded Farmer,Trees in Paradise:A California History,New York:W.W.Norton&Company Press,2013)叙述了四种对于加州来说意义深远的树,对红杉的历史做了生动而又细腻的讲述。
(1)加州海岸红杉生长在加州海岸北部的狭长地带,当欧洲殖民者来到加州时,这条红杉带大约有450英里长,带宽根据地形变化从5到20英里不等。海岸红杉常常被称为高树,20年的树木高度可达50英尺,直径可达1英尺。成熟的树一般高200到300英尺,胸径10到15英尺,此外红杉树的厚皮有防火、防虫作用。
(2)Jaded Farmer,Trees in Paradise:A California History,New York:W.W.Norton&Company Press,2013,p.62.
(3)谌谟美:《神奇的中美红杉树》,北京:科学出版社,2009年,第123页。
(4)保护红杉联盟由加拿大古生物学家约翰·坎贝尔·梅里曼(John Campbell Merriam)、纽约的保护协会领导人麦迪逊·格兰特(Madison Grant)和亨利·费尔菲尔德·奥斯本(Henry Fairfield Osborn)于1918年共同创立,是一家非盈利环保慈善组织,其主要目标就是尽可能保护当时北美生存的红杉免于毁灭。
(5)Susan R.Schrepfer,The Fight to Save the Redwoods:A History of the Environmental Reform,1917-1978,Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1983,p.117.
(6)塞拉俱乐部成立于1892年,是一家非盈利环保组织。著名的环保主义者约翰·缪尔(John Muir)于1892年5月28日在加利福尼亚州旧金山创办该组织。至今,塞拉俱乐部拥有百万会员,分会遍布美国。
(7)Authorizing the Establishment of the Redwood National Park in the State of California and for other Purposes,90th Congress,1st session,October 12,1967,S.Rpt.641,p.3.
(8)Susan R.Schrepfer,The Fight to Save the Redwoods:A History of the Environmental Reform,1917-1978,Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1983,p.122.
(9)Ibid.,p.135.
(10)Reed F.Noss,ed.,The Redwood Forest:History,Ecology,and Conservation of the Coast Redwoods,Washington,D.C.:Island Press,2000,p.37.
(11)Thomas R.Vale,“Conservation Strategies in the Redwoods”,Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers,vol.36,1974,p.107.
(1)Bryce Nelson,The Coast Redwoods:Struggle over National Park Proposals,Science,New Series,vol.153,no.3744,1966,p.1622.
(2)Ibid.,p.1622.
(3)Susan R.Schrepfer,“Conflict in Preservation:The Sierra Club,Save-the-Redwoods League,and Redwood National Park”,Journal of Forest History,vol.24,no.2,1980,p.68.
(4)James Michael Bailey,“The Politics of Dunes,Redwoods,and Dams:Arizona’s‘Brothers Udall’and America’s National Parklands,1961-1969”,Thesis(Ph.D.),Arizona State University,1999,p.154.
(5)“Mr.Reagan,Mr.Rockefeller,and the Redwoods”,New York Times,Aug 27,1967.
(6)Susan R.Schrepfer,The Fight to Save the Redwoods:A History of the Environmental Reform,1917-1978,Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1983,p.136.
(7)Ibid.,p.137.
(8)New York Times,Dec 17,1965.
(9)Susan R.Schrepfer,The Fight to Save the Redwoods:A History of the Environmental Reform,1917-1978,Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1983,p.143.
(10)James Michael Bailey,“The Politics of Dunes,Redwoods,and Dams:Arizona’s‘Brothers Udall’and America’s National Parklands,1961-1969”,Thesis(Ph.D.),Arizona State University,1999,p.158.
(1)Authorizing the Establishment of the Redwood National Park in the State of California and for other Purposes,90th Congress,1st session,October 12,1967,S.Rpt.641,p.27.
(2)Susan R.Schrepfer,The Fight to Save the Redwoods:A History of the Environmental Reform,1917-1978,Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1983,p.108.
(3)Ibid.,p.124.
(4)Jaded Farmer,Trees in Paradise:A California History,New York:W.W.Norton&Company Press,2013,p.70.
(5)Susan R.Schrepfer,The Fight to Save the Redwoods:A History of the Environmental Reform,1917-1978,Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1983,p.128.
(6)Susan R.Schrepfer,“Conflict in Preservation:The Sierra Club,Save-the-Redwoods League,and Redwood National Park”,Journal of Forest History,vol.24,no.2,1980,p.73.
(7)Authorizing the Establishment of the Redwood National Park in the State of California and for other Purposes,90th Congress,1st session,October 12,1967,S.Rpt.641,p.3
(8)Susan R.Schrepfer,“Conflict in Preservation:The Sierra Club,Save-the-Redwoods League,and Redwood National Park”,Journal of Forest History,vol.24,no.2,1980,p.73.
(9)“Lumber Concerns Fight Park Plan”,New York Times,Nov 15,1964.
(10)Common slogans of park opponents,often found on bumper stickers,included“If You Can’t Log It,Burn It”,and“Sierra Club,Kiss My Axe”.A thoughtful,provocative approach in opposition to expansion of Redwood National Park may be seen in Norman B.Livermore,Jr.,“An Open Letter to Secretary Andrus”,American Forests 83(July 1977):30,42.The Miss America quote appears in John Ise,Our National Park Policy:A Critical History(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins Press for Resources for the Future,1961),p.655.转引自:H.Duane Hampton,“Opposition to National Parks”,Journal of Forest History,vol.25,no.1,1981,p.38.
(1)Bryce Nelson,“The Coast Redwoods:Struggle over National Park Proposals”,Science,New Series,vol.153,no.3744,1966,p.1621.
(2)Ibid.,p.1621.
(3)Authorizing the Establishment of the Redwood National Park in the State of California and for other Purposes,90th Congress,1st session,October 12,1967,S.Rpt.641,p.25.
(4)James Michael Bailey,“The Politics of Dunes,Redwoods,and Dams:Arizona’s‘Brothers Udall’and America’s National Parklands,1961-1969”,Thesis(Ph.D.),Arizona State University,1999,p.165.
(5)Susan R.Schrepfer,The Fight to Save the Redwoods:A History of the Environmental Reform,1917-1978,Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1983,p.132.
(6)Susan R.Schrepfer,The Fight to Save the Redwoods:A History of the Environmental Reform,1917-1978,Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1983,p.142.
(7)Bryce Nelson,“The Coast Redwoods:Struggle over National Park Proposals”,Science,New Series,vol.153,no.3744,1966,p.1621.
(8)Darren Frederick Speece,“Defending Giants:The Battle over Headwaters Forest and the Transformation of American Environmental Politics,1850-1999”,Thesis(Ph.D.),University of Maryland,2010,p.81.
(9)Authorizing the Establishment of the Redwood National Park in the State of California and for other Purposes,90th Congress,1st session,October 12,1967,S.Rpt.641,p.9.
(10)New York Times,Jan 18,1968.
(11)[美]亚当·罗姆:《乡村里的推土机——郊区住宅开发与美国环保主义的兴起》,高国荣等译,北京:中国环境科学出版社,2011年,第3页。
(1)Eel River,California.Letter from the Secretary of the Army transmitting a letter from the Chief of Engineers,Department of the Army,89th Congress,1st Session,H.Doc.234,May 14,1965,p.4.
(2)Jaded Farmer,Trees in Paradise:A California History,New York:W.W.Norton&Company Press,2013,p.79.
(3)The Pacific Northwest disaster relief act of 1965,89th Congress,1st Session,H.Rpt.310,May 6,1965,p.5.
(4)Authorizing the Establishment of the Redwood National Park in the State of California and for other Purposes,90th Congress,1st session,October 12,1967,S.Rpt.641,p.28.
(5)Eleventh annual report of the Select Committee on Small Business,United States Senate,together with supplemental views,87th Congress,1st Session,S.Rpt.51,February 16,1961,p.53.
(6)Bryce Nelson,“The Coast Redwoods:Struggle over National Park Proposals”,Science,New Series,vol.153,no.3744,1966,p.1620.
(7)Thomas G.Smith,“John Kennedy,Stewart Udall,and New Frontier Conservation”,Pacific Historical Review,vol.64,no.3,1995,p.334.
(8)Ibid.,p.353.
(9)Laura Elizabeth Hague,“The Beautiful Society:Environment Policy during the Lyndon Johnson Years”,Thesis(Ph.D.),University of Texas,1998,p.11.
(10)Natural beauty of our country.Message from the President of the United States transmitting a message on natural beauty of our country,89th Congress,1st Session,H.Doc.78,February 8,1965,p.4.
(1)王庆安:《林登·约翰逊和“伟大社会”改革研究》,华东师范大学博士学位论文,2006年,第140页。
(2)Barbara Laverne Blythe Leunes,“The Conservation Philosophy of Stewart L.Udall,1961-1968”,Thesis(Ph.D.),Texas A&M University,1977,p.80.
(3)“A Redwood National Park”,New York Times,May 8,1963.
(4)Authorizing the Establishment of the Redwood National Park in the State of California and for other Purposes,90th Congress,1st session,October 12,1967,S.Rpt.641,p.10.
(5)Authorizing the Establishment of the Redwood National Park in the State of California and for other Purposes,90th Congress,1st session,October 12,1967,S.Rpt.641,p.3.
(6)Ibid.,p.3.
(7)Preserving Our National Heritage,89th Congress,2nd Session,H.Doc.387,February 23,1966,p.8.
(8)Summary of the legislative record and digest of major accomplishments,90th Congress,1st Session,S.Doc.60,December 13,1967,p.269.
(9)Redwood National Park Act,Pub.L.90-545,Oct.2,1968,82 Stat.,p.934.
(10)Reed F.Noss,ed.,The Redwood Forest:History,Ecology,and Conservation of the Coast Redwoods,Washington,D.C.:Island Press,2000,p.38.
(1)Redwood National Park Act,Pub.L.90-545,Oct.2,1968,82 Stat.,p.931.
(2)有关美国红杉国家公园的研究主要由红杉所在地的加州本地学者引领。由于红杉在植物属性、历史文化、社会意义上均有较大的研究价值,现有的红杉研究丰富并横跨多种学科。其中,在红杉国家公园建设问题上,苏珊·施雷弗的《为保卫红杉而战:一段环境改革史,1917-1978》(Susan R.Schrepfer,The Fight to Save the Redwoods:A History of the Environmental Reform,1917-1978,Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1983)是迄今最全面的研究。该书叙述了自1917年到1978年红杉国家公园的相关史实,着重论述了保护红杉联盟的思想渊源,并对保护红杉联盟和塞拉俱乐部在保护红杉问题上的分歧做了分析与评述。达伦·斯皮斯的《捍卫巨树:河源森林的战斗与美国环境政治的转向,1850-1999》(Darren Frederick Speece,“Defending Giants:The Battle over Headwaters Forest and the Transformation of American Environmental Politics,1850-1999”,Thesis(Ph.D.),University of Maryland,2010)基于前者的研究成果拓宽了红杉国家公园问题的视界,该书主要关注上世纪80、90年代的红杉公园新问题。里德·诺斯主编的《红杉森林:历史、生态和海岸红杉保护》(Reed F.Noss,ed.,The Redwood Forest:History,Ecology,and Conservation of the Coast Redwoods,Washington,D.C.:Island Press,2000)是保护红杉联盟出版的文集,几十位研究人员的成果构成了一本综合性强,覆盖红杉历史、文化、生态等多方面问题的学术科普作品。此外还有杰德·法默的《天堂中的树:一部加州史》(Jaded Farmer,Trees in Paradise:A California History,New York:W.W.Norton&Company Press,2013)叙述了四种对于加州来说意义深远的树,对红杉的历史做了生动而又细腻的讲述。
(1)加州海岸红杉生长在加州海岸北部的狭长地带,当欧洲殖民者来到加州时,这条红杉带大约有450英里长,带宽根据地形变化从5到20英里不等。海岸红杉常常被称为高树,20年的树木高度可达50英尺,直径可达1英尺。成熟的树一般高200到300英尺,胸径10到15英尺,此外红杉树的厚皮有防火、防虫作用。
(2)Jaded Farmer,Trees in Paradise:A California History,New York:W.W.Norton&Company Press,2013,p.62.
(3)谌谟美:《神奇的中美红杉树》,北京:科学出版社,2009年,第123页。
(4)保护红杉联盟由加拿大古生物学家约翰·坎贝尔·梅里曼(John Campbell Merriam)、纽约的保护协会领导人麦迪逊·格兰特(Madison Grant)和亨利·费尔菲尔德·奥斯本(Henry Fairfield Osborn)于1918年共同创立,是一家非盈利环保慈善组织,其主要目标就是尽可能保护当时北美生存的红杉免于毁灭。
(5)Susan R.Schrepfer,The Fight to Save the Redwoods:A History of the Environmental Reform,1917-1978,Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1983,p.117.
(6)塞拉俱乐部成立于1892年,是一家非盈利环保组织。著名的环保主义者约翰·缪尔(John Muir)于1892年5月28日在加利福尼亚州旧金山创办该组织。至今,塞拉俱乐部拥有百万会员,分会遍布美国。
(7)Authorizing the Establishment of the Redwood National Park in the State of California and for other Purposes,90th Congress,1st session,October 12,1967,S.Rpt.641,p.3.
(8)Susan R.Schrepfer,The Fight to Save the Redwoods:A History of the Environmental Reform,1917-1978,Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1983,p.122.
(9)Ibid.,p.135.
(10)Reed F.Noss,ed.,The Redwood Forest:History,Ecology,and Conservation of the Coast Redwoods,Washington,D.C.:Island Press,2000,p.37.
(11)Thomas R.Vale,“Conservation Strategies in the Redwoods”,Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers,vol.36,1974,p.107.
(1)Bryce Nelson,The Coast Redwoods:Struggle over National Park Proposals,Science,New Series,vol.153,no.3744,1966,p.1622.
(2)Ibid.,p.1622.
(3)Susan R.Schrepfer,“Conflict in Preservation:The Sierra Club,Save-the-Redwoods League,and Redwood National Park”,Journal of Forest History,vol.24,no.2,1980,p.68.
(4)James Michael Bailey,“The Politics of Dunes,Redwoods,and Dams:Arizona’s‘Brothers Udall’and America’s National Parklands,1961-1969”,Thesis(Ph.D.),Arizona State University,1999,p.154.
(5)“Mr.Reagan,Mr.Rockefeller,and the Redwoods”,New York Times,Aug 27,1967.
(6)Susan R.Schrepfer,The Fight to Save the Redwoods:A History of the Environmental Reform,1917-1978,Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1983,p.136.
(7)Ibid.,p.137.
(8)New York Times,Dec 17,1965.
(9)Susan R.Schrepfer,The Fight to Save the Redwoods:A History of the Environmental Reform,1917-1978,Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1983,p.143.
(10)James Michael Bailey,“The Politics of Dunes,Redwoods,and Dams:Arizona’s‘Brothers Udall’and America’s National Parklands,1961-1969”,Thesis(Ph.D.),Arizona State University,1999,p.158.
(1)Authorizing the Establishment of the Redwood National Park in the State of California and for other Purposes,90th Congress,1st session,October 12,1967,S.Rpt.641,p.27.
(2)Susan R.Schrepfer,The Fight to Save the Redwoods:A History of the Environmental Reform,1917-1978,Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1983,p.108.
(3)Ibid.,p.124.
(4)Jaded Farmer,Trees in Paradise:A California History,New York:W.W.Norton&Company Press,2013,p.70.
(5)Susan R.Schrepfer,The Fight to Save the Redwoods:A History of the Environmental Reform,1917-1978,Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1983,p.128.
(6)Susan R.Schrepfer,“Conflict in Preservation:The Sierra Club,Save-the-Redwoods League,and Redwood National Park”,Journal of Forest History,vol.24,no.2,1980,p.73.
(7)Authorizing the Establishment of the Redwood National Park in the State of California and for other Purposes,90th Congress,1st session,October 12,1967,S.Rpt.641,p.3
(8)Susan R.Schrepfer,“Conflict in Preservation:The Sierra Club,Save-the-Redwoods League,and Redwood National Park”,Journal of Forest History,vol.24,no.2,1980,p.73.
(9)“Lumber Concerns Fight Park Plan”,New York Times,Nov 15,1964.
(10)Common slogans of park opponents,often found on bumper stickers,included“If You Can’t Log It,Burn It”,and“Sierra Club,Kiss My Axe”.A thoughtful,provocative approach in opposition to expansion of Redwood National Park may be seen in Norman B.Livermore,Jr.,“An Open Letter to Secretary Andrus”,American Forests 83(July 1977):30,42.The Miss America quote appears in John Ise,Our National Park Policy:A Critical History(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins Press for Resources for the Future,1961),p.655.转引自:H.Duane Hampton,“Opposition to National Parks”,Journal of Forest History,vol.25,no.1,1981,p.38.
(1)Bryce Nelson,“The Coast Redwoods:Struggle over National Park Proposals”,Science,New Series,vol.153,no.3744,1966,p.1621.
(2)Ibid.,p.1621.
(3)Authorizing the Establishment of the Redwood National Park in the State of California and for other Purposes,90th Congress,1st session,October 12,1967,S.Rpt.641,p.25.
(4)James Michael Bailey,“The Politics of Dunes,Redwoods,and Dams:Arizona’s‘Brothers Udall’and America’s National Parklands,1961-1969”,Thesis(Ph.D.),Arizona State University,1999,p.165.
(5)Susan R.Schrepfer,The Fight to Save the Redwoods:A History of the Environmental Reform,1917-1978,Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1983,p.132.
(6)Susan R.Schrepfer,The Fight to Save the Redwoods:A History of the Environmental Reform,1917-1978,Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1983,p.142.
(7)Bryce Nelson,“The Coast Redwoods:Struggle over National Park Proposals”,Science,New Series,vol.153,no.3744,1966,p.1621.
(8)Darren Frederick Speece,“Defending Giants:The Battle over Headwaters Forest and the Transformation of American Environmental Politics,1850-1999”,Thesis(Ph.D.),University of Maryland,2010,p.81.
(9)Authorizing the Establishment of the Redwood National Park in the State of California and for other Purposes,90th Congress,1st session,October 12,1967,S.Rpt.641,p.9.
(10)New York Times,Jan 18,1968.
(11)[美]亚当·罗姆:《乡村里的推土机——郊区住宅开发与美国环保主义的兴起》,高国荣等译,北京:中国环境科学出版社,2011年,第3页。
(1)Eel River,California.Letter from the Secretary of the Army transmitting a letter from the Chief of Engineers,Department of the Army,89th Congress,1st Session,H.Doc.234,May 14,1965,p.4.
(2)Jaded Farmer,Trees in Paradise:A California History,New York:W.W.Norton&Company Press,2013,p.79.
(3)The Pacific Northwest disaster relief act of 1965,89th Congress,1st Session,H.Rpt.310,May 6,1965,p.5.
(4)Authorizing the Establishment of the Redwood National Park in the State of California and for other Purposes,90th Congress,1st session,October 12,1967,S.Rpt.641,p.28.
(5)Eleventh annual report of the Select Committee on Small Business,United States Senate,together with supplemental views,87th Congress,1st Session,S.Rpt.51,February 16,1961,p.53.
(6)Bryce Nelson,“The Coast Redwoods:Struggle over National Park Proposals”,Science,New Series,vol.153,no.3744,1966,p.1620.
(7)Thomas G.Smith,“John Kennedy,Stewart Udall,and New Frontier Conservation”,Pacific Historical Review,vol.64,no.3,1995,p.334.
(8)Ibid.,p.353.
(9)Laura Elizabeth Hague,“The Beautiful Society:Environment Policy during the Lyndon Johnson Years”,Thesis(Ph.D.),University of Texas,1998,p.11.
(10)Natural beauty of our country.Message from the President of the United States transmitting a message on natural beauty of our country,89th Congress,1st Session,H.Doc.78,February 8,1965,p.4.
(1)王庆安:《林登·约翰逊和“伟大社会”改革研究》,华东师范大学博士学位论文,2006年,第140页。
(2)Barbara Laverne Blythe Leunes,“The Conservation Philosophy of Stewart L.Udall,1961-1968”,Thesis(Ph.D.),Texas A&M University,1977,p.80.
(3)“A Redwood National Park”,New York Times,May 8,1963.
(4)Authorizing the Establishment of the Redwood National Park in the State of California and for other Purposes,90th Congress,1st session,October 12,1967,S.Rpt.641,p.10.
(5)Authorizing the Establishment of the Redwood National Park in the State of California and for other Purposes,90th Congress,1st session,October 12,1967,S.Rpt.641,p.3.
(6)Ibid.,p.3.
(7)Preserving Our National Heritage,89th Congress,2nd Session,H.Doc.387,February 23,1966,p.8.
(8)Summary of the legislative record and digest of major accomplishments,90th Congress,1st Session,S.Doc.60,December 13,1967,p.269.
(9)Redwood National Park Act,Pub.L.90-545,Oct.2,1968,82 Stat.,p.934.
(10)Reed F.Noss,ed.,The Redwood Forest:History,Ecology,and Conservation of the Coast Redwoods,Washington,D.C.:Island Press,2000,p.38.
(1)Redwood National Park Act,Pub.L.90-545,Oct.2,1968,82 Stat.,p.931.