氮掺杂碳纳米管的制备及其应用
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摘要
氮掺杂可以调控碳纳米管的电子结构及表面性质,以吡啶氮、吡咯氮(N-5)、石墨氮、氧化吡啶、-NO2及-NH2等形式进行掺杂的含氮官能团可提高碳纳米管的氧还原催化活性、赝电容、润湿性能及供电子特性。文章综述氮掺杂碳纳米管的3种制备方法:同步原位掺杂、碳化含氮物质、后处理,及其在氧还原反应、超级电容器和支撑材料方面的应用,并综述了不同种类含氮官能团的作用。
The electronic structure and surface character of carbon nanotube can be adjusted by nitrogen doping.The nitrogen groups include pyridine,pyrrole,graphitic nitrogen,oxidized pyridine,-NO2and-NH2,etc.,which enhance the catalytic activity of oxygen reduction,pseudo-capacitance,wettability and electron-donor property of carbon nanotubes.The preparation methods of nitrogen doped carbon nanotube,including synchronous in-situ doping,carbonization of nitrogen-containing materials and post-treatment are summarized.The application of nitrogen doped carbon nanotube in oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),super-capacitor and supporting materials is reviewed,as well as the role of each nitrogen group in the above mentioned fields.
The electronic structure and surface character of carbon nanotube can be adjusted by nitrogen doping.The nitrogen groups include pyridine,pyrrole,graphitic nitrogen,oxidized pyridine,-NO2and-NH2,etc.,which enhance the catalytic activity of oxygen reduction,pseudo-capacitance,wettability and electron-donor property of carbon nanotubes.The preparation methods of nitrogen doped carbon nanotube,including synchronous in-situ doping,carbonization of nitrogen-containing materials and post-treatment are summarized.The application of nitrogen doped carbon nanotube in oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),super-capacitor and supporting materials is reviewed,as well as the role of each nitrogen group in the above mentioned fields.
引文
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4 Ibrahim E M M,Khavrus V O,Leonhardt A.Synthesis,characterization,and electrical properties of nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes with different nitrogen content[J].Diam Relat Mater,2010,19:1199
5 Terrone S M,Ajayan M P,Banhart F.N-doping and coalescence of carbon nanotubes:Synthesis and electronic properties[J].Appl Phys A:Mater,2002,74:355
6 Chizari K,Deneuve I A,Ersen O.Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as a highly active metal-free catalyst for selective oxidation[J].Chem Sus Chem,2012,5:102
7 Trasobares S,Stephan O,Collies C,et al.Compartmentalized CNx nanotubes:Chemistry,morphology,and growth[J].J Chem Phys,2002,116:8966
8 Barzegar H R,Gracia-Espino E,Sharifi T,et al.Nitrogen doping mechanism in small diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes:Impact on electronic properties and growth selectivity[J].J Phys Chem C,2013,117:25805
9 Liu H,Zhang Y,Li R Y.Structural and morphological control of aligned nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes[J].Carbon,2010,48:1498
10 Ning G Q,Xu C G,Zhu X,et al.MgO-catalyzed growth of N-doped wrinkled carbon nanotubes[J].Carbon,2013,56:38
11 Chizari K,Vena A,Laurentius L.The effect of temperature on the morphology and chemical surface properties of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes[J].Carbon,2014,68:369
12 Wang Y Z,Liu Y,Liu W,et al.Morphological control of N-doped carbon nanotubes and their electrochemical properties[J].Mater Lett,2015,154:64
13 Yu D S,Zhang Q,Dai L M.Highly efficient metal-free growth of nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes on plasma-etched substrates for oxygen reduction[J].J Am Chem Soc,2010,132:15127
14 Li Y F,Huang Z P,Huang K,et al.Hybrid Li-air battery cathodes with sparse carbon nanotube arrays directly grown on carbon fiber papers[J].Energy Environ Sci,2013,6:3339
15 Wang L J,Xie L L,Li Y L,et al.Catalytic synthesis of nitrogendoped bamboo-shaped carbon nanotubes[J].Acta Chim Sinica,2007,65(10):913(in Chinese)王利军,解丽丽,李永伦,等.氮掺杂竹节状碳纳米管的催化合成[J].化学学报,2007,65(10):913
16 Mentus S,C'iric'-Marjanovic'G,TrchováM,et al.Conducting carbonized polyaniline nanotubes[J].Nanotechnology,2009,20:1
17 Vujkovic'M,Gavrilov N,Pati I,et al.Superior capacitive and electrocatalytic properties of carbonized nanostructured polyaniline upon a low-temperature hydrothermal treatment[J].Carbon,2013,64:472
18 Liu Q,Pu Z H,Tang C.N-doped carbon nanotubes from functional tubular polypyrrole:A highly efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction[J].Electrochem Commun,2013,36:57
19 Luo Z H,Zhuge X Q,Zhao Y Z.Enhanced supercapacitive performance of carbonized polyaniline by conducting wrapping[J].Nano,2015,10:75
20 Li L X,Liu Y C,Geng X,et al.Synthesis and electrochemical performance of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes[J].Acta Phys Chim Sin,2011,27(2):443(in Chinese)李莉香,刘永长,耿欣,等.氮掺杂碳纳米管的制备及其电化学性能[J].物理化学学报,2011,27(2):443
21 Zhao Z Y,Yang Z H,Hu Y W,et al.Multiple functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with carboxyl and amino groups[J].Appl Surf Sci,2013,276:476
22 Zheng J,Guo C Z,Chen C Y,et al.High content of pyridinic-and pyrrolic-nitrogen-modified carbon nanotubes derived from blood biomass for the electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline medium[J].Electrochim Acta,2015,168:386
23 Soares O S G P,Rocha R P,Gonalves A G,et al.Easy method to prepare N-doped carbon nanotubes by ball milling[J].Carbon,2015,91:114
24 Xu F,Minniti M,Barone P,et al.Nitrogen doping of single walled carbon nanotubes by low energy N2+ion implantation[J].Carbon,2008,46:1489
25 Korusenko P M,Bolotov V V,Nesov S N,et al.Changes of the electronic structure of the atoms of nitrogen in nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes under the influence of pulsed ion radiation[J].Nucl Instr Methods Phys Res B,2015,358:131
26 Khodadadei F,Ghourchian H,Soltanieh M,et al.Rapid and clean amine functionalization of carbon nanotubes in dielectric barrier discharge reactor for biosensor development[J].Electrochim Acta,2014,115:378
27 Yook J Y,Jun J,Kwak S J.Amino functionalization of carbon nanotube surface with NH3 plasma treatment[J].Appl Surf Sci,2010,256:6941
28 罗志虹,赵玉振,郭郡,等.冷等离子体掺氮处理对多壁碳纳米管超级电容器性能的影响研究[C]//2015年第十四届全国应用化学年会.南昌,2015:14
29 Tuaev X N,Paraknowitsch J P,IIIgen R,et al.Nitrogen-doped coatings on carbon nanotubes and their stabilizing effect on Pt nanoparticles[J].Phys Chem Chem Phys,2012,14:6444
30 Tuci G,Zafferoni C,Ambrosio P D,et al.Tailoring carbon nanotube N-dopants while designing metal-free electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline medium[J].ACS Catal,2013,3:2108
31 Zhou H H,Wang T Y,Duan Y.A simple method for amino-functionalization of carbon nanotubes and electrodeposition to modify neural microelectrodes[J].J Electroanal Chem,2013,688:69
32 Wiggins-Camacho J D,Stevenson K J.Effect of nitrogen concentration on capacitance,density of states,electronic conductivity,and morphology of N-doped carbon nanotube electrodes[J].J Phys Chem C,2009,113:19082
33 Zhu T T,Zhou J,Li Z H,et al.Hierarchical porous and N-doped carbon nanotubes derived from polyaniline for electrode materials in supercapacitors[J].J Mater Chem A,2014,2:12545
34 Li Y L,Wang J J,Li X F,et al.Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as cathode for lithium-air batteries[J].Electrochem Commun,2011,13:668
35 Lin X J,Lu X,Huang T,et al.Binder-free nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes electrodes for lithium-oxygen batteries[J].J Power Sources,2013,242:855
36 Kundu S,Nagaiah T C,Xia W,et al.Electrocatalytic activity and stability of nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes in the oxygen reduction reaction[J].J Phys Chem C,2009,113:14302
37 Yang M,Yang D G,Chen H B,et al.Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline medium[J].J Power Sources,2015,279:28
38 Guo Q H,Zhao D,Liu S W,et al.Free-standing nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes at electrospun carbon nanofibers composite as an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction[J].Electrochim Acta,2014,138:318
39 Vikkisk M,Kruusenberg I,Joost U.Electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on nitrogen-containing multi-walled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrodes[J].Electrochim Acta,2013,87:709
40 Wiggins-Camacho J D,Stevenson K J.Mechanistic discussion of the oxygen reduction reaction at nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes[J].J Phys Chem C,2011,115:20002
41 Tang Y F,Kurbert S C,Zhao Y,et al.The effect of metal catalyst on the electrocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes[J].J Phys Chem C,2013,117:25213
42 Bresciani R,Marzorati S,Lascialfari A,et al.Effects of catalyst aging on the growth morphology and oxygen reduction activity of nitrogen-doped nanotubes[J].Electrochem Commun,2015,51:27
43 Zhong G Y,Wang H J,Yu H,et al.Nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes with encapsulated ferric carbide as excellent electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in acid and alkaline media[J].J Power Sources,2015,286:495
44 Li Q,Xu P,Gao W,et al.Graphene/graphene-tube nanocomposites templated from cage-containing metal-organic frameworks for oxygen reduction in Li-O2batteries[J].Adv Mater,2014,26:1378
45 Ratso S,Kruusenberg I,et al.Highly active nitrogen-doped fewlayer graphene/carbon nanotube composite electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media[J].Carbon,2014,73:361
46 Mi R,Liu H,Wang H,et al.Effects of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes on the discharge performance of Li-air batteries[J].Carbon,2014,67:744
47 Li W R,Chen D H,Li Z.Nitrogen-containing carbon spheres with very large uniform mesopores:The superior electrode materials for EDLC in organic electrolyte[J].Carbon,2007,45:1757
48 Hulicova D,Kodama M,Hatori H.Electrochemical performance of nitrogen-enriched carbons in aqueous and non-aqueous supercapacitors[J].Chem Mater,2006,18:2318
49 Yang M M,Cheng B,et al.Preparation and electrochemical performance of polyaniline-based carbon nanotubes as electrode material for supercapacitor[J].Electrochim Acta,2010,55:7021
50 Liu H Y,Song H H,Chen X H.Effects of nitrogen-and oxygencontaining functional groups of activated carbon nanotubes on the electrochemical performance in supercapacitors[J].J Power Sources,2015,285:303
51 John A R,Arumgam P.Open ended nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes for the electrochemical storage of energy in a supercapacitor electrode[J].J Power Sources,2015,277:387
52 Chen L,Feng M,Zhan H B.Electrochemistry of partially unzipped N-doped carbon nanotubes[J].Electrochem Commun,2014,48:138
53 Gavrilov N,Daic-Tomic M,Pati I,et al.Carbonized polyaniline nanotube/nanosheets-supported Pt nanoparticles:Synthesis,characterization and electrocatalysis[J].Mater Lett,2011,65:962
54 Lv R,Cui T X,Jun M S,et al.Open-ended,N-doped carbon nanotube-graphene hybrid nanostructures as high-performance catalyst support[J].Adv Funct Mater,2011,21:999
55 Zhang H,Liu X J,Wang R L,et al.Coating ofα-MoO3on nitrogendoped carbon nanotubes by electrodeposition as a high-performance cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries[J].J Power Sources,2015,274:1063
56 Zhu J L,He G Q.et al.Direct anchoring of platinum nanoparticles on nitrogen and phosphorus-dual-doped carbon nanotube arrays for oxygen reduction[J].Electrochim Acta,2015,158:374
57 Johansson A C,Yang R B,Larsen J V.Ru-decorated Pt nanoparticles on N-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes by atomic layer deposition for direct methanol fuel cells[J].Int J Hydrogen Energy,2013,38:11406
58 Pu Z H,Liu Q,Tang C,et al.Spinel ZnCo2O4/N-doped carbon nanotube composite:A high active oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalyst[J].J Power Sources,2014,257:170
59 Benyounes A,Kacimi M,Ziyad M,et al.Conversion of isopropyl alcohol over Ru and Pd loaded N-doped carbon nanotubes[J].Chinese J Catal,2014,35:970
60 Feng H,Ma J,Hu Z.Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes functionalized by transition metal atoms:A density functional study[J].J Mater Chem,2010,20:1702
61 Ning X M,Yu H,Peng F.Pt nanoparticles interacting with graphitic nitrogen of N-doped carbon nanotubes:Effect of electronic properties on activity for aerobic oxidation of glycerol and electro-oxidation of CO[J].J Catal,2015,325:136
62 Zhang M,Zhou G Y,Feng Y.Flexible 3Dnitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes nanostructure:A good matrix for enzyme immobilization and biosensing[J].Sensor Actuat B:Chem,2016,222:829
2 Zhan Chunlin.The preparation,characterization and propane oxidative dehydrogenation performances of oxidized and nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology,2013(in Chinese)湛春林.氧化和掺氮处理碳纳米管的制备、表征及丙烷氧化脱氢催化性能研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2013
3 Nxumalo E N,Nyamori V O,Coville N J.CVD synthesis of nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes using ferrocene/aniline mixtures[J].J Organometallic Chem,2008,693:2942
4 Ibrahim E M M,Khavrus V O,Leonhardt A.Synthesis,characterization,and electrical properties of nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes with different nitrogen content[J].Diam Relat Mater,2010,19:1199
5 Terrone S M,Ajayan M P,Banhart F.N-doping and coalescence of carbon nanotubes:Synthesis and electronic properties[J].Appl Phys A:Mater,2002,74:355
6 Chizari K,Deneuve I A,Ersen O.Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as a highly active metal-free catalyst for selective oxidation[J].Chem Sus Chem,2012,5:102
7 Trasobares S,Stephan O,Collies C,et al.Compartmentalized CNx nanotubes:Chemistry,morphology,and growth[J].J Chem Phys,2002,116:8966
8 Barzegar H R,Gracia-Espino E,Sharifi T,et al.Nitrogen doping mechanism in small diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes:Impact on electronic properties and growth selectivity[J].J Phys Chem C,2013,117:25805
9 Liu H,Zhang Y,Li R Y.Structural and morphological control of aligned nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes[J].Carbon,2010,48:1498
10 Ning G Q,Xu C G,Zhu X,et al.MgO-catalyzed growth of N-doped wrinkled carbon nanotubes[J].Carbon,2013,56:38
11 Chizari K,Vena A,Laurentius L.The effect of temperature on the morphology and chemical surface properties of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes[J].Carbon,2014,68:369
12 Wang Y Z,Liu Y,Liu W,et al.Morphological control of N-doped carbon nanotubes and their electrochemical properties[J].Mater Lett,2015,154:64
13 Yu D S,Zhang Q,Dai L M.Highly efficient metal-free growth of nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes on plasma-etched substrates for oxygen reduction[J].J Am Chem Soc,2010,132:15127
14 Li Y F,Huang Z P,Huang K,et al.Hybrid Li-air battery cathodes with sparse carbon nanotube arrays directly grown on carbon fiber papers[J].Energy Environ Sci,2013,6:3339
15 Wang L J,Xie L L,Li Y L,et al.Catalytic synthesis of nitrogendoped bamboo-shaped carbon nanotubes[J].Acta Chim Sinica,2007,65(10):913(in Chinese)王利军,解丽丽,李永伦,等.氮掺杂竹节状碳纳米管的催化合成[J].化学学报,2007,65(10):913
16 Mentus S,C'iric'-Marjanovic'G,TrchováM,et al.Conducting carbonized polyaniline nanotubes[J].Nanotechnology,2009,20:1
17 Vujkovic'M,Gavrilov N,Pati I,et al.Superior capacitive and electrocatalytic properties of carbonized nanostructured polyaniline upon a low-temperature hydrothermal treatment[J].Carbon,2013,64:472
18 Liu Q,Pu Z H,Tang C.N-doped carbon nanotubes from functional tubular polypyrrole:A highly efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction[J].Electrochem Commun,2013,36:57
19 Luo Z H,Zhuge X Q,Zhao Y Z.Enhanced supercapacitive performance of carbonized polyaniline by conducting wrapping[J].Nano,2015,10:75
20 Li L X,Liu Y C,Geng X,et al.Synthesis and electrochemical performance of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes[J].Acta Phys Chim Sin,2011,27(2):443(in Chinese)李莉香,刘永长,耿欣,等.氮掺杂碳纳米管的制备及其电化学性能[J].物理化学学报,2011,27(2):443
21 Zhao Z Y,Yang Z H,Hu Y W,et al.Multiple functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with carboxyl and amino groups[J].Appl Surf Sci,2013,276:476
22 Zheng J,Guo C Z,Chen C Y,et al.High content of pyridinic-and pyrrolic-nitrogen-modified carbon nanotubes derived from blood biomass for the electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline medium[J].Electrochim Acta,2015,168:386
23 Soares O S G P,Rocha R P,Gonalves A G,et al.Easy method to prepare N-doped carbon nanotubes by ball milling[J].Carbon,2015,91:114
24 Xu F,Minniti M,Barone P,et al.Nitrogen doping of single walled carbon nanotubes by low energy N2+ion implantation[J].Carbon,2008,46:1489
25 Korusenko P M,Bolotov V V,Nesov S N,et al.Changes of the electronic structure of the atoms of nitrogen in nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes under the influence of pulsed ion radiation[J].Nucl Instr Methods Phys Res B,2015,358:131
26 Khodadadei F,Ghourchian H,Soltanieh M,et al.Rapid and clean amine functionalization of carbon nanotubes in dielectric barrier discharge reactor for biosensor development[J].Electrochim Acta,2014,115:378
27 Yook J Y,Jun J,Kwak S J.Amino functionalization of carbon nanotube surface with NH3 plasma treatment[J].Appl Surf Sci,2010,256:6941
28 罗志虹,赵玉振,郭郡,等.冷等离子体掺氮处理对多壁碳纳米管超级电容器性能的影响研究[C]//2015年第十四届全国应用化学年会.南昌,2015:14
29 Tuaev X N,Paraknowitsch J P,IIIgen R,et al.Nitrogen-doped coatings on carbon nanotubes and their stabilizing effect on Pt nanoparticles[J].Phys Chem Chem Phys,2012,14:6444
30 Tuci G,Zafferoni C,Ambrosio P D,et al.Tailoring carbon nanotube N-dopants while designing metal-free electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline medium[J].ACS Catal,2013,3:2108
31 Zhou H H,Wang T Y,Duan Y.A simple method for amino-functionalization of carbon nanotubes and electrodeposition to modify neural microelectrodes[J].J Electroanal Chem,2013,688:69
32 Wiggins-Camacho J D,Stevenson K J.Effect of nitrogen concentration on capacitance,density of states,electronic conductivity,and morphology of N-doped carbon nanotube electrodes[J].J Phys Chem C,2009,113:19082
33 Zhu T T,Zhou J,Li Z H,et al.Hierarchical porous and N-doped carbon nanotubes derived from polyaniline for electrode materials in supercapacitors[J].J Mater Chem A,2014,2:12545
34 Li Y L,Wang J J,Li X F,et al.Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as cathode for lithium-air batteries[J].Electrochem Commun,2011,13:668
35 Lin X J,Lu X,Huang T,et al.Binder-free nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes electrodes for lithium-oxygen batteries[J].J Power Sources,2013,242:855
36 Kundu S,Nagaiah T C,Xia W,et al.Electrocatalytic activity and stability of nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes in the oxygen reduction reaction[J].J Phys Chem C,2009,113:14302
37 Yang M,Yang D G,Chen H B,et al.Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline medium[J].J Power Sources,2015,279:28
38 Guo Q H,Zhao D,Liu S W,et al.Free-standing nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes at electrospun carbon nanofibers composite as an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction[J].Electrochim Acta,2014,138:318
39 Vikkisk M,Kruusenberg I,Joost U.Electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on nitrogen-containing multi-walled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrodes[J].Electrochim Acta,2013,87:709
40 Wiggins-Camacho J D,Stevenson K J.Mechanistic discussion of the oxygen reduction reaction at nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes[J].J Phys Chem C,2011,115:20002
41 Tang Y F,Kurbert S C,Zhao Y,et al.The effect of metal catalyst on the electrocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes[J].J Phys Chem C,2013,117:25213
42 Bresciani R,Marzorati S,Lascialfari A,et al.Effects of catalyst aging on the growth morphology and oxygen reduction activity of nitrogen-doped nanotubes[J].Electrochem Commun,2015,51:27
43 Zhong G Y,Wang H J,Yu H,et al.Nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes with encapsulated ferric carbide as excellent electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in acid and alkaline media[J].J Power Sources,2015,286:495
44 Li Q,Xu P,Gao W,et al.Graphene/graphene-tube nanocomposites templated from cage-containing metal-organic frameworks for oxygen reduction in Li-O2batteries[J].Adv Mater,2014,26:1378
45 Ratso S,Kruusenberg I,et al.Highly active nitrogen-doped fewlayer graphene/carbon nanotube composite electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media[J].Carbon,2014,73:361
46 Mi R,Liu H,Wang H,et al.Effects of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes on the discharge performance of Li-air batteries[J].Carbon,2014,67:744
47 Li W R,Chen D H,Li Z.Nitrogen-containing carbon spheres with very large uniform mesopores:The superior electrode materials for EDLC in organic electrolyte[J].Carbon,2007,45:1757
48 Hulicova D,Kodama M,Hatori H.Electrochemical performance of nitrogen-enriched carbons in aqueous and non-aqueous supercapacitors[J].Chem Mater,2006,18:2318
49 Yang M M,Cheng B,et al.Preparation and electrochemical performance of polyaniline-based carbon nanotubes as electrode material for supercapacitor[J].Electrochim Acta,2010,55:7021
50 Liu H Y,Song H H,Chen X H.Effects of nitrogen-and oxygencontaining functional groups of activated carbon nanotubes on the electrochemical performance in supercapacitors[J].J Power Sources,2015,285:303
51 John A R,Arumgam P.Open ended nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes for the electrochemical storage of energy in a supercapacitor electrode[J].J Power Sources,2015,277:387
52 Chen L,Feng M,Zhan H B.Electrochemistry of partially unzipped N-doped carbon nanotubes[J].Electrochem Commun,2014,48:138
53 Gavrilov N,Daic-Tomic M,Pati I,et al.Carbonized polyaniline nanotube/nanosheets-supported Pt nanoparticles:Synthesis,characterization and electrocatalysis[J].Mater Lett,2011,65:962
54 Lv R,Cui T X,Jun M S,et al.Open-ended,N-doped carbon nanotube-graphene hybrid nanostructures as high-performance catalyst support[J].Adv Funct Mater,2011,21:999
55 Zhang H,Liu X J,Wang R L,et al.Coating ofα-MoO3on nitrogendoped carbon nanotubes by electrodeposition as a high-performance cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries[J].J Power Sources,2015,274:1063
56 Zhu J L,He G Q.et al.Direct anchoring of platinum nanoparticles on nitrogen and phosphorus-dual-doped carbon nanotube arrays for oxygen reduction[J].Electrochim Acta,2015,158:374
57 Johansson A C,Yang R B,Larsen J V.Ru-decorated Pt nanoparticles on N-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes by atomic layer deposition for direct methanol fuel cells[J].Int J Hydrogen Energy,2013,38:11406
58 Pu Z H,Liu Q,Tang C,et al.Spinel ZnCo2O4/N-doped carbon nanotube composite:A high active oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalyst[J].J Power Sources,2014,257:170
59 Benyounes A,Kacimi M,Ziyad M,et al.Conversion of isopropyl alcohol over Ru and Pd loaded N-doped carbon nanotubes[J].Chinese J Catal,2014,35:970
60 Feng H,Ma J,Hu Z.Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes functionalized by transition metal atoms:A density functional study[J].J Mater Chem,2010,20:1702
61 Ning X M,Yu H,Peng F.Pt nanoparticles interacting with graphitic nitrogen of N-doped carbon nanotubes:Effect of electronic properties on activity for aerobic oxidation of glycerol and electro-oxidation of CO[J].J Catal,2015,325:136
62 Zhang M,Zhou G Y,Feng Y.Flexible 3Dnitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes nanostructure:A good matrix for enzyme immobilization and biosensing[J].Sensor Actuat B:Chem,2016,222:829