新安江—钱塘江流域水环境健康风险评价研究
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摘要
本文采用美国环境保护署推荐的水环境健康风险评价模型,对新安江—钱塘江流域水体通过饮水途径导致的人体健康风险进行评价。结果表明:水环境质量监测的11项污染物浓度均符合或优于地表水三类标准。对人体有健康风险的有毒污染物主要是化学致癌物Cr(Ⅵ);非致癌物中氨氮的健康风险最大;个人化学致癌物年总风险远大于非致癌物年总风险;2014年新安江—钱塘江流域的三都大桥断面、西区、闸口、七堡断面的水环境健康个人总年风险均超过国际辐射防护委员会推荐的标准,分别超标0.03、0.69、0.20、0.23倍,其主要原因是这些断面的Cr(Ⅵ)的风险略高。因此,加强对化学致癌物Cr(Ⅵ)的管控,是降低水环境健康风险的有效途径。
The water environmental health risk assessment model of US EPA was employed to study the potential health risks brought by drinking from the Xinan River and Qiantang River. The results showed that the concentrations of 11 pollutant were at or below the standard of national Grand 3(GB3838-2002). And in the water quality monitoring data of the river, the main hazardous pollutants that threaten human health were chemical carcinogens Cr( Ⅵ); The health risk of NH_4~+-N was the greatest in the non-carcinogens; The health risks of carcinogens to individuals were much higher than those of carcinogens; In 2014, the overall individual annual health risks of monitoring section of Sandudaqiao, Xiqu, Zhakou and Qipu in the river exceeded the standards 0.03, 0.69, 0.20 and 0.23 times respectively, which recommended by ICRP, owing to the risk of these monitoring section slightly higher. So an effective way to reduce the health risks and control discharge of Cr( Ⅵ) must be carried.
The water environmental health risk assessment model of US EPA was employed to study the potential health risks brought by drinking from the Xinan River and Qiantang River. The results showed that the concentrations of 11 pollutant were at or below the standard of national Grand 3(GB3838-2002). And in the water quality monitoring data of the river, the main hazardous pollutants that threaten human health were chemical carcinogens Cr( Ⅵ); The health risk of NH_4~+-N was the greatest in the non-carcinogens; The health risks of carcinogens to individuals were much higher than those of carcinogens; In 2014, the overall individual annual health risks of monitoring section of Sandudaqiao, Xiqu, Zhakou and Qipu in the river exceeded the standards 0.03, 0.69, 0.20 and 0.23 times respectively, which recommended by ICRP, owing to the risk of these monitoring section slightly higher. So an effective way to reduce the health risks and control discharge of Cr( Ⅵ) must be carried.
引文
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[18]王钢,王灵,郑春霞,等.乌鲁木齐乌拉泊水库水体中重金属健康风险评价[J].干旱环境监测,2010,24(1):22-26,30-30.
[19]钱家忠,李如忠,汪家权,等.城市供水水源地水质健康风险评价[J].水利学报,2004(8):90-93.
[20]毛小苓,刘阳生.国内外环境风险评价研究进展[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2003,11(3):266-273.
[21]苏伟,刘景双,王洋.第二松花江干流水环境健康风险评价[J].自然资源学报,2007,22(1):79-85.
[22]陈鸿汉,谌宏伟,何江涛,等.污染场地健康风险评价的理论和方法[J].地学前缘,2006,13(1):216-223.
[23]SMITH A H,HOPENHAYN-RICH C,BATES M N,et al.Cancer risks from arsenic in drinking water[J].Environmental health perspectives,1992,97:259-267.
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[26]环境保护部.HJ 493—2009水质采样样品的保存和管理技术规定[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2009.
[27]国家环境保护总局.GB 3838—2002地表水环境质量标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[28]中华人民共和国环境保护部.地表水环境质量评价办法(试行)[EB/OL].环办[2011]22号,http://www.mep.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgt/201104/t20110401_208364.htm.
[29]高继军,张力平,黄圣彪,等.北京市饮用水源水重金属污染物健康风险的初步评价[J].环境科学,2004,25(2):47-50.
[30]陈锡超,罗茜,宋翰文,等.北京官厅水库特征污染物筛查及其健康风险评价[J].生态毒理学报,2013,8(6):981-992.
[31]傅国伟.“第一类污染物”防治需求的紧迫性及其对策措施[J].中国环境管理,2016,8(4):15-19,14-14.
[2]徐云,曹凤中.未来十年我国环境管理政策发展趋势分析[J].中国环境管理,2013,5(4):12-15.
[3]黄勇,杨忠芳,张连志,等.基于重金属的区域健康风险评价——以成都经济区为例[J].现代地质,2008,22(6):990-997.
[4]邹滨,曾永年,ZHAN B F,等.城市水环境健康风险评价[J].地理与地理信息科学,2009,25(2):94-98.
[5]宋国君,马中,陈婧,等.论环境风险及其管理制度建设[J].环境污染与防治,2006,28(2):100-103.
[6]JOHN F.EC approach to environmental risk assessment of new substances[J].Science of the total environment,1995,171(1-3):275-279.
[7]STEINEMANN A.Rethinking human health impact assessment[J].Environmental impact assessment review,2000,20(6):627-645.
[8]SHAKHAWAT C,TAHIR H,NEIL B.Fuzzy rule-based modelling for human health risk from naturally occurring radioactive materials in produced water[J].Journal of environmental radioactivity,2006,89(1):1-17.
[9]CAEIRO S,VAZ-FERNANDES P,MARTINHO A P,et al.Environmental risk assessment in a contaminated estuary:an integrated weight of evidence approach as a decision support tool[J].Ocean&coastal management,2017,143:51-62.
[10]于云江,张颖,车飞,等.环境污染的健康风险评价及其应用[J].环境与职业医学,2011,28(5):309-313.
[11]曾光明,卓利,钟政林,等.水环境健康风险评价模型及其应用[J].水科学进展,1998,9(3):212-217.
[12]倪彬,王洪波,李旭东,等.湖泊饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(1):74-79.
[13]US Environment Protection Agency.Superfund Public Health Evaluation Manual[R].Washington DC:US EPA,1986:427.
[14]孙树青,胡国华,王勇泽,等.湘江干流水环境健康风险评价[J].安全与环境学报,2006,6(2):12-15.
[15]刘凤,李梅,张荣飞.拉萨河流域重金属污染及健康风险评价[J].环境化学,2012,31(5):580-585.
[16]郑浩,于洋,丁震,等.江苏省饮用水重金属污染物健康风险评价[J].江苏预防医学,2012,23(4):5-7.
[17]刘丽,秦普丰,李细红,等.湘江株洲段水环境健康风险评价[J].环境科学与管理,2011,36(4):173-176.
[18]王钢,王灵,郑春霞,等.乌鲁木齐乌拉泊水库水体中重金属健康风险评价[J].干旱环境监测,2010,24(1):22-26,30-30.
[19]钱家忠,李如忠,汪家权,等.城市供水水源地水质健康风险评价[J].水利学报,2004(8):90-93.
[20]毛小苓,刘阳生.国内外环境风险评价研究进展[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2003,11(3):266-273.
[21]苏伟,刘景双,王洋.第二松花江干流水环境健康风险评价[J].自然资源学报,2007,22(1):79-85.
[22]陈鸿汉,谌宏伟,何江涛,等.污染场地健康风险评价的理论和方法[J].地学前缘,2006,13(1):216-223.
[23]SMITH A H,HOPENHAYN-RICH C,BATES M N,et al.Cancer risks from arsenic in drinking water[J].Environmental health perspectives,1992,97:259-267.
[24]KERGER B D,PAUSTENBACH D J,CORBETT G E,et al.Absorption and elimination of trivalent and hexavalent chromium in humans following ingestion of a bolus dose in drinking water[J].Toxicology and applied pharmacology,1996,141(1):145-158.
[25]国家环境保护总局.HJ/T 91—2002地表水和污水监测技术规范[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2005.
[26]环境保护部.HJ 493—2009水质采样样品的保存和管理技术规定[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2009.
[27]国家环境保护总局.GB 3838—2002地表水环境质量标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[28]中华人民共和国环境保护部.地表水环境质量评价办法(试行)[EB/OL].环办[2011]22号,http://www.mep.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgt/201104/t20110401_208364.htm.
[29]高继军,张力平,黄圣彪,等.北京市饮用水源水重金属污染物健康风险的初步评价[J].环境科学,2004,25(2):47-50.
[30]陈锡超,罗茜,宋翰文,等.北京官厅水库特征污染物筛查及其健康风险评价[J].生态毒理学报,2013,8(6):981-992.
[31]傅国伟.“第一类污染物”防治需求的紧迫性及其对策措施[J].中国环境管理,2016,8(4):15-19,14-14.