基于旅游开发影响的五台山植被景观特征分析
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摘要
以往旅游对植被影响的评价成果较多,但是旅游影响下植被景观与地理因子之间的关系报道较少。本文利用多种数量生态学方法探讨了五台山旅游开发与植被景观之间的生态关系。结果表明:①旅游开发影响下五台山植被景观可分为单优乔木区、草本区、差级乔草区、中级乔草区、中级灌草区、良级灌草区、良级乔灌草区、优级乔灌草区、以及寺庙区、商业区或居民区9种类型。②在除趋势对应分析中,第一轴与所有因子的相关性都较大,第二轴与旅游干扰度和海拔呈显著的负相关性。各植被景观类型的空间分布在一定程度上取决于关键性指标的空间格局。③除趋势典范对应分析方法能够大大提高植被景观特征与地理因子间的相关性,并将其直观地表达于排序图中。在植被景观特征与地理因子的关系上,第一轴上的相关系数是0.858_(DCCA)>0.828_(DCA),第二轴上的相关系数是0.583_(DCCA)>0.501_(DCA),这说明除趋势典范对应分析方法更优。
Vegetation landscape is an important factor for indicating the change of ecological environment, and it is beneficial to the ecological construction and the scenic area management to identify the types and characteristics of vegetation landscape under the influence of tourism development. The ecological relationship between tourism development and vegetation landscapes is studied by Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis(TWINSPAN), Detrended Correspondence Analysis(DCA), and Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis(DCCA)in Wutai Mountain. The results show that:(1) There are 9 types of vegetation landscapes under the influence of tourism development, i.e., the single tree area, the herb area, the poor class area for tree-herb, the intermediate area for tree-herb, the intermediate area for shrub-herb, the good level area for shrub-herb, the good level area for tree-shrub-herb, the best level area for treeshrub-herb, and the temple and the residential area. By using the TWINSPAN, the results show that from right to left, tourism influencing index and the proportion of species companying with human being show a decreasing trend, and landscape value importance, species diversity, the proportions in community structure, and negative species proportion are in the increasing trend.Accordingly, the structure of the plant community changes from simplicity to complexity.(2)By adopting the DCA, the result shows that the first axis is greatly correlated with all factors,revealing a comprehensive environmental gradient. The second axis has significant negative correlation with elevation and tourism disturbance degree. All types have their distribution range in the ordination figure, which are determined by the pattern rule of main indices to a large extent.(3) Compared with DCA, DCCA can improve greatly the correlation between geographical factors and vegetation landscape characteristics, which can be directly reflected in the ordination figure. As for the correlation between vegetation landscapes and geographical factors, the ordination of their coefficients is 0.858_(DCCA)>0.828_(DCA) on the first axes, and 0.583_(DCCA)>0.501_(DCA) on the second axes, which shows that the DCCA is better.
Vegetation landscape is an important factor for indicating the change of ecological environment, and it is beneficial to the ecological construction and the scenic area management to identify the types and characteristics of vegetation landscape under the influence of tourism development. The ecological relationship between tourism development and vegetation landscapes is studied by Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis(TWINSPAN), Detrended Correspondence Analysis(DCA), and Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis(DCCA)in Wutai Mountain. The results show that:(1) There are 9 types of vegetation landscapes under the influence of tourism development, i.e., the single tree area, the herb area, the poor class area for tree-herb, the intermediate area for tree-herb, the intermediate area for shrub-herb, the good level area for shrub-herb, the good level area for tree-shrub-herb, the best level area for treeshrub-herb, and the temple and the residential area. By using the TWINSPAN, the results show that from right to left, tourism influencing index and the proportion of species companying with human being show a decreasing trend, and landscape value importance, species diversity, the proportions in community structure, and negative species proportion are in the increasing trend.Accordingly, the structure of the plant community changes from simplicity to complexity.(2)By adopting the DCA, the result shows that the first axis is greatly correlated with all factors,revealing a comprehensive environmental gradient. The second axis has significant negative correlation with elevation and tourism disturbance degree. All types have their distribution range in the ordination figure, which are determined by the pattern rule of main indices to a large extent.(3) Compared with DCA, DCCA can improve greatly the correlation between geographical factors and vegetation landscape characteristics, which can be directly reflected in the ordination figure. As for the correlation between vegetation landscapes and geographical factors, the ordination of their coefficients is 0.858_(DCCA)>0.828_(DCA) on the first axes, and 0.583_(DCCA)>0.501_(DCA) on the second axes, which shows that the DCCA is better.
引文
[1]彭建,赵会娟,刘焱序,等.区域生态安全格局构建研究进展与展望.地理研究,2017,36(3):407-419.[Peng Jian,Zhao Huijuan,Liu Yanxu,et al.Research progress and prospect on regional ecological security pattern construction.Geographical Research,2017,36(3):407-419.]
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[3]张小飞,李正国,王如松,等.基于功能网络评价的城市生态安全格局研究:以常州市为例.北京大学学报(自然科学版),2009,45(4):728-736.[Zhang Xiaofei,Li Zhengguo,Wang Rusong,et al.Study on network analysis for urban ecological security pattern in Changzhou city.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2009,45(4):728-736.]
[4]杨姗姗,邹长新,沈渭寿,等.基于生态红线划分的生态安全格局构建:以江西省为例.生态学杂志,2016,35(1):250-258.[Yang Shanshan,Zou Changxin,Shen Weishou,et al.Construction of ecological security patterns based on ecological red line:A case study of Jiangxi province,2016,35(1):250-258.]
[5]游巍斌,何东进,洪伟,等.基于景观安全格局的武夷山风景名胜区旅游干扰敏感区判识与保护.山地学报,2014,32(2):195-204.[You Weibin,He Dongjin,Hong Wei,et al.Identification for tourism disturbance sensitive areas and their protection based on landscape security pattern in World mixed heritage site Wuyishan scenery district.Mountain Research,2014,32(2):195-204.]
[6]吴健生,张理卿,彭建,等.深圳市景观生态安全格局源地综合识别.生态学报,2013,33(13):4125-4133.[Wu Jiansheng,Zhang Liqing,Peng Jian,et al.The integrated recognition of the source area of the urban ecological security pattern in Shenzhen.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(13):4125-4133.]
[7]陈昕,彭建,刘焱序,等.基于“重要性-敏感性-连通性”框架的云浮市生态安全格局构建.地理研究,2017,36(3):471-484.[Chen Xin,Peng Jian,Liu Yanxu,et al.Constructing ecological security patterns in Yunfu city based on the framework of importance-sensitivity-connectivity.Geographical Research,2017,36(3):471-484.]
[8]李贞,保继刚,覃朝锋.旅游开发对丹霞山植被的影响研究.地理学报,1998,53(6):554-561.[Li Zhen,Bao Jigang,Qin Chaofeng.The impact of tourist development on the vegetation cover of Mount Danxia,Guangdong.Acta Geographica Sinica,1998,53(6):554-561.]
[9]马建章,程鲲.自然保护区生态旅游对野生动物的影响.生态学报,2008,28(6):2818-2827.[Ma Jianzhang,Cheng Kun.Impacts of ecotourism on wildlife in nature reserves:Monitoring and management.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(6):2818-2827.]
[10]陆林,巩劼,晋秀龙.旅游干扰对黄山风景区土壤的影响.地理研究,2011,30(2):209-223.[Lu Lin,Gong Jie,Jin Xiulong.Impacts of tourist disturbance on soil in Huangshan Mountain scenic area.Geographical Research,2011,30(2):209-223.]
[11]王群,章锦河,杨兴柱.黄山风景区水生态承载力分析.地理研究,2009,28(4):1105-1114.[Wang Qun,Zhang Jinhe,Yang Xingzhu.Analysis of water ecology capacity in Huangshan Resort.Geographical Research,2009,28(4):1105-1114.]
[12]彭建,党威雄,刘焱序,等.景观生态风险评价研究进展与展望.地理学报,2015,70(4):664-677.[Peng Jian,Dang Weixiong,Liu Yanxu,et al.Review on landscape ecological risk assessment.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(4):664-677.]
[13]张甜,彭建,刘焱序,等.基于植被动态的黄土高原生态地理分区.地理研究,2015,34(9):1643-1661.[Zhang Tian,Peng Jian,Liu Yanxu,et al.Eco-geographical regionalization in loess plateau based on the dynamic consistency of vegetation.Geographical Research,2015,34(9):1643-1661.]
[14]Scherrer P,Pickering C M.Effects of grazing,tourism and climate change on the alpine vegetation of Kosciuszko National Park.Victorian Naturalist,2001,118(3):93-99.
[15]Pickering C M,Hill W,Newsome D,et al.Comparing hiking,mountain biking and horse riding impacts on vegetation and soils in Australia and the United States of America.Journal of Environmental Management,2010,91(3):551-562.
[16]Pickering C M,Rossi S,Barros A.Assessing the impacts of mountain biking and hiking on subalpine grassland in Australia using an experimental protocol.Journal of Environmental Management,2011,92(12):3049-3057.
[17]T?rn A,Tolvanen A,Norokorpi Y,et al.Comparing the impacts of hiking,skiing and horse riding on trail and vegetation in different types of forest.Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(3):1427-1434.
[18]Roux-Fouillet P,Wipf S,Rixen C.Long-term impacts of ski piste management on alpine vegetation and soils.Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,48(4):906-915.
[19]Tzatzanis M,Wrbka T,Sauberer N.Landscape and vegetation responses to human impact in sandy coasts of Western Crete,Greece.Journal for Nature Conservation,2003,11(3):187-195.
[20]巩劼,陆林,晋秀龙,等.黄山风景区旅游干扰对植物群落草本层的影响.地理科学,2009,29(4):607-612.[Gong Jie,Lu Lin,Jin Xiulong,et al.Effects on herb layer in plant community of tourism disturbance in Huangshan Mountain scenic area.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2009,29(4):607-612.]
[21]朱珠,包维楷,庞学勇,等.旅游干扰对九寨沟冷杉林下植物种类组成及多样性的影响.生物多样性,2006,14(4):284-291.[Zhu Zhu,Bao Weikai,Peng Xueyong,et al.Tourism effect on species composition and diversity of understory plants in Abies fargesii var.faxoniana forest in Jiuzhaigou,Sichuan.Biodiversity Science,2006,14(4):284-291.]
[22]张桂萍,张峰,茹文明.旅游干扰对历山亚高山草甸优势种群种间相关性的影响.生态学报,2005,25(11):2868-2874.[Zhang Guiping,Zhang Feng,Rui Wenming.The effect of traveling on the interspecific correlation of dominant populations in Lishan subalpine meadow,Shanxi Province.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(11):2868-2874.]
[23]武国柱,席建超,刘浩龙,等.六盘山自然保护区不同类型植被对人类旅游干扰的响应.资源科学,2008,30(8):1169-1175.[Wu Guozhu,Xi Jianchao,Liu Haolong,et al.Simulation of the dynamic response of vegetation to tourist trampling in Liupan Mountain national nature reserve.Resources Science,2008,30(8):1169-1175.]
[24]晋秀龙,陆林,郝朝运,等.旅游活动对九华山风景区游道附近植物群落的影响.林业科学,2011,47(2):1-8.[Jin Xiulong,Lu Lin,Hao Chaoyun,et al.Effects of tourism activities on plants communities of trail neighborhool in Mount.Jiuhua scenic region.Scientia Silvae Sinica,2011,47(2):1-8.]
[25]牛莉芹,程占红,张峰.五台山草甸多样性分析.干旱区研究,2010,27(4):573-577.[Niu Liqin,Cheng Zhanhong,Zhang Feng.Analyse of meadow diversity in the Wutai Mountain.Arid Zone Research,2010,27(4):573-577.]
[26]牛莉芹,程占红.五台山森林群落中物种多样性对旅游干扰的生态响应.水土保持研究,2012,19(4):106-111.[Niu Liqin,Cheng Zhanhong.Study on the ecological response of species diversity to tourism disturbance in forest communities in Wutai Mountains.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(4):106-111.]
[27]宋永昌.植被生态学.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2001.[Song Yongchang.Vegetation Ecology.Shanghai:East China Normal University Press,2001.]
[28]牛莉芹,程占红.五台山旅游对植被影响测量方法的比较.水土保持研究,2012,19(5):223-229.[Niu Liqin,Cheng Zhanhong.Comparison of the calculation methods on the impact of tourism on vegetation in Wutai Mountains.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(5):223-229.]
[29]邱扬,张金屯.关帝山八水沟天然植物群落时空梯度的数量分析.应用与环境生物学报,1999,5(2):113-120.[Qiu Yang,Zhang Jintun.Quantitative analysis to the gradients of space and time of natural plant communities in Bashuigou of the Guandi Mountain.Chinese Journal of Applied Environmental Biology,1999,5(2):113-120.]
[30]张金屯.数量生态学.北京:科学出版社,2004.[Zhang Jintun.Quantitative Ecology.Beijing:Science Press,2004.]
[2]傅伯杰.我国生态系统研究的发展趋势与优先领域.地理研究,2010,29(3):383-396.[Fu Bojie.Trends and priority areas in ecosystem research of China.Geographical Research,2010,29(3):383-396.]
[3]张小飞,李正国,王如松,等.基于功能网络评价的城市生态安全格局研究:以常州市为例.北京大学学报(自然科学版),2009,45(4):728-736.[Zhang Xiaofei,Li Zhengguo,Wang Rusong,et al.Study on network analysis for urban ecological security pattern in Changzhou city.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2009,45(4):728-736.]
[4]杨姗姗,邹长新,沈渭寿,等.基于生态红线划分的生态安全格局构建:以江西省为例.生态学杂志,2016,35(1):250-258.[Yang Shanshan,Zou Changxin,Shen Weishou,et al.Construction of ecological security patterns based on ecological red line:A case study of Jiangxi province,2016,35(1):250-258.]
[5]游巍斌,何东进,洪伟,等.基于景观安全格局的武夷山风景名胜区旅游干扰敏感区判识与保护.山地学报,2014,32(2):195-204.[You Weibin,He Dongjin,Hong Wei,et al.Identification for tourism disturbance sensitive areas and their protection based on landscape security pattern in World mixed heritage site Wuyishan scenery district.Mountain Research,2014,32(2):195-204.]
[6]吴健生,张理卿,彭建,等.深圳市景观生态安全格局源地综合识别.生态学报,2013,33(13):4125-4133.[Wu Jiansheng,Zhang Liqing,Peng Jian,et al.The integrated recognition of the source area of the urban ecological security pattern in Shenzhen.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(13):4125-4133.]
[7]陈昕,彭建,刘焱序,等.基于“重要性-敏感性-连通性”框架的云浮市生态安全格局构建.地理研究,2017,36(3):471-484.[Chen Xin,Peng Jian,Liu Yanxu,et al.Constructing ecological security patterns in Yunfu city based on the framework of importance-sensitivity-connectivity.Geographical Research,2017,36(3):471-484.]
[8]李贞,保继刚,覃朝锋.旅游开发对丹霞山植被的影响研究.地理学报,1998,53(6):554-561.[Li Zhen,Bao Jigang,Qin Chaofeng.The impact of tourist development on the vegetation cover of Mount Danxia,Guangdong.Acta Geographica Sinica,1998,53(6):554-561.]
[9]马建章,程鲲.自然保护区生态旅游对野生动物的影响.生态学报,2008,28(6):2818-2827.[Ma Jianzhang,Cheng Kun.Impacts of ecotourism on wildlife in nature reserves:Monitoring and management.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(6):2818-2827.]
[10]陆林,巩劼,晋秀龙.旅游干扰对黄山风景区土壤的影响.地理研究,2011,30(2):209-223.[Lu Lin,Gong Jie,Jin Xiulong.Impacts of tourist disturbance on soil in Huangshan Mountain scenic area.Geographical Research,2011,30(2):209-223.]
[11]王群,章锦河,杨兴柱.黄山风景区水生态承载力分析.地理研究,2009,28(4):1105-1114.[Wang Qun,Zhang Jinhe,Yang Xingzhu.Analysis of water ecology capacity in Huangshan Resort.Geographical Research,2009,28(4):1105-1114.]
[12]彭建,党威雄,刘焱序,等.景观生态风险评价研究进展与展望.地理学报,2015,70(4):664-677.[Peng Jian,Dang Weixiong,Liu Yanxu,et al.Review on landscape ecological risk assessment.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(4):664-677.]
[13]张甜,彭建,刘焱序,等.基于植被动态的黄土高原生态地理分区.地理研究,2015,34(9):1643-1661.[Zhang Tian,Peng Jian,Liu Yanxu,et al.Eco-geographical regionalization in loess plateau based on the dynamic consistency of vegetation.Geographical Research,2015,34(9):1643-1661.]
[14]Scherrer P,Pickering C M.Effects of grazing,tourism and climate change on the alpine vegetation of Kosciuszko National Park.Victorian Naturalist,2001,118(3):93-99.
[15]Pickering C M,Hill W,Newsome D,et al.Comparing hiking,mountain biking and horse riding impacts on vegetation and soils in Australia and the United States of America.Journal of Environmental Management,2010,91(3):551-562.
[16]Pickering C M,Rossi S,Barros A.Assessing the impacts of mountain biking and hiking on subalpine grassland in Australia using an experimental protocol.Journal of Environmental Management,2011,92(12):3049-3057.
[17]T?rn A,Tolvanen A,Norokorpi Y,et al.Comparing the impacts of hiking,skiing and horse riding on trail and vegetation in different types of forest.Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(3):1427-1434.
[18]Roux-Fouillet P,Wipf S,Rixen C.Long-term impacts of ski piste management on alpine vegetation and soils.Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,48(4):906-915.
[19]Tzatzanis M,Wrbka T,Sauberer N.Landscape and vegetation responses to human impact in sandy coasts of Western Crete,Greece.Journal for Nature Conservation,2003,11(3):187-195.
[20]巩劼,陆林,晋秀龙,等.黄山风景区旅游干扰对植物群落草本层的影响.地理科学,2009,29(4):607-612.[Gong Jie,Lu Lin,Jin Xiulong,et al.Effects on herb layer in plant community of tourism disturbance in Huangshan Mountain scenic area.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2009,29(4):607-612.]
[21]朱珠,包维楷,庞学勇,等.旅游干扰对九寨沟冷杉林下植物种类组成及多样性的影响.生物多样性,2006,14(4):284-291.[Zhu Zhu,Bao Weikai,Peng Xueyong,et al.Tourism effect on species composition and diversity of understory plants in Abies fargesii var.faxoniana forest in Jiuzhaigou,Sichuan.Biodiversity Science,2006,14(4):284-291.]
[22]张桂萍,张峰,茹文明.旅游干扰对历山亚高山草甸优势种群种间相关性的影响.生态学报,2005,25(11):2868-2874.[Zhang Guiping,Zhang Feng,Rui Wenming.The effect of traveling on the interspecific correlation of dominant populations in Lishan subalpine meadow,Shanxi Province.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(11):2868-2874.]
[23]武国柱,席建超,刘浩龙,等.六盘山自然保护区不同类型植被对人类旅游干扰的响应.资源科学,2008,30(8):1169-1175.[Wu Guozhu,Xi Jianchao,Liu Haolong,et al.Simulation of the dynamic response of vegetation to tourist trampling in Liupan Mountain national nature reserve.Resources Science,2008,30(8):1169-1175.]
[24]晋秀龙,陆林,郝朝运,等.旅游活动对九华山风景区游道附近植物群落的影响.林业科学,2011,47(2):1-8.[Jin Xiulong,Lu Lin,Hao Chaoyun,et al.Effects of tourism activities on plants communities of trail neighborhool in Mount.Jiuhua scenic region.Scientia Silvae Sinica,2011,47(2):1-8.]
[25]牛莉芹,程占红,张峰.五台山草甸多样性分析.干旱区研究,2010,27(4):573-577.[Niu Liqin,Cheng Zhanhong,Zhang Feng.Analyse of meadow diversity in the Wutai Mountain.Arid Zone Research,2010,27(4):573-577.]
[26]牛莉芹,程占红.五台山森林群落中物种多样性对旅游干扰的生态响应.水土保持研究,2012,19(4):106-111.[Niu Liqin,Cheng Zhanhong.Study on the ecological response of species diversity to tourism disturbance in forest communities in Wutai Mountains.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(4):106-111.]
[27]宋永昌.植被生态学.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2001.[Song Yongchang.Vegetation Ecology.Shanghai:East China Normal University Press,2001.]
[28]牛莉芹,程占红.五台山旅游对植被影响测量方法的比较.水土保持研究,2012,19(5):223-229.[Niu Liqin,Cheng Zhanhong.Comparison of the calculation methods on the impact of tourism on vegetation in Wutai Mountains.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(5):223-229.]
[29]邱扬,张金屯.关帝山八水沟天然植物群落时空梯度的数量分析.应用与环境生物学报,1999,5(2):113-120.[Qiu Yang,Zhang Jintun.Quantitative analysis to the gradients of space and time of natural plant communities in Bashuigou of the Guandi Mountain.Chinese Journal of Applied Environmental Biology,1999,5(2):113-120.]
[30]张金屯.数量生态学.北京:科学出版社,2004.[Zhang Jintun.Quantitative Ecology.Beijing:Science Press,2004.]