等离子体激励器在航空航天工程中的应用前景
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摘要
文章基于等离子体的Joule加热、静电力、Hall效应以及Lorentz加速度等固有特性,对等离子体在航空航天领域(不包括电推进和飞行器再入热防护方面)中的应用进行总结及评估.等离子体激励器在亚声速流到高超声速流的整个空气动力学领域及稀薄流领域,得到了广泛的应用.真正引人瞩目的是,与所控制的流场相比,应用中所加入的电磁力或能量仅仅与其扰动水平相当.因此,有效的流动控制往往就限制在像流动分离、流体动力学不稳定性、动态失速和涡破碎等动力学分岔问题中.有效的控制应用通常是利用有黏-无黏流相互作用的放大效应、外部磁场或微波能量的加入等来增强其控制效果.最后文章根据这些评估,对未来学科前沿提出了几点基础创新研究方向的建议.
The effectiveness utilizing plasma as a working medium for viable aerospace applications beyond electric propulsion and thermal protection for earth reentry were summarized and assessed.The analysis was based on the intrinsic properties through Joule heating,electrostatic force,Hall effects,and Lorentz acceleration.The plasma actuator has been implemented for the entire aerodynamic domains from subsonic to hypersonic flows and in the rarefied and continuum regimes.It is truly remarkable that the electromagnetic force and energy in applications are involved only on a perturbation level in comparison with the flow field to be modified.Hence,the effectiveness of flow control is limited at aerodynamic bifurcations such as the point of flow separation,hydrodynamic instability,dynamic stall,and vortex breakdown.Creditable applications often have to amplify by viscous-inviscid interaction,externally applied magnetic field,and microwave energy transfer to increase its effectiveness.Based on these assessments,future basic research innovations were offered to the last few scientific research frontiers.
The effectiveness utilizing plasma as a working medium for viable aerospace applications beyond electric propulsion and thermal protection for earth reentry were summarized and assessed.The analysis was based on the intrinsic properties through Joule heating,electrostatic force,Hall effects,and Lorentz acceleration.The plasma actuator has been implemented for the entire aerodynamic domains from subsonic to hypersonic flows and in the rarefied and continuum regimes.It is truly remarkable that the electromagnetic force and energy in applications are involved only on a perturbation level in comparison with the flow field to be modified.Hence,the effectiveness of flow control is limited at aerodynamic bifurcations such as the point of flow separation,hydrodynamic instability,dynamic stall,and vortex breakdown.Creditable applications often have to amplify by viscous-inviscid interaction,externally applied magnetic field,and microwave energy transfer to increase its effectiveness.Based on these assessments,future basic research innovations were offered to the last few scientific research frontiers.
引文
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[3]Shang J S,Roveda F,Huang P G.Electrodynamic force of dielectric barrier discharge[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2011,109(11):113301.
[4]Eliasson B,Kogelschatz U.Nonequilibrium volume plasma chemical processing[J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,1991,19(6):1063-1077.
[5]Enloe C L,Mc Laughlin T E,Van Dyken R D,et al.Mechanisms and responses of a single dielectric barrier plasma actuator:plasma morphology[J].AIAA Journal,2004,42(3):589-594.
[6]Hall E H.On a new action of the magnet on electric currents[J].American Journal of Mathematics,1879,2(3):287-292.
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[11]Adelgren R G,Yan H,Elliott G S,et al.Control of Edney IV interaction by pulsed laser energy deposition[J].AIAA Journal,2005,43(2):256-269.
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[17]Raizer Y P.Gas discharge physics[M].Berlin:SpringerVerlag,1991.
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[19]Hayes W D,Probstein R F.Hypersonic flow theory[M].New York:Academic Press,1959.
[20]Shang J S,Surzhikov S T.Magnetoaerodynamic actuator for hypersonic flow control[J].AIAA Journal,2005,43(8):1633-1652.
[21]Borghi C A,Carraro M R,Cristofolini A,et al.Magnetohydrodynamic interaction in the shock layer of a wedge in a hypersonic flow[J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,2006,34(5):2450-2463.
[22]Shang J S.Electrostatic-aerodynamic compression in hypersonic cylindrical inlet[J].Communications in Computational Physics,2008,4(4):838-859.
[23]Shang J S,Kimmel R L,Menart J A,et al.Hypersonic flow control using surface plasma actuator[J].Journal of Propulsion and Power,2008,24(5):923-934.
[24]Yan H,Gaitonde D.Effect of thermally induced perturbation in supersonic boundary layers[J].Physics of Fluids,2010,22(6):064101.
[25]Yan H,Liu F,Xu J,et al.Study of oblique shock wave control by surface arc discharge plasma[J].AIAA Journal,2018,56(2):532-541.
[26]Kong J A.Electromagnetic wave theory[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons,1986.
[27]Corke T C,Post M L,Orlov D M.SDBD plasma enhanced aerodynamics:concepts,optimization and applications[J].Progress in Aerospace Sciences,2007,43(7/8):193-217.
[28]Nishihara M,Takashima K,Rich J W,et al.Mach 5bow shock control by a nanosecond pulse surface dielectric barrier discharge[J].Physics of Fluids,2011,23(6):066101.
[29]Ziemer R W.Experimental investigation in magnetoaerodynamics[J].ARS Journal,1959,29(9):642-647.
[30]Corke T C,Enloe C L,Wilkinson S P.Dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators for flow control[J].Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics,2010,42:505-529.
[31]Goebel D M,Katz I.Fundamentals of electric propulsion:ion and hall thrusters[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons,2008.
[32]Jeffrey A,Taniuti T.Non-linear wave propagation[M].New York:Academic Press,1964.
[33]Brio M,Wu C C.An upwind differencing scheme for the equations of ideal magnetohydrodynamics[J].Journal of Computational Physics,1988,75(2):400-422.
[34]Mitchner M,Kruger C H.Partially ionized gases[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons,1973.
[35]Bittencourt J A.Fundamentals of plasma physics[M].Oxford:Pergamon Press,1986.
[36]Alfven H.Cosmical electrodynamics[M].Oxford:Clarendon Press,1950.
[37]Reshotko E.Boundary-layer stability and transition[J].Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics,1976,8:311-349.
[38]Sonju O K,Kruger C H.Experiments on Hartmann channel flow in plasmas[J].Physics of Fluids,1969,12(12):2548-2552.
[39]Starikovskaia S M.Plasma assisted ignition and combustion[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2006,39(16):R265-R299.
[2]Boeuf J P,Pitchford L C.Electrohydrodynamic force and aerodynamic flow acceleration in surface dielectric barrier discharge[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2005,97(10):103307.
[3]Shang J S,Roveda F,Huang P G.Electrodynamic force of dielectric barrier discharge[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2011,109(11):113301.
[4]Eliasson B,Kogelschatz U.Nonequilibrium volume plasma chemical processing[J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,1991,19(6):1063-1077.
[5]Enloe C L,Mc Laughlin T E,Van Dyken R D,et al.Mechanisms and responses of a single dielectric barrier plasma actuator:plasma morphology[J].AIAA Journal,2004,42(3):589-594.
[6]Hall E H.On a new action of the magnet on electric currents[J].American Journal of Mathematics,1879,2(3):287-292.
[7]Rosa R J.Magnetohydrodynamic energy conversion[M].Washington:Hemisphere Publishing,1987.
[8]Meyerand Jr R G,Haught A F.Gas breakdown at optical frequencies[J].Physical Review Letters,1963,11(9):401-403.
[9]Raizer Y P.Breakdown and heating of gases under the influence of a laser beam[J].Soviet Physics Uspekhi,1966,8(5):650-673.
[10]Yan H,Adelgren R,Boguszko M,et al.Laser energy deposition in quiescent air[J].AIAA Journal,2003,41(10):1988-1995.
[11]Adelgren R G,Yan H,Elliott G S,et al.Control of Edney IV interaction by pulsed laser energy deposition[J].AIAA Journal,2005,43(2):256-269.
[12]Verboncoeur J P.Particle simulation of plasmas:review and advances[J].Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion,2005,47(5A):A231-A260.
[13]Clarke J F,Mc Chesney M.The dynamics of real gases[M].Washington:Butterworths,1964.
[14]Shang J J S.Computational electromagnetic-aerodynamics[M].Hoboken:IEEE,2016.
[15]Bogdanov E A,Kudryavtsev A A,Kuranov A L,et al.2D simulation and scaling of DBD plasma actuator in air[C].46thAIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit,Reno:AIAA,2008.
[16]Surzhikov S T,Shang J S.Two-component plasma model for two-dimensional glow discharge in magnetic field[J].Journal of Computational Physics,2004,199(2):437-464.
[17]Raizer Y P.Gas discharge physics[M].Berlin:SpringerVerlag,1991.
[18]Moreau E.Airflow control by non-thermal plasma actuators[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2007,40(3):605-636.
[19]Hayes W D,Probstein R F.Hypersonic flow theory[M].New York:Academic Press,1959.
[20]Shang J S,Surzhikov S T.Magnetoaerodynamic actuator for hypersonic flow control[J].AIAA Journal,2005,43(8):1633-1652.
[21]Borghi C A,Carraro M R,Cristofolini A,et al.Magnetohydrodynamic interaction in the shock layer of a wedge in a hypersonic flow[J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,2006,34(5):2450-2463.
[22]Shang J S.Electrostatic-aerodynamic compression in hypersonic cylindrical inlet[J].Communications in Computational Physics,2008,4(4):838-859.
[23]Shang J S,Kimmel R L,Menart J A,et al.Hypersonic flow control using surface plasma actuator[J].Journal of Propulsion and Power,2008,24(5):923-934.
[24]Yan H,Gaitonde D.Effect of thermally induced perturbation in supersonic boundary layers[J].Physics of Fluids,2010,22(6):064101.
[25]Yan H,Liu F,Xu J,et al.Study of oblique shock wave control by surface arc discharge plasma[J].AIAA Journal,2018,56(2):532-541.
[26]Kong J A.Electromagnetic wave theory[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons,1986.
[27]Corke T C,Post M L,Orlov D M.SDBD plasma enhanced aerodynamics:concepts,optimization and applications[J].Progress in Aerospace Sciences,2007,43(7/8):193-217.
[28]Nishihara M,Takashima K,Rich J W,et al.Mach 5bow shock control by a nanosecond pulse surface dielectric barrier discharge[J].Physics of Fluids,2011,23(6):066101.
[29]Ziemer R W.Experimental investigation in magnetoaerodynamics[J].ARS Journal,1959,29(9):642-647.
[30]Corke T C,Enloe C L,Wilkinson S P.Dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators for flow control[J].Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics,2010,42:505-529.
[31]Goebel D M,Katz I.Fundamentals of electric propulsion:ion and hall thrusters[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons,2008.
[32]Jeffrey A,Taniuti T.Non-linear wave propagation[M].New York:Academic Press,1964.
[33]Brio M,Wu C C.An upwind differencing scheme for the equations of ideal magnetohydrodynamics[J].Journal of Computational Physics,1988,75(2):400-422.
[34]Mitchner M,Kruger C H.Partially ionized gases[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons,1973.
[35]Bittencourt J A.Fundamentals of plasma physics[M].Oxford:Pergamon Press,1986.
[36]Alfven H.Cosmical electrodynamics[M].Oxford:Clarendon Press,1950.
[37]Reshotko E.Boundary-layer stability and transition[J].Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics,1976,8:311-349.
[38]Sonju O K,Kruger C H.Experiments on Hartmann channel flow in plasmas[J].Physics of Fluids,1969,12(12):2548-2552.
[39]Starikovskaia S M.Plasma assisted ignition and combustion[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2006,39(16):R265-R299.