黄土高原坡耕地植物篱-作物间作系统水分利用特征研究
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摘要
利用陇中黄土高原典型雨养农业区坡耕地布设田间试验,设置5个处理:裸坡休闲(F)、小麦单作(W)、小麦/甘草(W/L)、小麦/菘蓝(W/I)和小麦/苜蓿(W/A)。通过探讨植物篱-作物间作系统的小麦产量表现及其土壤水分利用特性,明确不同植物篱-作物复合系统土壤耗水特征及影响机制,以期为黄土高原坡耕地适宜植物篱的筛选提供理论依据。结果表明:小麦生育期和休闲期0~200cm土壤剖面含水量较低,基本接近作物有效水分下限(crop lower limit,CLL)。植物篱-作物间作能够起到积蓄降水的作用,但主要体现在耕层0~30cm土壤,且以小麦/苜蓿处理效果最佳。不同处理棵间蒸发量和蒸发占总耗水量的比重有一定的差异,其中小麦/甘草处理耗水量最高(250.98mm),裸坡休闲总蒸发量较大(197.30mm)。裸坡处理棵间蒸发占耗水量的比例高达80%以上,主要表现为土壤蒸发,而小麦/甘草主要表现为作物蒸腾,说明植物篱-作物复合系统可一定程度有效降低棵间蒸发量和蒸发占总耗水量的比重,增加作物蒸腾量。不同间作系统小麦耗水量与单作耗水量并无差异,但其产量提高了60.00%~83.55%,进而明显提高了小麦水分利用效率。
This study investigated soil water utilization characteristics in hedgerow intercropping systems by analyzing the grain yield and water consumption characteristic in hedgerow and grain crop intercropping systems on the Loess Plateau of central Gansu.Five treatments were compared:fallow(F),wheat monoculture(W),wheat and Licorice inter-cropping(W/L),wheat and Radix isatidis intercropping(W/I)and wheat and alfalfa intercropping(W/A).The results showed that the soil moisture along 0-200 cm soil profile of croplands with different treatments was obviously lower,being equal to crop lower limit.Soil water content at 0-30 cm was greatly improved under hedgerows and grain crop intercropping systems with highest soil water content in the W/A treatment.The highest water consumption(251.0 mm)occurred in the W/L treatment,while the lowest(197.3 mm)occurred in the W treatment.The ratio of soil evaporation and water consumption was higher than80%in the F treatment,indicating that water loss was mainly through evaporation in the F treatment but mainly through transpiration in hedgerows-crop intercropping systems.Hedgerows and grain crop intercropping systems were able to decrease E/ET to some extent and increase crop transpiration.There were treatment differences for water consumption,but grain yields in intercrop systems were 60.0% to 83.6% higher than wheat monoculture.As a result,water use efficiency improved from 49.7% to 76.1% under hedgerows and grain crop intercropping systems compared to wheat monoculture.
This study investigated soil water utilization characteristics in hedgerow intercropping systems by analyzing the grain yield and water consumption characteristic in hedgerow and grain crop intercropping systems on the Loess Plateau of central Gansu.Five treatments were compared:fallow(F),wheat monoculture(W),wheat and Licorice inter-cropping(W/L),wheat and Radix isatidis intercropping(W/I)and wheat and alfalfa intercropping(W/A).The results showed that the soil moisture along 0-200 cm soil profile of croplands with different treatments was obviously lower,being equal to crop lower limit.Soil water content at 0-30 cm was greatly improved under hedgerows and grain crop intercropping systems with highest soil water content in the W/A treatment.The highest water consumption(251.0 mm)occurred in the W/L treatment,while the lowest(197.3 mm)occurred in the W treatment.The ratio of soil evaporation and water consumption was higher than80%in the F treatment,indicating that water loss was mainly through evaporation in the F treatment but mainly through transpiration in hedgerows-crop intercropping systems.Hedgerows and grain crop intercropping systems were able to decrease E/ET to some extent and increase crop transpiration.There were treatment differences for water consumption,but grain yields in intercrop systems were 60.0% to 83.6% higher than wheat monoculture.As a result,water use efficiency improved from 49.7% to 76.1% under hedgerows and grain crop intercropping systems compared to wheat monoculture.
引文
[1]Sun H,Tang Y,Xie J S.Research and application of hedgerow inter cropping in China.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,18(2):114-117.孙辉,唐亚,谢嘉穗.植物篱种植模式及其在我国的研究和应用.水土保持学报,2004,18(2):114-117.
[2]Cai Q G,Li S L.Effect of contour hedgerows on control of soil erosion.Journal of Soil Erosion and Soil and Water Conservation,1998,4(2):54-60.蔡强国,黎四龙.植物篱笆减少侵蚀的原因分析.土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(2):54-60.
[3]Shen Y C.Study on soil and water conservation benefit of agricultural technology of hedgerows in the Three Gorges Areas.Journal of Soil Erosion and Soil and Water Conservation,1998,4(2):61-66.申元村.三峡库区植物篱坡地农业技术水土保持效益研究.土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(2):61-66.
[4]Xi Y G.Considered the original soil evaporation and water balance.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,1990,18(1):70-75.习耀国.渭北旱原的土壤蒸发和水分平衡.干旱地区农业研究,1990,18(1):70-75.
[5]Zhou Y,Watt D.Current development of slope eco-engineering principle and application in Europe and America.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,1999,13(1):79-85.周跃,Watt D.欧美坡面生态工程原理及应用的发展现状.水土保持学报,1999,13(1):79-85.
[6]Sun H,Tang Y,Zhao Q G.Study on dynamics of soil moisture under contour hedgerow system in Dry Valley Area of Jin-sha River.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2002,16(1):84-87.孙辉,唐亚,赵其国.干旱河谷区坡耕地等高植物篱种植系统土壤水分动态研究.水土保持学报,2002,16(1):84-87.
[7]Wu Y Y,Yan L J,Fan J,et al.Effect and mechanism of hedgerows conserving soil and water in Red Soil Sloping Farmland.Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2012,28(6):609-615.邬岳阳,严力蛟,樊吉,等.植物篱对红壤坡耕地的水土保持效应及其机理研究.生态与农村环境学报,2012,28(6):609-615.
[8]Ma Y,He B H,He J L,et al.Effects of hedgerow on the physical properties in different soil layers on sloping farmland in Purple Soil Area.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(6):60-64,70.马云,何丙辉,何建林,等.植物篱对紫色土区坡地不同土层土壤物理性质的影响.水土保持学报,2010,24(6):60-64,70.
[9]Lin C W,Tu S H,Huang J J,et al.The effect of plant hedgerows on the spatial distribution of soil erosion and soil fertility on sloping farmland in the purple-soil area of China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,105(2):307-312.林超文,涂仕华,黄晶晶,等.植物篱对紫色土区坡耕地水土流失及土壤肥力的影响.生态学报,2009,105(2):307-312.
[10]Tian X,Zhou Y C,Liu X Y,et al.Effects of hedgerow of species configuration on the interception of nutrition elements in the sloping cultivated lands.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,18(6):89-93.田潇,周运超,刘晓芸,等.物种配置植物篱对坡耕地营养元素拦截效应.水土保持研究,2001,18(6):89-93.
[11]Angima S D,Stott D E,O’Neill M K,et al.Use of calliandra-napier grass contour hedges to control erosion in central Kenya.Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,2002,91(1/3):15-23.
[12]Greacen E L,Hignett C T.Sources of bias in the filed calibration of a neutron meter.Australian Journal of Soil Research,1979,17:405-415.
[13]Dalgliesh N,Foale M.Soil Matters.Toowoomba:Cranbrook Press,1998:72-74.
[14]Fei X L,Zhang X M,Jing L Y,et al.Vertical variability of soil moisture cintene in semiarid loess region——A case study of Sunjiacha basin of Lanzhou in Gansu province.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(4):652-656.费喜亮,张新民,景凌云,等.半干旱黄土区土壤水分垂直分布规律的研究——以甘肃省兰州市孙家岔流域为例.土壤学报,2013,50(4):652-656.
[15]Zhao J.Wheat under different conservation tillage-soil moisture soybean crop rotation and use efficiency of the system dynamics.Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2014.赵晶.不同保护性耕作措施下麦—豆轮作系统土壤水分动态及利用效率研究.兰州:甘肃农业大学,2014.
[16]Bai T L,Yang Q K,Shen J.Spatial variability of soil moisture vertical distribution and related affecting factors in hilly and gully watershed region of Loess Plateau.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2009,28(12):2508-2514.白天路,杨勤科,申佳.黄土高原丘陵沟壑小流域土壤水分垂直分布变异特征及影响因子.生态学杂志,2009,28(12):2508-2514.
[17]Zhao X J,Sun D B,Wang Q S.Effect of inter cropped models of maize and cabbage on the temporal and spatial distribution of soil moisture and water use efficiency.Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2012,33(3):374-381.赵雪娇,孙东宝,王庆锁.玉米‖甘蓝间作对土壤水分时空分布及水分利用效率的影响.中国农业气象,2012,33(3):374-381.
[18]Gao Y,Duan A W,Qiu X Q,et al.A biomass accumulation model for maize/soybean intercropping system.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2010,18(5):965-968.高阳,段爱旺,邱新强,等.玉米/大豆间作条件下作物生物量积累模型.中国生态农业学报,2010,18(5):965-968.
[19]Hu F L,Chai Q,Yin W.Effect of stubble mulching and reduced tillage on soil evaporation in wheat-maize inter-cropping.Research of Agricultural Modernization,2013,34(6):754-757.胡发龙,柴强,殷文.少耕秸秆覆盖对小麦间作玉米棵间蒸发的影响研究.农业现代化研究,2013,34(6):754-757.
[20]Carl C.Use of micro-lysimeters to measure evaporation from sandy soils.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1993,96(3):159-173.
[21]Wallace J S.Calculation evaporation:resistance to factors.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1995,73(6):353-376.
[22]Chai Q,Yang C H,Huang G B.Characteristics of crop water consumption of different cropping patterns in an arid oasis.Journal of Desert Research,2010,30(5):1153-1159.柴强,杨彩红,黄高宝.干旱区绿洲不同种植模式作物的耗水特征.中国沙漠,2010,30(5):1153-1159.
[23]Wang Z X,Guo X S,Ma Y F,et al.Influence of silage maize and pea intercropping on yield and water use efficiency.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2005,40(4):492-497.王照霞,郭贤仕,马一凡,等.青贮玉米豌豆间作对产量和水分利用效率的影响.甘肃农业大学学报,2005,10(4):492-497.
[24]Dong W L,Zhang L Z,Yu Y,et al.Productivity and water use in sunflower inter-cropped with potato.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(18):127-133.董宛麟,张立祯,于洋,等.向日葵和马铃薯间作模式的生产力及水分利用.农业工程学报,2012,28(18):127-133.
[2]Cai Q G,Li S L.Effect of contour hedgerows on control of soil erosion.Journal of Soil Erosion and Soil and Water Conservation,1998,4(2):54-60.蔡强国,黎四龙.植物篱笆减少侵蚀的原因分析.土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(2):54-60.
[3]Shen Y C.Study on soil and water conservation benefit of agricultural technology of hedgerows in the Three Gorges Areas.Journal of Soil Erosion and Soil and Water Conservation,1998,4(2):61-66.申元村.三峡库区植物篱坡地农业技术水土保持效益研究.土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(2):61-66.
[4]Xi Y G.Considered the original soil evaporation and water balance.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,1990,18(1):70-75.习耀国.渭北旱原的土壤蒸发和水分平衡.干旱地区农业研究,1990,18(1):70-75.
[5]Zhou Y,Watt D.Current development of slope eco-engineering principle and application in Europe and America.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,1999,13(1):79-85.周跃,Watt D.欧美坡面生态工程原理及应用的发展现状.水土保持学报,1999,13(1):79-85.
[6]Sun H,Tang Y,Zhao Q G.Study on dynamics of soil moisture under contour hedgerow system in Dry Valley Area of Jin-sha River.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2002,16(1):84-87.孙辉,唐亚,赵其国.干旱河谷区坡耕地等高植物篱种植系统土壤水分动态研究.水土保持学报,2002,16(1):84-87.
[7]Wu Y Y,Yan L J,Fan J,et al.Effect and mechanism of hedgerows conserving soil and water in Red Soil Sloping Farmland.Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2012,28(6):609-615.邬岳阳,严力蛟,樊吉,等.植物篱对红壤坡耕地的水土保持效应及其机理研究.生态与农村环境学报,2012,28(6):609-615.
[8]Ma Y,He B H,He J L,et al.Effects of hedgerow on the physical properties in different soil layers on sloping farmland in Purple Soil Area.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(6):60-64,70.马云,何丙辉,何建林,等.植物篱对紫色土区坡地不同土层土壤物理性质的影响.水土保持学报,2010,24(6):60-64,70.
[9]Lin C W,Tu S H,Huang J J,et al.The effect of plant hedgerows on the spatial distribution of soil erosion and soil fertility on sloping farmland in the purple-soil area of China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,105(2):307-312.林超文,涂仕华,黄晶晶,等.植物篱对紫色土区坡耕地水土流失及土壤肥力的影响.生态学报,2009,105(2):307-312.
[10]Tian X,Zhou Y C,Liu X Y,et al.Effects of hedgerow of species configuration on the interception of nutrition elements in the sloping cultivated lands.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,18(6):89-93.田潇,周运超,刘晓芸,等.物种配置植物篱对坡耕地营养元素拦截效应.水土保持研究,2001,18(6):89-93.
[11]Angima S D,Stott D E,O’Neill M K,et al.Use of calliandra-napier grass contour hedges to control erosion in central Kenya.Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,2002,91(1/3):15-23.
[12]Greacen E L,Hignett C T.Sources of bias in the filed calibration of a neutron meter.Australian Journal of Soil Research,1979,17:405-415.
[13]Dalgliesh N,Foale M.Soil Matters.Toowoomba:Cranbrook Press,1998:72-74.
[14]Fei X L,Zhang X M,Jing L Y,et al.Vertical variability of soil moisture cintene in semiarid loess region——A case study of Sunjiacha basin of Lanzhou in Gansu province.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(4):652-656.费喜亮,张新民,景凌云,等.半干旱黄土区土壤水分垂直分布规律的研究——以甘肃省兰州市孙家岔流域为例.土壤学报,2013,50(4):652-656.
[15]Zhao J.Wheat under different conservation tillage-soil moisture soybean crop rotation and use efficiency of the system dynamics.Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2014.赵晶.不同保护性耕作措施下麦—豆轮作系统土壤水分动态及利用效率研究.兰州:甘肃农业大学,2014.
[16]Bai T L,Yang Q K,Shen J.Spatial variability of soil moisture vertical distribution and related affecting factors in hilly and gully watershed region of Loess Plateau.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2009,28(12):2508-2514.白天路,杨勤科,申佳.黄土高原丘陵沟壑小流域土壤水分垂直分布变异特征及影响因子.生态学杂志,2009,28(12):2508-2514.
[17]Zhao X J,Sun D B,Wang Q S.Effect of inter cropped models of maize and cabbage on the temporal and spatial distribution of soil moisture and water use efficiency.Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2012,33(3):374-381.赵雪娇,孙东宝,王庆锁.玉米‖甘蓝间作对土壤水分时空分布及水分利用效率的影响.中国农业气象,2012,33(3):374-381.
[18]Gao Y,Duan A W,Qiu X Q,et al.A biomass accumulation model for maize/soybean intercropping system.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2010,18(5):965-968.高阳,段爱旺,邱新强,等.玉米/大豆间作条件下作物生物量积累模型.中国生态农业学报,2010,18(5):965-968.
[19]Hu F L,Chai Q,Yin W.Effect of stubble mulching and reduced tillage on soil evaporation in wheat-maize inter-cropping.Research of Agricultural Modernization,2013,34(6):754-757.胡发龙,柴强,殷文.少耕秸秆覆盖对小麦间作玉米棵间蒸发的影响研究.农业现代化研究,2013,34(6):754-757.
[20]Carl C.Use of micro-lysimeters to measure evaporation from sandy soils.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1993,96(3):159-173.
[21]Wallace J S.Calculation evaporation:resistance to factors.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1995,73(6):353-376.
[22]Chai Q,Yang C H,Huang G B.Characteristics of crop water consumption of different cropping patterns in an arid oasis.Journal of Desert Research,2010,30(5):1153-1159.柴强,杨彩红,黄高宝.干旱区绿洲不同种植模式作物的耗水特征.中国沙漠,2010,30(5):1153-1159.
[23]Wang Z X,Guo X S,Ma Y F,et al.Influence of silage maize and pea intercropping on yield and water use efficiency.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2005,40(4):492-497.王照霞,郭贤仕,马一凡,等.青贮玉米豌豆间作对产量和水分利用效率的影响.甘肃农业大学学报,2005,10(4):492-497.
[24]Dong W L,Zhang L Z,Yu Y,et al.Productivity and water use in sunflower inter-cropped with potato.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(18):127-133.董宛麟,张立祯,于洋,等.向日葵和马铃薯间作模式的生产力及水分利用.农业工程学报,2012,28(18):127-133.