筏式养殖海带收获装置的发展现状
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摘要
中国是世界上最大的海带养殖国。目前,养殖海带的采收主要依靠人工完成,劳动强度大,效率低,成为制约海带产业发展的瓶颈因素之一。随着劳动力成本攀升,从事艰苦作业劳动力短缺,迫切需要发展海带机械化收获技术。本文主要针对筏式养殖海带的机械化收获装置的研发现状进行综述与分析。在介绍筏式养殖海带模式特点及手工收获海带过程的基础上,对各种海带收获装置的特点进行了介绍,归纳了海带收获装置的行进、苗绳捕获及分离、传输和加工等核心模块及其功能特征,分析了海带养殖形式对海带收获装置的结构和设计的影响,提出需要综合考虑海带形态特点、生长环境和养殖模式的特殊性来研发适合中国国情的海带收获装置,探讨了海带收获装置开发中需要注意的问题。
China is the largest country for kelp cultivation.Nowadays,harvesting of kelp mainly relies on manual working,which,for its high harbor density and low efficiency,has became one of the key bottlenecks in the development of kelp industry.There is an imperative to develop kelp harvesting technology as the increasing of labor costs and a shortage of labor for the hard fieldwork.In this paper,the research and development status of the mechanized harvesting devices for raft-cultivation of kelp was reviewed and analyzed. Based on the introduction of the mode of raft-cultivation and manual harvesting of kelp,the different characteristics of kelp harvesting devices were investigated; the functions and properties of those key modules such as locomotion,kelp rope catching and separating,transmission and processing and so on were summarized; the significant impact of the model of kelp cultivation on the structure and design of the kelp harvesting devices were analyzed; the comprehensive consideration of kelp 's special characteristics,growing environment,the particularity of cultivation mode for the research and development of kelp harvesting devices which are suitable for China's national conditions was proposed; and several issues that should be paid attention to in the development of kelp harvesting devices were discussed.
China is the largest country for kelp cultivation.Nowadays,harvesting of kelp mainly relies on manual working,which,for its high harbor density and low efficiency,has became one of the key bottlenecks in the development of kelp industry.There is an imperative to develop kelp harvesting technology as the increasing of labor costs and a shortage of labor for the hard fieldwork.In this paper,the research and development status of the mechanized harvesting devices for raft-cultivation of kelp was reviewed and analyzed. Based on the introduction of the mode of raft-cultivation and manual harvesting of kelp,the different characteristics of kelp harvesting devices were investigated; the functions and properties of those key modules such as locomotion,kelp rope catching and separating,transmission and processing and so on were summarized; the significant impact of the model of kelp cultivation on the structure and design of the kelp harvesting devices were analyzed; the comprehensive consideration of kelp 's special characteristics,growing environment,the particularity of cultivation mode for the research and development of kelp harvesting devices which are suitable for China's national conditions was proposed; and several issues that should be paid attention to in the development of kelp harvesting devices were discussed.
引文
[1]金振辉,刘岩,张静,等.中国海带养殖现状与发展趋势[J].海洋湖沼通报,2009(1):141-150.
[2]黄一心,徐皓,丁建乐.我国离岸水产养殖设施装备发展研究[J].渔业现代化,2016,43(2):76-81.
[3]MCHUGH D J.A guide to the seaweed industry[M].Rome:FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No.441,2003.
[4]MARINHO G S,HOLDT S L,BIRKELAND M J,et al.Commercial cultivation and bioremediation potential of sugar kelp,saccharina latissima,in Danish waters[J].Journal of Applied Phycology,2015,27(5):1-11.
[5]岳昊,孙英泽,胡婧,等.中国海带产业及国际贸易情况分析[J].农业展望,2013,9(9):65-69.
[6]农业部渔业渔政管理局.2017中国渔业统计年鉴[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2017.
[7]陈灿斯.蓝色海洋中的绿色产业—连江海带[J].河北渔业,2013(7):65-66.
[8]李晓川.我国鲜海带加工的综合利用[J].中国水产,2012,(10):22-23.
[9]KIM H G,PARK J G,KIM D S.Comparative laboratorycultivation studies of the native kelp kjellmaniella crassifolia and the introduced kelp laminaria japonica in east coast of Korea[J].Journal Aquacultivation,2005,18(4):299-304.
[10]IIDA T.Competition and communal regulations in the kombu kelp(Laminaria angustata)harvest[J].Human Ecology,1998,26(3):405-423.
[11]IIDA T.Decision-making on harvesting of kombu kelp(laminaria angustata)in Hidaka district,Hokkaido,Japan[J].Anthropological Science,1996,104(1):65-82.
[12]ELSTON C,ANDERSON R J,PRICE L M.Bald kelp:Natural and harvesting-induced frond loss in the South African kelp ecklonia maxima[J].African Journal of Marine Science,2015,37(3):373-381.
[13]WERNER A,KRAAN S.Review of the potential mechanisation of kelp harvesting in Ireland[M].Marine Institute,Galway:Marine Environment and Health Series,2004.
[14]STEEN H,MOY F,BODVIN T.Kelp harvesting in Nordtrndelag–kelp vegetation recovery studies 2010–2014[M].Nordland:Havforskningsinstituttet,2014.
[15]STEEN H,MOY F E,BODVIN T,et al.Regrowth after kelp harvesting in Nord-trndelag,Norway[J].Ices Journal of Marine Science,2016,73(10):1-13.
[16]STEEN H,BODVIN T,MOY F,et al.Studies of kelp harvesting in Nordland in 2015[M].Nordland:Havforskningsinstituttet,2015.
[17]GALANIN D,REPNIKOVA A.Present situation of fisheries research on kelp in South Sakhalin,Russia[J].Fisheries Engineering,2014,51(1):65-69.
[18]LIMBAUGH C.Fish life in the kelp beds and the effects of kelp harvesting[D].California:University of California Institute of Marine Resources,1955.
[19]VALDEZ M C,ZARAGOZA E S,BELDA D L,et al.Effect of climatic change on the harvest of the kelp macrocystis pyrifera on the Mexican Pacific coast[J].Bulletin of Marine Science,2003,73(73):545-556.
[20]LEVITT G J,ANDERSON R J.The effects of kelp harvesting on its regrowth and the understorey benthic community at danger point,South Africa,and a new method of harvesting kelp fronds[J].South African Journal of Marine Science,2002,24(1):71-85.
[21]李宏基.中国海带养殖若干问题[M].北京:海洋出版社,1996.
[22]李宏基.“海带筏式全人工养殖法”与大槻的海带养殖技术[J].海洋科学消息,1991(4):42-44.
[23]李凤晨,李豫红.海带筏式养殖技术要点[J].河北渔业,2003(3):17.
[24]李基磐.中国海带养殖业回顾与展望[J].中国渔业经济,2010(1):12-15.
[25]刘新永,林国富.下浒镇海带产业发展现状及建议[J].福建农业科技,2017,48(1):58-61.
[26]詹冬梅,刘升平.山东省海带增养殖产业发展战略思考[J].齐鲁渔业,2017,34(5):45-47.
[27]丁刚,吴海一,郭萍萍,等.我国海上筏式养殖模式的演变与发展趋势[J].中国渔业经济,2013,31(1):164-169.
[28]JOHN S,ZHUANG Z,WANG F.cultivation of kelp(Laminaria japonica)in China[EB/OL].[2018-01-08].http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AB724E/AB724E00.htm#TOC.
[29]王承禄,芦树长,汤庭耀.威海市海带养殖加工综述[J].现代渔业信息,1997,12(11):1-5.
[30]陈建辉.海带种植机械化与夹苗机研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2016.
[31]陈通.半自动化海带收割机设计与优化[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2015.
[32]王宇锐.海带打结原理研究及海带打结机器人系统设计[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2011.
[33]张庆力,侯贺启,史强,等.新型海带夹苗机械系统的设计及仿真分析[J].渔业现代化,2017,44(2):14-19.
[34]索如瑛,刘德厚,田铸平.海带养殖[M].北京:农业出版社,1988.
[35]DOTY M S,CADDY J F,SANTELICES B.Case studies of seven commercial seaweed resources[M].Rome:FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No 281,1987.
[36]段德麟,缪国荣,王秀良,等.海带养殖生物学[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.
[37]ZHANG Y,CHANG Z,ZHENG Z,et al.Harvesting device for kelp cultivation in floating raft[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2017,78:173-179.
[38]PETEIRO C,SáNCHEZ N,MARTíNEZ B.Maricultivation of the Asian kelp undaria pinnatifida and the native kelp saccharina latissima along the Atlantic coast of southern Europe:An overview[J].Algal Research,2016,15:9-23.
[39]卢书长.对山东省海带收割时间的探讨[J].齐鲁渔业,1996,13(2):17-18.
[40]ZHANG Y,CHANG Z,ZHENG Z,et al.Harvesting device for kelp cultivation in floating raft[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2017,78:173-179.
[41]MCPEAK R,H.Kelp harvester Kelsol[EB/OL].(1986-08-01)[2017-10-08].http://www.alexandria.ucsb.edu/lib/ark:/48907/f3g160g1.
[42]VEA J,ASK E.Creating a sustainable commercial harvest of laminaria hyperborea,in Norway[J].Journal of Applied Phycology,2011,23(3):489-494.
[43]郭隐彪,王春锦,郑茂江,等.一种海带的收取装置:CN202406538U[P].2012-09-05.
[44]李明智,张光发,邓长辉,等.半潜式海带收割船:CN103718735A[P].2014-04-16.
[45]曲光伟,曲洪进,沈志勇,等.海带收获船:CN203505072U[P].2014-04-02.
[46]高大晓,常宗瑜,陈通,等.一种新型的海带收割装置:CN104756667A[P].2015-07-08.
[47]高大晓,肖承星,张斌,等.半自动化海带收割船设计[J].机电信息,2016(24):104-105.
[48]刘文泉.海产品收割船:CN203523341U[P].2014-04-09.
[49]杨建阳.海带收获装置:CN202722041U[P].2013-02-13.
[50]张广斌,常宗瑜,刘磊,等.海带收割机:CN204217474U[P].2015-03-25.
[51]高大晓,常宗瑜,王仁杰,等.海带收割装置:CN204180558U[P].2015-03-04.
[52]王军壮.一种海带收获船:CN105993378A[P].2016-10-12.
[53]常宗瑜,张扬,郑中强,等.一种新型海带收割机:CN206118426U[P].2017-04-26.
[54]赵刚,张光丽,刘明,等.一种浮式海带收割机:CN106576585A[P].2017-04-26.
[55]常宗瑜,张扬,郑中强,等.海带联合收割机:CN106941865A[P].2017-07-14.
[56]吴思强,宋云杰,周志波.荣城研制成功高效海带烫煮海上作业平台[N].中国渔业报,2015-06-01.
[57]王元孝,王元洪,王元考.一种海带收获烫煮船:CN203353177U[P].2013-12-25.
[58]孙长彬,王湖,王正杰,等.海带烫煮船:CN103766470A[P].2014-05-07.
[59]付帅.海带养殖机械化不是梦,KC调研团赶赴“寻山”一探究竟[EB/OL].(2017-07-23)[2017-08-30].https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1573652100332803&wfr=spider&for=pc&qq-pf-to=pcqq.group.
[2]黄一心,徐皓,丁建乐.我国离岸水产养殖设施装备发展研究[J].渔业现代化,2016,43(2):76-81.
[3]MCHUGH D J.A guide to the seaweed industry[M].Rome:FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No.441,2003.
[4]MARINHO G S,HOLDT S L,BIRKELAND M J,et al.Commercial cultivation and bioremediation potential of sugar kelp,saccharina latissima,in Danish waters[J].Journal of Applied Phycology,2015,27(5):1-11.
[5]岳昊,孙英泽,胡婧,等.中国海带产业及国际贸易情况分析[J].农业展望,2013,9(9):65-69.
[6]农业部渔业渔政管理局.2017中国渔业统计年鉴[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2017.
[7]陈灿斯.蓝色海洋中的绿色产业—连江海带[J].河北渔业,2013(7):65-66.
[8]李晓川.我国鲜海带加工的综合利用[J].中国水产,2012,(10):22-23.
[9]KIM H G,PARK J G,KIM D S.Comparative laboratorycultivation studies of the native kelp kjellmaniella crassifolia and the introduced kelp laminaria japonica in east coast of Korea[J].Journal Aquacultivation,2005,18(4):299-304.
[10]IIDA T.Competition and communal regulations in the kombu kelp(Laminaria angustata)harvest[J].Human Ecology,1998,26(3):405-423.
[11]IIDA T.Decision-making on harvesting of kombu kelp(laminaria angustata)in Hidaka district,Hokkaido,Japan[J].Anthropological Science,1996,104(1):65-82.
[12]ELSTON C,ANDERSON R J,PRICE L M.Bald kelp:Natural and harvesting-induced frond loss in the South African kelp ecklonia maxima[J].African Journal of Marine Science,2015,37(3):373-381.
[13]WERNER A,KRAAN S.Review of the potential mechanisation of kelp harvesting in Ireland[M].Marine Institute,Galway:Marine Environment and Health Series,2004.
[14]STEEN H,MOY F,BODVIN T.Kelp harvesting in Nordtrndelag–kelp vegetation recovery studies 2010–2014[M].Nordland:Havforskningsinstituttet,2014.
[15]STEEN H,MOY F E,BODVIN T,et al.Regrowth after kelp harvesting in Nord-trndelag,Norway[J].Ices Journal of Marine Science,2016,73(10):1-13.
[16]STEEN H,BODVIN T,MOY F,et al.Studies of kelp harvesting in Nordland in 2015[M].Nordland:Havforskningsinstituttet,2015.
[17]GALANIN D,REPNIKOVA A.Present situation of fisheries research on kelp in South Sakhalin,Russia[J].Fisheries Engineering,2014,51(1):65-69.
[18]LIMBAUGH C.Fish life in the kelp beds and the effects of kelp harvesting[D].California:University of California Institute of Marine Resources,1955.
[19]VALDEZ M C,ZARAGOZA E S,BELDA D L,et al.Effect of climatic change on the harvest of the kelp macrocystis pyrifera on the Mexican Pacific coast[J].Bulletin of Marine Science,2003,73(73):545-556.
[20]LEVITT G J,ANDERSON R J.The effects of kelp harvesting on its regrowth and the understorey benthic community at danger point,South Africa,and a new method of harvesting kelp fronds[J].South African Journal of Marine Science,2002,24(1):71-85.
[21]李宏基.中国海带养殖若干问题[M].北京:海洋出版社,1996.
[22]李宏基.“海带筏式全人工养殖法”与大槻的海带养殖技术[J].海洋科学消息,1991(4):42-44.
[23]李凤晨,李豫红.海带筏式养殖技术要点[J].河北渔业,2003(3):17.
[24]李基磐.中国海带养殖业回顾与展望[J].中国渔业经济,2010(1):12-15.
[25]刘新永,林国富.下浒镇海带产业发展现状及建议[J].福建农业科技,2017,48(1):58-61.
[26]詹冬梅,刘升平.山东省海带增养殖产业发展战略思考[J].齐鲁渔业,2017,34(5):45-47.
[27]丁刚,吴海一,郭萍萍,等.我国海上筏式养殖模式的演变与发展趋势[J].中国渔业经济,2013,31(1):164-169.
[28]JOHN S,ZHUANG Z,WANG F.cultivation of kelp(Laminaria japonica)in China[EB/OL].[2018-01-08].http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AB724E/AB724E00.htm#TOC.
[29]王承禄,芦树长,汤庭耀.威海市海带养殖加工综述[J].现代渔业信息,1997,12(11):1-5.
[30]陈建辉.海带种植机械化与夹苗机研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2016.
[31]陈通.半自动化海带收割机设计与优化[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2015.
[32]王宇锐.海带打结原理研究及海带打结机器人系统设计[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2011.
[33]张庆力,侯贺启,史强,等.新型海带夹苗机械系统的设计及仿真分析[J].渔业现代化,2017,44(2):14-19.
[34]索如瑛,刘德厚,田铸平.海带养殖[M].北京:农业出版社,1988.
[35]DOTY M S,CADDY J F,SANTELICES B.Case studies of seven commercial seaweed resources[M].Rome:FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No 281,1987.
[36]段德麟,缪国荣,王秀良,等.海带养殖生物学[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.
[37]ZHANG Y,CHANG Z,ZHENG Z,et al.Harvesting device for kelp cultivation in floating raft[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2017,78:173-179.
[38]PETEIRO C,SáNCHEZ N,MARTíNEZ B.Maricultivation of the Asian kelp undaria pinnatifida and the native kelp saccharina latissima along the Atlantic coast of southern Europe:An overview[J].Algal Research,2016,15:9-23.
[39]卢书长.对山东省海带收割时间的探讨[J].齐鲁渔业,1996,13(2):17-18.
[40]ZHANG Y,CHANG Z,ZHENG Z,et al.Harvesting device for kelp cultivation in floating raft[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2017,78:173-179.
[41]MCPEAK R,H.Kelp harvester Kelsol[EB/OL].(1986-08-01)[2017-10-08].http://www.alexandria.ucsb.edu/lib/ark:/48907/f3g160g1.
[42]VEA J,ASK E.Creating a sustainable commercial harvest of laminaria hyperborea,in Norway[J].Journal of Applied Phycology,2011,23(3):489-494.
[43]郭隐彪,王春锦,郑茂江,等.一种海带的收取装置:CN202406538U[P].2012-09-05.
[44]李明智,张光发,邓长辉,等.半潜式海带收割船:CN103718735A[P].2014-04-16.
[45]曲光伟,曲洪进,沈志勇,等.海带收获船:CN203505072U[P].2014-04-02.
[46]高大晓,常宗瑜,陈通,等.一种新型的海带收割装置:CN104756667A[P].2015-07-08.
[47]高大晓,肖承星,张斌,等.半自动化海带收割船设计[J].机电信息,2016(24):104-105.
[48]刘文泉.海产品收割船:CN203523341U[P].2014-04-09.
[49]杨建阳.海带收获装置:CN202722041U[P].2013-02-13.
[50]张广斌,常宗瑜,刘磊,等.海带收割机:CN204217474U[P].2015-03-25.
[51]高大晓,常宗瑜,王仁杰,等.海带收割装置:CN204180558U[P].2015-03-04.
[52]王军壮.一种海带收获船:CN105993378A[P].2016-10-12.
[53]常宗瑜,张扬,郑中强,等.一种新型海带收割机:CN206118426U[P].2017-04-26.
[54]赵刚,张光丽,刘明,等.一种浮式海带收割机:CN106576585A[P].2017-04-26.
[55]常宗瑜,张扬,郑中强,等.海带联合收割机:CN106941865A[P].2017-07-14.
[56]吴思强,宋云杰,周志波.荣城研制成功高效海带烫煮海上作业平台[N].中国渔业报,2015-06-01.
[57]王元孝,王元洪,王元考.一种海带收获烫煮船:CN203353177U[P].2013-12-25.
[58]孙长彬,王湖,王正杰,等.海带烫煮船:CN103766470A[P].2014-05-07.
[59]付帅.海带养殖机械化不是梦,KC调研团赶赴“寻山”一探究竟[EB/OL].(2017-07-23)[2017-08-30].https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1573652100332803&wfr=spider&for=pc&qq-pf-to=pcqq.group.