输电管道中环氧树脂绝缘子氟化改性研究现状
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摘要
气体绝缘金属封闭输电线路在长期运行过程中,其环氧树脂绝缘子表面电荷积聚导致气固界面电场畸变,严重威胁系统安全稳定运行。表面氟化处理是聚合物绝缘材料表层分子调控的重要手段之一,以其工艺简单、技术成熟和成本低廉等优势为绝缘子表面改性提供了可行的思路。为此主要基于国内外研究成果,从调控介电参数、抑制表面电荷以及提升闪络电压3个方面,分析表面氟化改性的作用机理,综述了氟化处理用于环氧树脂绝缘子表面改性的研究进展,多篇文献结果显示环氧树脂复合材料经过氟化处理后电气性能得到明显提升。最后,提出了研究中存在的问题及氟化技术的应用前景。
In the process of long-term operation of gas insulated metal-enclosed transmission lines(GILs),accumulation of surface charges of the epoxy resin insulator will cause distortion of electric field at the gas-solid interface,which may seriously threaten safe and stable operation of the system.Surface fluorination is one of important means for regulating surface molecular of polymer insulating materials,which can provide feasible ideas for insulator surface modification due to its advantages such as simple technology,mature technique,cheap cost,and so on.Therefore,on the basis of research achievements at home and abroad,this paper analyzes function mechanism of surface fluorination modification in three aspects including regulating dielectric parameter,restricting surface charge and promoting flashover voltage.It also summarizes research development of application of fluorination in surface modification for epoxy resin insulator.Results of literatures indicate electrical performance of the epoxy resin composite material has been obviously improved after fluorination.Meanwhile,it proposes existing problems in research and application prospects of fluorination technology.
In the process of long-term operation of gas insulated metal-enclosed transmission lines(GILs),accumulation of surface charges of the epoxy resin insulator will cause distortion of electric field at the gas-solid interface,which may seriously threaten safe and stable operation of the system.Surface fluorination is one of important means for regulating surface molecular of polymer insulating materials,which can provide feasible ideas for insulator surface modification due to its advantages such as simple technology,mature technique,cheap cost,and so on.Therefore,on the basis of research achievements at home and abroad,this paper analyzes function mechanism of surface fluorination modification in three aspects including regulating dielectric parameter,restricting surface charge and promoting flashover voltage.It also summarizes research development of application of fluorination in surface modification for epoxy resin insulator.Results of literatures indicate electrical performance of the epoxy resin composite material has been obviously improved after fluorination.Meanwhile,it proposes existing problems in research and application prospects of fluorination technology.
引文
[1]朱鑫要,汪惟源,汪成根.江苏特高压交直流输电交互影响研究[J].江苏电机工程,2016,35(2):39-42.ZHU Xinyao,WANG Weiyuan,WANG Chenggen.Analysis of interaction between UHVAC and UHVDC for Jiangsu power grid[J].Jiangsu Electrical Engineering,2016,35(2):39-42.
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[4]齐波,高春嘉,赵林杰,等.交/直流电压下气体绝缘变电站盆式绝缘子表面电荷对闪络电压的影响[J].高电压技术,2017,43(3):915-922.QI Bo,GAO Chunjia,ZHAO Linjie,et al.Influence of surface charge on flashover voltage of gas insulated substation basin insulator under AC and DC voltage[J].High Voltage Engineering,2017,43(3):915-922.
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[8]DU B X,XING Y Q,JIN J X,et al.Effects of direct fluorination on space charge and trap distribution of PI film in LN2[J].IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity,2016,26(7):1-5.
[9]DU B X,LI Z L,LI J.Surface charge accumulation and decay of direct-fluorinated RTV silicone rubber[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2014,21(5):2338-2342.
[10]DU B X,LI Z L.Hydrophobicity,surface charge and DC flashover characteristics of direct-fluorinated RTV silicone rubber[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2015,22(2):934-940.
[11]KHARITONOV A P,KHARITONOVA L N.Surface modification of polymers by direct fluorination:a convenient approach to improve commercial properties of polymeric articles[J].Pure and Applied Chemistry,2009,81(3):451-471.
[12]DU B X,LI J,DU W.Surface charge accumulation and decay on direct-fluorinated polyimide/Al2O3 nanocomposites[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2013,20(5):1764-1771.
[13]MOHAMAD A,CHEN G,ZHANG Y,et al.Surface fluorinated epoxy resin for high voltage DC application[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2015,22(1):101-108.
[14]LI Ang,LI Jin,DU B,et al.Surface charge characteristics of direct-fluorinated epoxy/TiO2 nanocomposite[C]//2016IEEE International Conference on Dielectrics(ICD).Piscataway:IEEE Press,2016:330-333.
[15]李杰.表层分子结构与纳米调控聚酰亚胺薄膜表面及空间电荷特性研究[D].天津:天津大学,2014.
[16]李昂.基于高压直流GIS盆式绝缘子基材的环氧树脂表面电荷积累与抑制方法研究[D].天津:天津大学,2017.
[17]刘亚强,安振连.表层氟化环氧树脂的表面电导率和吸水性[J].绝缘材料,2014,47(6):39-42.LIU Yaqiang,AN Zhenlian.Surface conductivity and water absorption of fluorinated epoxy resin[J].Insulation Materials,2014,47(6):39-42.
[18]LI C,HE J,HU J.Surface morphology and electrical characteristics of direct fluorinated epoxy-resin/alumina composite[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2016,23(5):3071-3077.
[19]李进.高压直流电缆附件绝缘EPDM/LDPE界面电荷调控方法与抑制机理研究[D].天津:天津大学,2017.
[20]IEDA M.Electrical conduction and carrier traps in polymeric materials[J].IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation,1984,EI-19(3):162-178.
[21]LIU Y,AN Z,YIN Q,et al.Effective modulation of surface conductivity of epoxy resin insulators by direct fluorination[C]//2013 IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics(ICSD).Piscataway:IEEE Press,2013:1072-1075.
[22]张博雅,王强,张贵新,等.SF6中绝缘子表面电荷积聚及其对直流GIL闪络特性的影响[J].高电压技术,2015,41(5):1481-1487.ZHANG Boya,WANG Qiang,ZHANG Guixin,et al.Surface charge accumulation on insulators in SF6and its effects on flashover characteristics of HVDC GIL[J].High Voltage Engineering,2015,41(5):1481-1487.
[23]LI C,HE J,HU J,et al.Dynamic observation of DC surface charge dissipation for epoxy-resin/alumina composite[C]//2015 IEEE11th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials(ICPADM).Piscataway:IEEE Press,2015:360-363.
[24]QIN S C,TU Y P,WANG C,et al.The influence of the insulator volume conductivity on charge accumulation in HVDC-GIL[C]//2016 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference(EIC).Piscataway:IEEE Press,2016:325-328.
[25]MANSOUR D E A,NISHIZAWA K,KOJIMA H,et al.Charge accumulation effects on time transition of partial discharge activity at GIS spacer defects[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2010,17(1):247-255.
[26]NITTA T,NAKANISHI K.Charge accumulation on insulating spacers for HVDC GIS[J].IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation,1991,26(3):418-427.
[27]王蓓,张贵新,王强,等.SF6及空气中绝缘子表面电荷的消散过程分析[J].高电压技术,2011,37(1):99-103.WANG Bei,ZHANG Guixin,WANG Qiang,et al.Analysis of surface charge dissipation in SF6and air insulators[J].High Voltage Engineering,2011,37(1):99-103.
[28]贾志杰,张乔根,张斌,等.直流下SF6中绝缘子的闪络特性[J].高电压技术,2009,35(8):1903-1907.JIA Zhijie,ZHANG Qiaogen,ZHANG Bin,et al.Flashover characteristics along the insulator under DC voltage in SF6 gas[J].High Voltage Engineering,2009,35(8):1903-1907.
[29]李昂,杜伯学,徐航,等.表层氟化环氧纳米复合材料表面的电荷动态特性[J].高电压技术,2015,41(2):410-416.LI Ang,DU Boxue,XU Hang,et al.Surface charge accumulation and decay of direct-fluorinated epoxy TiO2 nanocomposites[J].High Voltage Engineering,2015,41(2):410-416.
[30]汪沨,肖登明,陈庆国,等.介质分界面电荷积聚过程分析[J].西安交通大学学报,2001,35(4):347-350.WANG Sa,XIAO Dengming,CHEN Qingguo,et al.Analysis of charge accumulation at dielectric interface[J].Journal of Xi'an JiaoTong University,2001,35(4):347-350.
[31]QUE L,AN Z,MA Y,et al.High resistance of surface fluorinated epoxy insulators to surface discharge in SF6 gas[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2018,25(1):245-252.
[32]李进,杜伯学,李忠磊,等.表面氟化对聚酰亚胺薄膜吸水特性及其击穿电压和表面电荷特性的影响[J].高电压技术,2016,42(9):2943-2949.LI Jin,DU Boxue,LI Zhonglei,et al.Effects of surface fluorination on the water absorption behaviors,breakdown voltage and surface charge characteristic of polyimide films[J].High Voltage Engineering,2016,42(9):2943-2949.
[33]OKABE S.Phenomena and mechanism of electric charges on spacers in gas insulated switchgears[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2007,14(1):46-52.
[34]ZHOU H Y,MA G M,LI C R,et al.Impact of temperature on surface charges accumulation on insulators in SF6-filled DC-GIL[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2017,24(1):601-610.
[35]FUJINAMI H,TAKUMA T,YASHIMA M,et al.Mechanism and effect of DC charge accumulation on SF6gas insulated spacers[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1989,4(3):1765-1772.
[36]TENBOHLEN S,SCHRODER G.The influence of surface charge on lightning impulse breakdown of spacers in SF6[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2000,7(2):241-246.
[37]NAKANISHI K,YOSHIOKA A,ARAHATA Y,et al.Surface charging on epoxy spacer at DC Stress in compressed SF6gas[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1983,PAS-102(12):3919-3927.
[38]DU B X,DU Q,LI J,et al.Carrier mobility and trap distribution dependent flashover characteristics of epoxy resin[J].IET Generation,Transmission&Distribution,2018,12(2):466-471.
[39]MACALPINE J M K,COOKSON A H.Impulse breakdown of compressed gases between dielectric-covered electrodes[J].Electrical Engineers,Proceedings of the Institution of,1970,117(3):646-652.
[40]MOHAMAD A,CHEN G,ZHANG Y,et al.Surface fluorinated epoxy resin for high voltage DC application[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2015,22(1):101-108.
[41]QUE L,AN Z,MA Y,et al.Improved DC flashover performance of epoxy insulators in SF6gas by direct fluorination[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2017,24(2):1153-1161.
[2]杨燕,林勇,徐蔚,等.乌东德多端直流输电对广东电网安全稳定的影响[J].广东电力,2017,30(11):44-50.YANG Yan,LIN Yong,XU Wei,et al.Influence of Wudongde multi-terminal HVDC on security and stability of Guangdong power grid[J].Guangdong Electric Power,2017,30(11):44-50.
[3]TENZER M,KOCH H,IMAMOVIC D.Underground transmission lines for high power AC and DC transmission[C]//IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition(T&D).Piscataway:IEEE Press,2016:1-4.
[4]齐波,高春嘉,赵林杰,等.交/直流电压下气体绝缘变电站盆式绝缘子表面电荷对闪络电压的影响[J].高电压技术,2017,43(3):915-922.QI Bo,GAO Chunjia,ZHAO Linjie,et al.Influence of surface charge on flashover voltage of gas insulated substation basin insulator under AC and DC voltage[J].High Voltage Engineering,2017,43(3):915-922.
[5]王旭,刘向阳.直接氟化表面改性技术研究进展[J].高分子通报,2010,6(4):1-7.WANG Xu,LIU Xiangyang.Research progress of direct fluorinated surface modification technology[J].Polymer Bulletin,2010,6(4):1-7.
[6]余樟清.涂料用含氟聚合物乳液的研究和应用[J].高分子通报,2000,6(2):65-68.YU Zhangqing.Research and application of fluoropolymer emulsion for coatings[J].Polymer Bulletin,2000,6(2):65-68.
[7]DU B X,LI Z L.Surface charge and DC flashover characteristics of direct-fluorinated SiR/SiO2nanocomposites[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2014,21(6):2602-2610.
[8]DU B X,XING Y Q,JIN J X,et al.Effects of direct fluorination on space charge and trap distribution of PI film in LN2[J].IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity,2016,26(7):1-5.
[9]DU B X,LI Z L,LI J.Surface charge accumulation and decay of direct-fluorinated RTV silicone rubber[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2014,21(5):2338-2342.
[10]DU B X,LI Z L.Hydrophobicity,surface charge and DC flashover characteristics of direct-fluorinated RTV silicone rubber[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2015,22(2):934-940.
[11]KHARITONOV A P,KHARITONOVA L N.Surface modification of polymers by direct fluorination:a convenient approach to improve commercial properties of polymeric articles[J].Pure and Applied Chemistry,2009,81(3):451-471.
[12]DU B X,LI J,DU W.Surface charge accumulation and decay on direct-fluorinated polyimide/Al2O3 nanocomposites[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2013,20(5):1764-1771.
[13]MOHAMAD A,CHEN G,ZHANG Y,et al.Surface fluorinated epoxy resin for high voltage DC application[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2015,22(1):101-108.
[14]LI Ang,LI Jin,DU B,et al.Surface charge characteristics of direct-fluorinated epoxy/TiO2 nanocomposite[C]//2016IEEE International Conference on Dielectrics(ICD).Piscataway:IEEE Press,2016:330-333.
[15]李杰.表层分子结构与纳米调控聚酰亚胺薄膜表面及空间电荷特性研究[D].天津:天津大学,2014.
[16]李昂.基于高压直流GIS盆式绝缘子基材的环氧树脂表面电荷积累与抑制方法研究[D].天津:天津大学,2017.
[17]刘亚强,安振连.表层氟化环氧树脂的表面电导率和吸水性[J].绝缘材料,2014,47(6):39-42.LIU Yaqiang,AN Zhenlian.Surface conductivity and water absorption of fluorinated epoxy resin[J].Insulation Materials,2014,47(6):39-42.
[18]LI C,HE J,HU J.Surface morphology and electrical characteristics of direct fluorinated epoxy-resin/alumina composite[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2016,23(5):3071-3077.
[19]李进.高压直流电缆附件绝缘EPDM/LDPE界面电荷调控方法与抑制机理研究[D].天津:天津大学,2017.
[20]IEDA M.Electrical conduction and carrier traps in polymeric materials[J].IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation,1984,EI-19(3):162-178.
[21]LIU Y,AN Z,YIN Q,et al.Effective modulation of surface conductivity of epoxy resin insulators by direct fluorination[C]//2013 IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics(ICSD).Piscataway:IEEE Press,2013:1072-1075.
[22]张博雅,王强,张贵新,等.SF6中绝缘子表面电荷积聚及其对直流GIL闪络特性的影响[J].高电压技术,2015,41(5):1481-1487.ZHANG Boya,WANG Qiang,ZHANG Guixin,et al.Surface charge accumulation on insulators in SF6and its effects on flashover characteristics of HVDC GIL[J].High Voltage Engineering,2015,41(5):1481-1487.
[23]LI C,HE J,HU J,et al.Dynamic observation of DC surface charge dissipation for epoxy-resin/alumina composite[C]//2015 IEEE11th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials(ICPADM).Piscataway:IEEE Press,2015:360-363.
[24]QIN S C,TU Y P,WANG C,et al.The influence of the insulator volume conductivity on charge accumulation in HVDC-GIL[C]//2016 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference(EIC).Piscataway:IEEE Press,2016:325-328.
[25]MANSOUR D E A,NISHIZAWA K,KOJIMA H,et al.Charge accumulation effects on time transition of partial discharge activity at GIS spacer defects[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2010,17(1):247-255.
[26]NITTA T,NAKANISHI K.Charge accumulation on insulating spacers for HVDC GIS[J].IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation,1991,26(3):418-427.
[27]王蓓,张贵新,王强,等.SF6及空气中绝缘子表面电荷的消散过程分析[J].高电压技术,2011,37(1):99-103.WANG Bei,ZHANG Guixin,WANG Qiang,et al.Analysis of surface charge dissipation in SF6and air insulators[J].High Voltage Engineering,2011,37(1):99-103.
[28]贾志杰,张乔根,张斌,等.直流下SF6中绝缘子的闪络特性[J].高电压技术,2009,35(8):1903-1907.JIA Zhijie,ZHANG Qiaogen,ZHANG Bin,et al.Flashover characteristics along the insulator under DC voltage in SF6 gas[J].High Voltage Engineering,2009,35(8):1903-1907.
[29]李昂,杜伯学,徐航,等.表层氟化环氧纳米复合材料表面的电荷动态特性[J].高电压技术,2015,41(2):410-416.LI Ang,DU Boxue,XU Hang,et al.Surface charge accumulation and decay of direct-fluorinated epoxy TiO2 nanocomposites[J].High Voltage Engineering,2015,41(2):410-416.
[30]汪沨,肖登明,陈庆国,等.介质分界面电荷积聚过程分析[J].西安交通大学学报,2001,35(4):347-350.WANG Sa,XIAO Dengming,CHEN Qingguo,et al.Analysis of charge accumulation at dielectric interface[J].Journal of Xi'an JiaoTong University,2001,35(4):347-350.
[31]QUE L,AN Z,MA Y,et al.High resistance of surface fluorinated epoxy insulators to surface discharge in SF6 gas[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2018,25(1):245-252.
[32]李进,杜伯学,李忠磊,等.表面氟化对聚酰亚胺薄膜吸水特性及其击穿电压和表面电荷特性的影响[J].高电压技术,2016,42(9):2943-2949.LI Jin,DU Boxue,LI Zhonglei,et al.Effects of surface fluorination on the water absorption behaviors,breakdown voltage and surface charge characteristic of polyimide films[J].High Voltage Engineering,2016,42(9):2943-2949.
[33]OKABE S.Phenomena and mechanism of electric charges on spacers in gas insulated switchgears[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2007,14(1):46-52.
[34]ZHOU H Y,MA G M,LI C R,et al.Impact of temperature on surface charges accumulation on insulators in SF6-filled DC-GIL[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2017,24(1):601-610.
[35]FUJINAMI H,TAKUMA T,YASHIMA M,et al.Mechanism and effect of DC charge accumulation on SF6gas insulated spacers[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1989,4(3):1765-1772.
[36]TENBOHLEN S,SCHRODER G.The influence of surface charge on lightning impulse breakdown of spacers in SF6[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2000,7(2):241-246.
[37]NAKANISHI K,YOSHIOKA A,ARAHATA Y,et al.Surface charging on epoxy spacer at DC Stress in compressed SF6gas[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1983,PAS-102(12):3919-3927.
[38]DU B X,DU Q,LI J,et al.Carrier mobility and trap distribution dependent flashover characteristics of epoxy resin[J].IET Generation,Transmission&Distribution,2018,12(2):466-471.
[39]MACALPINE J M K,COOKSON A H.Impulse breakdown of compressed gases between dielectric-covered electrodes[J].Electrical Engineers,Proceedings of the Institution of,1970,117(3):646-652.
[40]MOHAMAD A,CHEN G,ZHANG Y,et al.Surface fluorinated epoxy resin for high voltage DC application[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2015,22(1):101-108.
[41]QUE L,AN Z,MA Y,et al.Improved DC flashover performance of epoxy insulators in SF6gas by direct fluorination[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2017,24(2):1153-1161.